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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Unknown Effect of heavy metals toxicity on mortality, bio-molecules and antioxidative enzymes of Eudrilus eugeniae(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020) Mahima; Gupta, R.K.Earthworms are potentially the most important constituents of the soil biota in respect of soil formation and maintenance of structure and fertility of soil. Recent years have witnessed the contamination of soil ecosystem by heavy metals, which are considered to be one of the major environmental issues. Earthworms are terribly affected by soil pollution because of their strong interaction with soil. Heavy metals in increased concentrations have a variety of harmful effects on the viability, density, cocoon production, sexual development and growth of worms. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on mortality, bio-molecules and antioxidative enzymes of E. eugeniae. The results showed the acute toxicity of two heavy metals individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in a dose dependent manner which was evaluated in terms of mortality, growth (length and weight), cocoon production, bio-molecules and antioxidative enzymes. Maximum reduction in length (4.30 cm) and weight (0.42 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Zn-0.1 ppm as compared to control. Maximum mortality of earthworms was 30% and number of cocoons reduced upto 29.67 in case of Zn-0.1 ppm contaminated soil. The maximum reduction in bio-molecules i.e. 19.63% in crude protein 28.57% in carbohydrate and 42.41% in crude lipid concentration was seen in earthworms treated with Zn-0.1 ppm. In case of antioxidative enzymes, there was an increase in the activities of antixidative enzymes due to oxidative stress induced by heavy metals. SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and POD (peroxidise) showed a maximum increase in activity at highest concentration of Zn (0.1 ppm) which was 10.26 U/mg protein and 0.77 U/mg protein respectively. Thus the study proves that zinc is more toxic and detrimental to earthworms as compared to cobalt.ThesisItem Unknown Evaluation of losses due to Suidasia nesbitti (Acari: Acaridae) in pearl millet and its management(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-06) Seema; Gulati, RachnaThe average population of S. nesbitti increased significantly at each observation period. Pearl millet flour was found significantly better as more number of mites (364.14 mites/ 5g flour) were recorded than on pearl millet grains (277.28 mites/ 5g grain). The weight was 5.000 g at 0 day which decreased significantly to 4.875, 4.710 g in grain and flour at 180 days of infestation. Biochemical estimation of infested grains and flour revealed decrease in total soluble sugars (22.100, 21.067 mg/ g), non-reducing sugar (13.000, 12.36 mg/ g), starch (545.100, 468.100mg/g) and protein (106.133, 87.733mg/g) after 180 days of infestation, respectively as compared to 23.100, 14.440, 597 and 113.250 at 0 days. A significant negative correlation of S. nesbitti population with weight loss, total soluble sugar content, non-reducing sugars, starch, protein in grain (r= - 0.993, - 0.971, -0.991, - 0.790, -0.966) and flour (r= - 0.983, -0.999, -0.983, -0.991, -0.964) was obtained. Reducing sugars showed a significant increase from 8.660 to 9.100 mg/ g in pearl millet grains. Germination in grains decreased from 90 to 7.14 per cent after 120 days of infestation. In the last two durations (150 and 180 days), no seed was germinated in seeds having 518.66 and 662 mite population. Aqueous extracts of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits, lemon (Citrus sinensis) and orange (Citrus limon) peels were evaluated under in vitro conditions against S. nesbitti. With higher concentrations of 4 and 8 per cent of both the botanicals, Aonla fruit and lemon peel provided 100 per cent protection against S. nesbitti except lemon peel at 4 per cent (81.65% protection). Aqueous extract of orange peel provided 100 per cent protection against S. nesbitti at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 per cent concentration at 1day after treatment. Among the botanicals, orange peel extract is more toxic to S. nesbitti than the Aonla fruit and lemon peel extract.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of herbicides, organic wastes and seasonal variations on growth parameters and fecundity of E.fetida(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-06) Anshu; Dharambir SinghEarthworms are major contributors to soil biodiversity; they are basic driver of abiotic and biotic soil properties,therefore also known as major ecosystem engineers in terrestrial soils due to their contribution in pedogenesis. E. fetida minimizes the pollution danger caused by organic wastes degradation and internationally used as reference animal for toxicity tests. Environmental variations in temperature and organic waste affect the respiration, metabolism, growth parameters and reproductive potential of earthworms. Use of agrochemicals like pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers on large scale to enhance agriculture production have negative effects on earthworms and they are killed as non targeted organisms. Non judicious use of agrochemicals could induce the damage at genetic level, disruption in enzyme activities, reduction in survival, reproduction and growth rate and ultimately decrease in the total earthworm biomass. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of herbicides, organic wastes and seasonal variations on survival, growth parameters, fecundity and immune system of E. fetida. Different doses of herbicides viz. Pendimethalin and Glyphosate were used individually and in combinations. Survival and fecundity were affected and minimum number of survived adult earthworm and cocoon collected were 17.6±0.33 and 19.6±0.66, respectively in worms treated with Pendimethalin+Glyphosate @1.50+2.50 μl/kg after 90th day of experiment. Similarly, minimum body weight (0.40±0.06 gram) and length gain (6.56±0.34 cm) were observed in the same treatment. Immune system was also affected and significant reduction in the total number and types of coelomocytes (65.6%), eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was recorded in worms exposed to Pendimethalin+ Glyphosate @1.50+2.50μl/kg. Different season and substrates significantly affected the growth and survival of earthworms. Mixed substrate (Cow+ Buffalo dung) among the three was found most appropriate for rearing earthworms and maximum survived adult worms, cocoons count, length and body weight was 48, 69.6, 79 cm and 0.82gms, respectively during summer season. Buffalo dung was more suitable in summer season whereas, cow dung in winter.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative effect of neonicotinoid insecticides toxicity on antioxidant defense system of Eisenia fetida and its consecutive effect on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-11) Gill, Parveen; Gupta, R.K.The present has designed to evaluate the toxic effects of neonicotinoide insecticides viz. acetamiprid and imidacloprid on standard test species that is earthworm, Eisenia fetida and fish Cyprinus carpio with regard to haematology and histological parameters. Neonicotinoides are the most prominent class of pesticides in all over world. Filter paper contact toxicity test was used to determine LC50 of acetamiprid and imidacloprid against Eisenia fetida that was 0.165μg/cm2 and 0.195μl/cm2 respectively. The morphological, behavioural alterations and antioxidant defence response in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to neonicotinoides (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) insecticides were investigated and affect the following preclittelar bulging, body constriction, blackening of body, segments swelling, oozing out of coelomic fluid, body constrictions, cuticle rupture and oozing out of fluid from the body are major detrimental effects noticed. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD) activities were used as useful biomarkers to evaluate the effect of these two pesticides. The SOD, CAT and POD activities were significantly increased with an increase in the doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid at 24 hr to 48 hr of exposure time. During 28th day’s exposure of Cyprinus carpio to various doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid have showed various detrimental effects on their organs. Haematological parameters of fish are very important for assessment of fish physiological status affected by pesticides and Hb, PCV, RBC and MCV content of fish has decreased, when fish fed on earthworms treated with doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid whereas WBC, MCH and MCHC increased. Histopathology study of fish provides various information regarding anatomical as well as morphological parameters of fish and untreated fish showed normal feature in all organs (gills, liver, kidney, intestine spleen, heart andskeleton muscle) whereas treated fish with pesticides showed various kinds of injuries to the organs and intensity of injuries in organs increased with increased doses of pesticides.ThesisItem Unknown Effect of heavy metaltoxicity on biomolecules and antioxidative enzymes in earthworm, Eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Shweta; Gupta, R.K.Earthworms are most easily obtained and one of the largest component of the soil biota and these organisms are very suitable for estimating disturbance to soil ecosystems. The worms have the ability to increase the availability of nutrients to plants due to the presence and activity of micro flora in their gut. Many activities of human beings such as waste disposal and land treatment etc. have led to increase in amount of metals in soil ecosystems. These metals not only kill target species, but prove harmful to non-target organisms like earthworms and due to this reason; the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and antioxidative enzymes of earthwormE. fetida. The maximum reduction in biomolecules i.e. 17.80% in crude protein, 33.37% in total tissue carbohydrate and 37.59% in crude lipid was seen in earthworms treated with Cu + Sn (0.05 +0.05 ppm). There was a significant increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes i.e. SOD, 23.65% and 31.77% and POD 44.44% and 28.57% in worms exposed to Cu (1.00 ppm) and Cu+Sn (0.05+0.05 ppm), respectively. Thus the study proves that copper is toxic to earthworms as compared to tin.The maximum ethanol production i.e. 5.30% was observed with 0.50% earthworm cast as compare to control in which no cast was used and ethanol production was found to be 0.83%. After the observation it can be concluded that earthworm cast, is also a rich source of nitrogen and phosphorous, may be considered as alternative of chemical fertilizers like urea and disodium hydrogen phosphate, required for the growth of yeast during fermentation.ThesisItem Unknown Impact of heavy metals toxicity on agriculturally important earthworm species Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Urmila; Gupta, R.K.The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of Mercury and Cadmium on Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae. Filter paper contact and substrate contact toxicity test were used to determine the toxicity of both the heavy metals in term of median lethal dose. LC50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 0.10% and 0.27% and for E. eugeniae 0.22% and 0.37% whereas LD50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 40.44mg/kg and 51.74mg/kg and for E. eugeniae 82.14mg/kg and 123.79mg/kg respectively. Lower median lethal doses of Mercury confirm its higher toxicity as compared with Cadmium. The effect of both the heavy metals on biochemical parameters, growth, reproductive potential, antioxidative enzymes response, MDA content and AChE activity were analyzed. Significant reduction in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was observed in both P. posthuma and E. eugeniae but highest reduction 60.94, 46.58 and 62.80 per cent in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was reported in P. posthuma as compared to E. eugeniae. Minimum growth in term of body weight (2.08 and 0.54gm) and body length (12.30 and 5.89cm) was observed in heavy metals exposure. Highest reduction in cocoon production and hatchings was reported in Mercury exposure in both the species. The altered level of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione s-tranferase (GST) were used as potent biomarkers to determine the effect of heavy metals on different species of earthworms. Dose and time dependent increase in MDA content was reported in both the species. Significant inhibition in AChE activity (78.62 and 45.72 per cent) in P. posthuma and (73.11 and 49.71 per cent) in E. eugeniae was observed in higher dose of Mercury and Cadmium at the end of experiment.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics, damage potential of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its management in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Sumti Rani; Gulati, RachnaFor population dynamics studies on Tetranychus urticae on strawberry, maximum population was recorded in the last week of March (31.03.2018) with 7.50, 11.50 and 10.00 mites/leaf and fourth week of February with 11.00, 11.00, 8.80 mites/ leaf on ventral surface of tender, grown up and older leaves, respectively during first (January to May, 2018) and second (October, 2018 to May, 2019) season. Initially the population was more on margins; feeding caused small white patches on the margins which spread to near mid rib along with webbing. During first season crop, older leaves harboured 39 per cent mites followed by 31 and 30 per cent on the tender and grown up leaves of strawberry crop, respectively. However, during second season crop, occurrence of T. urticae was more on tender leaves (45 %) than on grown up (30 %) and older leaves (25 %). During second season of strawberry crop, significantly more number of T. urticae was recorded on tender leaves (21.68 mites/leaf) than on grown up (14.52 mites/leaf) and older leaves of the plants (11.85 mites/leaf). Under field conditions, T. urticae population increased to 4.10, 5.83 and 7.10 mites/leaf on 7th, 9th and 11th April, when the peak was attained, although the latter two values are statistically comparable. In present study, number of mites was statistically higher on ventral surface (1.90 mites/leaf) as compared to dorsal surface (0.67 mites/leaf) of strawberry leaves. During 2019, maximum temperature (r= -0.690), minimum temperature (r= -0.643) and sunshine hours (r= -0.580) showed significant negative correlation with T. urticae population whereas, morning relative humidity recorded significant positive correlation (r= 0.761) on strawberry crop. Rainfall and wind velocity did not play significant role in affecting the T. urticae population during the present investigation. Mite population showed a significant negative correlation with total chlorophyll (r= -0.98), chlorophyll ‘a’(r= -0.78), chlorophyll ‘b’ (r= -0.63), carotenoid (r = -0.62), total sugar (r= -0.42), reducing sugar (r= -0.87), protein (r= -0.81), nitrogen (-0.83), phosphorus (r=-0.62), potassium (r=-0.87) content, fruit length(r= -0.88), fruit width(r= -0.89), fruit weight (r= -0.92) and fruit number (r= -0.69). The fruits on uninfested crop was bigger, brighter and uniform in size, whereas fruits obtained from infested strawberry crop were deformed, showed stunted growth, discoloured and unmarketable. Statistically higher phenol (4.33 % dry weight) and proline (1.09 μg/ 100 mg fresh weight) content was recorded in T. urticae infested leaves than in uninfested leaves (3.01 % dry weight, 0.65 μg/ 100 mg fresh weight, respectively) showing significant positive correlation with mite number. In vitro bioassay by leaf disc method indicated significantly lower number of mites (4.21, 3.29 mites/leaf) on leaf disc sprayed with higher concentration (10%) than on leaf disc sprayed with lower concentration (0.50 %) (5.96, 4.83 mites/leaf) of aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. sativum straws, respectively. The LC50 value in methanol extract was 0.26 per cent while it was 1.03 per cent in aqueous extract against T. urticae. The extracts caused 39.64 to 100 and 50.63 to 97.32 per cent reduction in T. urticae population on dorsal and ventral surface, respectively under in vivo conditions on strawberry crop. In T. urticae adults, increase in esterase and GST level after 24h and 48h exposure of aqueous extract A. sativum was recorded.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of neonicotinoid on the vermicomposting efficacy, avoidance behavior and growth parameters of earthworm Eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, 2019) Akshay Kumar; Dharambir SinghA greater part (>80%) of the biomass of land invertebrates is constituted by earthworms which play a useful role in increasing and structuring the nutrient content of the soil. Neonicotinoid insecticides are among some of the most important insecticides applied to crops which have been the world‘s largest selling insecticides for many years. On one hand, the pesticides help in enhancing the quality and quantity of crop production, but the indiscriminate use of pesticides also poses immense threat to the growth and survivability of earthworm. Due to earthworm‘s uniform distribution in agro ecosystems, they are more prone to the damage caused by pesticides. Present study was carried out to assess the impact of neonicotinoid on the vermicomposting efficacy, avoidance behavior and growth parameters of earthworm Eisenia fetida. The insecticides viz. imidacloprid and acetamiprid were used individually as well as in combinations of different concentrations. Maximum avoidance behavior (56.01±4.45%) was observed for acetamiprid @ 0.75 mg /kg exposure in comparison to other treatments. The observations proved toxicity of insecticides individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on survival rate, growth parameters (length and weight) and reproductive potential. Minimum number of adult earthworm and cocoon production was 18.00±1.53 &12.67±1.20 respectively in the worms exposed to imidacloprid + acetamiprid (@1.00+0.38 mg/kg on 90th day of experiment. Similarly, minimum body weight (0.40±0.06 gram) and length gain (6.56±0.34 cm) were observed in the same treatment. There was increase in the nutrient status of vermicompost; increase of 28.76% in nitrogen, 47.57% in phosphorus and 16.20% in potassium was recorded whereas total organic carbon of vermicompost reduced (reduction of 29.19%). Significant reduction (45%) in C: N ratio after the end of experiment explains the improvement in quality of vermicompost.ThesisItem Unknown Pesticides induced toxicity on biomolecules composition, immune cells and gut bacterial population of Pheretima posthuma(CCSHAU, 2019) Sakshi; Dharambir SinghEarthworms play important role in soil functions like soil aeration, stabilization of soil aggregates and water infiltration by their burrowing activity. The aforesaid activities are essential for maintaining the sustainability of agro ecosystem but they are decreasing and degraded because of indiscriminate use of pesticides. The earthworms ingest organically rich soil and release vermicast which harbour more bacteria than surrounding soil. This cast has buffering action for maintaining proper functioning of soil. The pesticide induces disruption in enzymatic activities and also affects the biomolecules composition of earthworms so present study was carried out to study the impact of pesticides toxicity on biomolecules compositions, immune cells and gut bacterial population of Pheretima posthuma. Both the pesticides viz. imidacloprid and pendimethalin were used individually as well as in combination for experimentation. Maximum reduction in biomolecule compositions was22.44%, 52.04% and 40.88% in crude protein, crude lipid, and carbohydrate respectively in earthworms treated with imidacloprid along with pendimethalin @ 0.60+2.50 μl/kg of substrate. There was significant reduction (72.28%) in coelomocytes, counted in earthworm exposed to highest concentration of imidacloprid along with pendimethalin @ 0.60+2.50μl/kg. Similarly, significant reduction was observed in number of granlocyte-I, granulocyte-II, mucocytes, lymphoidocytes and in vaculocytes. Maximum reduction inbacterial population inthe gut and vermicast was also observed in the same treatment. Among the two imidacloprid(insecticide) and pendimethalin (herbicide) imidacloprid was more toxic than pendimethalin when applied individually.
