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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of parasites and minerals on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Khushbu; Gulati, RachnaOn the basis of cultural area, shrimp farmers were classified into three groups: small farmers having up to 2 ha area, medium farmers with 2 to 4 ha area and large farmers having above 4 ha area. Maximum shrimp farmers procured shrimp seed of size post larvae PL 9-11from Tamil Nadu (60%) followed by West Bengal (25%) and Andhra Pradesh (15%) at price ranges between 0.50-0.60₹. Shrimp farmers stocked their ponds at different densities: less than 40 (70%), 40-60 (26%), above 60 (4%) numbers/m2. The shrimp farmers raised two crops (65%), more than two (35%) every year. The majority of shrimp farmers physically checked the soil and water quality characteristics of the ponds on weekly (35%) and monthly basis (65%). Fifty eight percent shrimp farmer faced poor feed conversion ratio (>1.5) and forty percent good FCR (<1.5). Farmers generally engaged farm consultants (87%) from adjacent shrimp farms and two laborers per hectare are employed from surrounding villages and other states and they were paid 8000-15000₹/labor/month. In 90-120 days, the average shrimp harvest yielded 5000 kg to 9000 kg/ha/crop.The total and operational cost was 3164561, 3051033.03, 2930496.03₹ and 2461473.00, 2379772.00 and 2305630₹ for small, medium and larger farmer. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 1.05, 1.15 and 1.23. Bacterial disease was maximum recorded at Faridabad (17%) followed by Fatehabad (14%), Gurugram (13%), Jind(11%), Bhiwani (11%), Dadri (7%), Kaithal (6%) , Hisar (4%) and Jhajjhar (4%) and least number of bacterial disease was encountered at Rohtak shrimp culture pond (2%). The plankton analysis of shrimp culture ponds of Haryana recorded that varied between 50000-126,000/m3. Maximum concentration of nickel, zinc, copper, cobalt and chromium was at Guroothi (0.307ppm), Meham (1.680ppm), Bangaon (0.840ppm), Bangaon(0.560ppm), Kalayat (0.812ppm) and Kherilamba (3.225ppm). Growth performance of shrimp revealed that pathogenicity of Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei varied with different challenge methods in L. vannamei. EHP challenge via oral and injection in HP were more potent in reducing the growth of shrimps. It indicated that significantly higher Litopenaeusvannameiweight was recorded in healthy shrimp of control at all days of exposure and lesser increase in weight was recordedin oral (1.33g to 2.85g) and injection in hepatopancreas (1.44g-2.84g)method of EHP infection. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (0 ppm) and it decreased to 8.47, 7.88, 5.30, 3.83, 3.37, 3.12g with an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0.5 to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (102ppm) and it increased to 12.21, 12.90, 16.83g with an increase in calcium oxide dose from 200-600ppm. But at concentration higher than 600ppm weight of shrimps was significantly decrease 6.64, 5.29g at 700ppm and 800ppm. The results on the growth performance of shrimp revealed that higher doses of potassium chloride showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (155ppm) and it increased to 14.18, 14.99, 18.34, 23.23g with an increase in magnesium sulphate dose from 200-700 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (852ppm) and it increased to 13.33, 14.14, 17.49, 22.38 with an increase in sodium chloride dose from 1000 to 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. he LC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent mortality occur in L. vannamei) along with regression statistics for zinc sulphate, calcium oxide, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride was 0.71,720, 505.5,1 284 and 8565.4ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (7.89 g) in Azolla based feed than commercial feed (6.55g).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of vitamin C on growth performance and haematological parameters of Catla catla Hamilton, 1822(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05-25) Jyoti; Dahiya, TejpalThis study investigated the effects of different doses of vitamin C on the growth, survival, and haematological parameters of C. catla over a period of 60 days. Three different concentrations of vitamin C (500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg) were supplemented with basal feed in three treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) while the control group received basal feed without vitamin C supplementation. Catla fry and fingerlings were used as the experimental animals. Fortnightly measurements of growth parameters revealed that the maximum growth was observed in the T2 group, which received vitamin C at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg, while the control group exhibited the lowest growth when fed with only basal feed. Treatment T2 also showed the highest weight gain in both fry and fingerlings. The specific growth rate was higher in T2 compared to other groups. Additionally, T2 demonstrated the best feed conversion ratio and feed conversion efficiency on the 60th day. The survivability percentage was highest in T2, indicating improved survival rates compared to the control group. Furthermore, T2 showed the greatest percentage increase in length for both fry and fingerlings. Haematological parameters of the T2 group were found to be superior to other treatments and the control group, suggesting that vitamin C supplementation acted as an immunostimulant. Parameters such as haemoglobin, RBC count, WBC count, and PCV were significantly higher in the T2 group compared to the control group. Conversely, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were lower in the T2 group compared to the control group.ThesisItem Open Access PCR based detection methods of stored mites and their damage potential in cattle feed(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Verma, Deepak; Gulati, RachnaDuring present investigation, t he amount of DNA isolated from mite, Aleuroglyphus ovatus by CTAB method and DNA extraction kit ranged from 6.30 to 62.20 ng/μl and 4.90 to 57.40 ng/μl in handpicked mites, respectively whereas, these ranged from 42.90 to 108.00 ng/μl and 31.70 to 88.30 ng/μl from sieved stock culture of mites by two methods, respectively. The quality of DNA was better when the DNA extraction kit was used than by CTAB method which exhibited slight contamination with organic acids or proteins. Sequence no. M1 ITS2, S1 ITS2, S2 ITS2 and M2 ITS2 showed 88, 87, 90 and 88 percent homology, respectively, with sequences in the GenBank database of species Aleuroglyphus ovatus. The limit of detection remained at 4000 pg/ μl. Significantly higher mite population on cattle feed concentrate was recorded during the month of August at Bhiwani (106.00 mites/100g), Hansi (35.67 mites/100g), Hisar Gaushala (312 mites/100g), Adampur (98.33 mites/100g) and Sirsa (450.33 mites/100g). Amongst all the collection sites mite count was highest at Hisar gaushala (140.61 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate) and lowest was found at Hansi (9.42 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate). Mite count on gram chuni at Mangali harboured significantly more number of mites (53.03 mites/100 g gram chuni) than at Bawani Khera (19.97 mites/100 g gram chuni), Barwala (23.19 mites/100 g gram chuni) and Dabri (21.28 mites/100 g gram chuni).Cotton seed cake samples at Mangali and Barwala did not show any mite occurrence throughout the study period. In pellet feed, significantly higher number of mites were observed during the months of August (13.33 mites/100 g pellet feed) and September (13 mites/100 g pellet feed). The month of August and September recorded maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall as 35.50C, 26.60C, 74.00 percent, 5.80 km/h, 66.70 mm and 32.30C, 25.40C, 83.00 percent, 5.30 km/h, 428.20 mm, respectively which helped building significantly higher mite populations in cattle feeds as compared to other months.The results showed that A. ovatus population count on all the seven feeds were statistically significant with each other, however, gram chuni harboured significantly more number of A. ovatus mites (10753.19 mites/5g feed) than cattle feed concentrate (8526.57 mites/5g feed), groundnut cake (6055.14 mites/5g feed), cattle feed pellet (3812.05 mites/5g feed), soyabean meal (2876.14 mites/5g feed), cottonseed cake (1465.48 mites/5g feed) and mustard oil cake (772.57 mites/5g feed). Irrespective of the feed type, significantly higher A. ovatus population was recorded at 90 days of sampling (14465.29 mites/5g feed) followed by 60 days (11297.57mites/5g feed), 120 days (4468.05 mites/5g feed), 150 days (1752.14 mites/5g feed) and 30 days (1461.57 mites/5g feed). Least number of mites were recorded at 180 days of sampling (796.52 mites/5g feed). Amongst the various cattle feeds, per cent weight loss was significantly more on cattle feed concentrate (35.30%), corresponding to high A. ovatus population followed by weight loss in gram chuni (29.40%), groundnut cake (28.00%), soyabean meal (15.47%), cattle feed pellet (15.17%), cottonseed cake (12.10%) and mustard oil cake (10.23%).The loss in total soluble sugars was more in groundnut cake (6.05 to 56.6 %), reducing sugars in gram chuni (2.64 to 41.12 %), non-reducing sugars in groundnut cake (6.36 to 59.6 %), starch in soyabean meal (1.82 to 31.27 %) and crude protein in soyabean meal (49.02 to 52.02 %).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2023-07-27) Rekha; Gupta, Rajender KumarTo accomplish the 1st and 2nd sustainable development goals of reducing poverty and hunger at zero level, it is necessary to provide food for the growing population. For this, the present work of Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production was carried out. Moringa oliefera and Eichhornia crassipes both are rich source of protein consisting of amino acids (essential and non essential) alanine, aspartic, tryptophan, serine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, threonine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and methionine were fed to fish at concentration 10%, 20%, 30% and 5%, 10%, 20% respectively. M. Oliefera up to 20% and E. crassipes up to 10% of commercial feed in fish diet gave best growth with 20g and 13-15g weight gain respectively in a period of 6 month from June 2022 to November 2023. It has been found that there is significant loss qualitatively (Rs 31.5/1 kg of fish) as well as quantitatively (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio-processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% is produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat. (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% was produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the repellent properties of indigenous essential oils against the rodent species(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07-25) Varsha; RavikantRodents are one of the most persistent and ubiquitous vertebrate pests that affect the human population. It is an indoor pest, and various rodenticides are used for its management. Studies of the repellent effect of botanically extracted essential oils of plants citronella & cinnamon were conducted on Mus musculus in the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture. Among different concentrations (5, 10, 20%), the 20% concentration carries the maximum repellent effect on house mice (Mus musculus). There were different modes of application of essential oils. Still, among the four observed during the study (direct application on coarse wheat grains, application on gunny bags containing coarse wheat grains, mixing of essential oil with wax and coating it on gunny bags filled with wheat grains, wax blocks made using the essential oil, paraffin wax and coarse wheat grains); direct application of essential oil on coarse wheat grains has more effect as repellent meanwhile essential oil mixed with wax and wheat grains has longer lasting impact along with maintaining the efficient repellent property. There can be different frequencies of application and out of which three were used during the experiment (daily, alternate days, once a week), out of which daily application was comparatively more efficient than the remaining two. Still, when it comes to per cent repellency and overall efficiency, the weekly application was best. Overall, 20% concentration treatment of essential oil in wax blocks weekly has the best results. When comparing mean food consumption and weight gain between males and females, males consumed more food than females, and weight gain was also higher in males, but females were more active throughout. The overall effect of essential oil treatment on both gender, female mice were comparatively more repelled than male.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of turmeric supplemented cluster bean cake on growth performance and haematology of common carp(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Sunita; Dharambir SinghTurmeric (Curcuma longa) one of the natural ingredients that can be used to enhance the appetite of fish and hence enhance the growth of that fish .The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of turmeric supplemented cluster bean cake on growth and hematological parameters of common carp. The fish were reared in aquaria for 90 days and fed with different experimental diet. Different type of experimental diets were prepared by supplementation of cluster bean cake with turmeric @ 3g/kg, 6g/kg and 9g/kg in T1, T2 and T3 respectively and control group (without supplementation). The results of study demonstrated an increase in final weight, length, average daily weight gain and specific growth rate in fish treated with T2 followed by T1 and T3 in comparison to control group. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also recorded in T2. When fish fed with the supplemented feed their hematological parameters were also improved. The maximum RBC, WBC, PCV and Hb were observed in T2 treatment as compare to other treatment and control diet. MCV and MCH values were decrease during the experimental period. So the conclusion of the study was that the turmeric supplemented cluster bean cake improves the growth performance and haematology of common carp.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Eichhornia crassipes in diet to enhance the growth performance of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758)(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Ruksar; Gajender SinghThis research aimed to study the effect of Eichhornia crassipes leaves powder on the growth performance of Cyprinus carpio. In this investigation, common carp fingerlings were divided into four different groups fed on diets containing different concentrations of water hyacinth used as experimental feed incorporated with the commercial diet including T1 (commercial diet + 5% water hyacinth), T2 (commercial diet + 10% water hyacinth), T3 (commercial diet + 15% water hyacinth) and Control (only commercial diet) for 90 days. The physico-chemical parameters of water in all the treatments remained within the optimum range recommended for C. carpio fingerlings. The maximum 96.67% survivability was observed in T2 but significantly (P≤0.05) not differed among the group. The maximum weight gain (61.64 g) and length gain (17.09 cm) were observed in T2. The growth parameters viz. SGR, ADG and percentage increment in weight and length significantly (P≤0.05) improved in T2 followed by T1, T3 and control group, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also better for T2. Maximum crude protein (38.47%) was also recorded in T2 during biochemical estimation of experimental feed followed by T1, T3 and control group. So that, in carcass composition maximum crude protein was also observed in T2 (52.80%) followed by T1, T3 and control group. The overall, results indicated that E. crassipes leaves powder up to 10% enhanced the growth parameters of C. carpio.ThesisItem Open Access Study of avian faunal diversity in and around district Fatehabad (Haryana)(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Jangra, Lakshay; RavikantThe present investigation deals with the study of avian faunal diversity in the selected study areas of District Fatehabad, Haryana. The damage caused by the birds in major cultivated Kharif crops in the study area, Pearl Millet and Sorghum, were also studied. Periodic weekly visits were conducted in the morning and later in the evening hours in the selected study areas of Fatehabad: Badopal village, Dhangar village, Chilli Lake, Bhodia village pond and their nearby regions. Various methods were used to study birds' diversity, such as the Line Transect and Point Count methods. Ninety-one bird species were found during the study period belonging to 18 orders and 41 families. The family Muscicapidae was dominant, containing eight bird species, followed by Anatidae, containing seven bird species and the family Columbidae containing five bird species. Family Motacillidae also included five bird species. Family Accipitiridae contained four bird species. The rest of the families had a low amount of species diversity. It was found that 36 species had IUCN status of Least Concern (Stable), and 21 were Least Concern (increasing). Also, 21 species had a status of Least Concern (Decreasing), 11 had Least Concern (Unknown), and two species were found to be Near Threatened (Decreasing). Damage caused by birds in major Kharif crops in the study area, Pearl Millet and Sorghum, was studied. These crops are sown in July and harvested in November. Damage was seen at the various stages of crops: sowing stage, seedling stage, milk stage and ripened stage. 9 bird species were found to damage the crops. Both crop fields were present close to each other, so the birds were damaging both crops at various stages at different levels. Severe bird pests were Jungle Babbler, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul and Baya Weaver, as they were present in the field in a large population at a time (more than 15). A survey was conducted in the study area regarding damage caused by birds in these crops, and it was found that birds were most active in the morning and evening. Most farmers were annoyed by the birds and required reliable bird-resistant solutions.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of vermiwash as a biofertilizer and heavy metal genotoxicity in earthworm, Eisenia fetida(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2023-01) Renu; Gupta, R. KThe present study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of As and Cr on earthworms, E. fetida and to analyze the vermiwash as a biofertilizer. The LC50 values of both heavy metals for E. fetida were calculated by paper contact toxicity and substrate contact toxicity method. LC50 of As and Cr at 24 h for adult E. fetida were 1.95% w/v and 0.14% w/v, respectively, while at 14 days were 273.23 and 205.09 mg/kg, respectively that confirm the higher toxicity of Cr compared to As. Then the earthworms were exposed to lower doses than LC50 of both heavy metals to analyze their effects on survival, growth, reproduction, behaviour, antioxidant system and DNA damage. The survival, reproduction and growth were decreased with increased heavy metal concentrations. Earthworms also showed a clear avoidance response to both the heavy metals, with strong and significant (p<0.05) differences in all treatments. The maximum reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities from 14 to 28 days of heavy metal exposure i.e. 38.13% in SOD, 30.03% in CAT, 53.16% in POD and 9.36% in GST activity was observed in earthworms exposed to T8. The maximum increase (45.59%) in MDA content from 0 to 28 days of heavy metals exposure was observed in T8 followed by T4. The significant increase in comet tail length and percent tail DNA across all treatments clearly provided evidence that As and Cr effectively damaged the DNA.Three types of vermiwash (VW I, II and III) were prepared and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters and bacterial diversity. The maximum micro and macronutrients were observed in the VW III followed by VW I and VW II. The effects of these vermiwashes on various growth, yield and physiological parameters of okra and chilli were studied. The results showed that the application of different concentrations of vermiwash significantly enhanced the vegetative growth, yield and physiology of both okra and chilli plants.
