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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen fertigation studies on onion crop under saline water(CCSHAU, 2019) Yadav, Nikita; Sanjay KumarA two year study was conducted to study the effect of irrigation water quality and N fertigation level on yield and growth parameter of onion during Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Three irrigation water quality treatment namely good quality, EC 2.5 dS m-1 and 5 dS m-1 and three N fertigation level i.e. 75, 100 an 125% RDN were applied in Split Plot Design with three replication in the micro plots of size 2x2 m at the experimental field of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. During the experiment, parameters like polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb, bolting percentage, and yield of bulb was observed. IWUE and NUE was also evaluated on the basis of yield, amount of water and fertilizer applied. Moisture content in the soil profile increased with the increase in the salt concentration of irrigation water (EC) and a decrease in moisture content was with an increase in N fertigation level. In addition to it, accumulation of salt at dripper was less and the level of salt increased while moving away from the emitting source (dripper) which verified that drip system has the capability to draw the salts away from the dripper. Maximum polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb and bolting percentage was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 125% RDN followed by fertigation at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Maximum yield was observed at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water though the yield at 125% RDN was not significantly higher than at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Yield at irrigation with water of 2.5 and 5 dS m-1 was 9.7 and 33.62% less than at irrigation with good quality water. under irrigation with good water quality, irrigation water use efficiency was found to be highest (18.88 kg m- 3) and at 125% RDN which is at per at 100% RDN. On the other hand maximum NUE was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 75% RDN. On the basis of quality, IWUE, NUE and yield of onion, irrigation with good water quality treatment at 100% RDN can be suggested in sandy loam soils. Whereas for water scares area underlain by brekish water, treatment consist of irrigation water of 2.5dS m-1 at 125% RDN can be suggested which is 8.35% lesser than yield at irrigation with good quality water at 100% RDN.ThesisItem Open Access “Effect of drip irrigation frequency on onion yield and water productivity(CCSHAU, 2019) Mehla, Mukesh Kumar; Jhorar, R.K.This study was conducted to study the effect of lateral spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) and drip irrigation frequencies (One, Two, Three and Four days) on onion crop (Allium Cepa L.) during kharif season 2018 in micro plots (2 m x 2 m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COAE&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. At 90 DAT, in one day irrigation interval with 45 cm lateral spacing, available moisture depth (11.6 cm) in the root zone (0-60 cm) at the middle of two lateral was observed higher (9.4 %) than with 60 cm lateral spacing where available moisture was 10.6 cm. Weight of bulbs per square meter in different grades was recorded highest in treatment four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.665 kg/m2) for grade A (>5 cm), two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.608 kg/m2) for grade B (4-5 cm), one day irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.397 kg/m2) for grade C (3-4 cm) and in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.161 kg/m2) for grade D (<3 cm). Highest marketable yield was obtained in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (161.7 q/ha) and least in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (119.7 q/ha). Lowest unmarketable yield was observed in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (7.7 q/ha) and highest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (16.1 q/ha).Total bulb yield was highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (169.4 q/ha) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (135.8 q/ha). Water productivity was found highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (10.1 kg/m3) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (8.1 kg/m3) treatment. For sandy loam soil, two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing treatment was observed the most preferable treatment under the given conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of irrigation frequency for onion crop under subsurface drip system(CCSHAU, 2019) Ashish Kumar; Sanjay KumarAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of lateral spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) and drip irrigation frequencies (one, two, three and four days) on onion crop (Agrifound dark red variety) during kharif season 2018 in micro plots (2 m x 2 m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COEA&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. For 60 DAT, in daily irrigation at 45 cm lateral spacing, available moisture (9.78 cm) in the root zone (0-60 cm) at the middle of two laterals was observed higher (15.6%) than at 60 cm lateral spacing where available moisture was 8.46 cm. The highest yield in A (> 5.0 cm), B (4.0-5.0 cm) and C (3.0-4.0 cm) grade of onion was observed as 0.76, 0.54 and 0.31 kg m-2 in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing. The highest marketable yield of onion (155.23 q ha-1) was observed in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. Among the different treatments, lowest unmarketable yield was observed in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. These parameters show that better quality of onion was obtained in this treatment. The highest yield of onion (175.67 q ha-1) was obtained in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm which was 16.8% higher than two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 60 cm. Irrigation water use efficiency was found to be highest (10.23 kg m-3) in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. On the basis of moisture distribution pattern, better quality and highest yield of onion, two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing is the most preferable treatment in sandy loam soils.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of frequency and dose of nitrogen fertigation on chilli crop under drip irrigation(CCSHAU, 2019) Makkar, Rahul; Jhorar, R.K.This experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertigation frequency on chilli crop with different dose of nitrogen application under drip irrigation using good quality water. Experiment was carried out in micro plots (2m x 2m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COEA&T, CCSHAU, Hissar, Haryana, India. Two fertigation frequency, weekly (F1) and fortnightly (F2) with combination of three doses of nitrogen application (N1: 75% RDN, N2: 100% RDN and N3: 125% RDN) and surface irrigation (SF1 and SF2) with 100% RDN as control with three replication. The highest yield (12.24 t/ha) was obtained under weekly fertigation treatment with 125% RDN (F1N3), followed by 100% RDN (F1N2) having (11.56 t/ha) yield. Plant height (70.27 cm) in F1N3 treatment was recorded highest and lowest plant height (57.23 cm) was recorded in F2N1 among all the treatment. In weekly fertigation treatments, fruit weight, length and thickness were recorded 12.9, 11.5 and 14.4% higher, respectively, in F1N2 and 13.9, 14.6 and 16.5% higher, respectively, in F1N3, in comparison to F1N1 treatment. The highest WUE (5.56 kg/m3) was obtained under weekly fertigation with 125% RDN (F1N3) and minimum WUE (1.83 kg/m3) was observed in SF2 treatment. The highest NUE (192.78 kg of chilli/kg of Nitrogen) was obtained in F1N1 and minimum NUE (123.03 kg of chilli/kg of Nitrogen) was observed in SF2 treatment. From all the observation, it was concluded that treatment having fertigation level of 125% RDN (F1N3) at weekly interval (F1N3) gave best results among all the treatments imposed during the study.ThesisItem Open Access Delineation of potential sites for water harvesting structures through geospatial technologies in Nuh district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2019) Athira C.R; Sidhpuria, M.S.Water is an indispensable matter of life. Though the nature has been bestowing us with moderate amount of rainfall, the unscientific management of water resources leads to drought in most parts of the country. Hence efficient utilization and management of accessible water has to be performed. Construction of water harvesting structures at appropriate sites can diminish the water scarcity problem. Site suitability studies through geospatial technologies have gained higher attention in water resource planning and management in recent times. Thus, a study was conducted in Nuh district of Haryana to delineate the potential sites for water harvesting structures and place appropriate structure in each site using remote sensing and GIS. Physical features such as land use/land cover, slope, stream order, soil, lineament, geomorphology and ground water quality were mapped and analysed through weighted overlay analysis in GIS environment to obtain the potential sites for water harvesting. Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to assign the weightage values for different layers. The study revealed 1086 potential sites for water harvesting structures in the study area. The sites within 500 m radius were grouped together and chose the best 175 sites according to their geomorphologic characteristics. The sites were analysed on the basis of their physical features and suitable for each site was assigned. Majority of the sites were found suitable for farmpond with lining (129) followed by percolation tanks (26), check dams (10) and gully plugs (7), respectively. The groundtruth verification of randomly chosen sites supported the research findings. Thus the study manifested that the geospatial technologies area highly adaptable for sites suitability studies.ThesisItem Open Access Salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cole crop(CCSHAU, 2012) Sharma, Parmod; Sanjay Kumarleaching of excessive salts, selection of salt tolerant crops, frequent application of water etc. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cabbage crop and to investigate the effect of frequency and salinity levels of irrigation water on cabbage. The residual moisture content in the root zone after 90 days of transplanting showed increasing trend with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water beyond ECiw 3 dS/m. Equal amount of water application coupled with information on residual moisture content in the rootzone suggested that cabbage plants utilized lesser amount of water with increasing level of salinity beyond ECiw 3.0 dS/m. In daily irrigation under saline water of ECiw 12 dS/m (F1S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 206.4, 222.1, 244.4 and 264.1% on comparing with initial values in 0- 15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In alternate day irrigation under saline water of 12 dS/m (F2S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 279.2, 262.7, 270.1 and 280.2% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In daily irrigation, harvesting was started early (60 days after transplanting) in canal water, saline water of ECiw 3 and 6 dS/m, whereas, in alternate day irrigation, it was in canal water and saline water of ECiw 3 dS/m. The date of first harvesting was also affected by the quality of irrigation water. Use of highly saline water (ECiw > 6 dS/m) resulted into delay of first harvesting by about 20 days as compared to the use of relatively good quality water suggesting that use of good quality and saline water in different parts of the fields may be effectively used to prolong the productive season of cabbage. In daily irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.53, 90.75, 67.82, and 41.68 % in F1S2, F1S3, F1S4 and F1S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F1S1). In alternate day irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.8, 86.16, 60.30 and 28.63 % in F2S2, F2S3, F2S4 and F2S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F2S1). Higher yield of cabbage under daily irrigation as compared to alternate day irrigation for different levels of salinity of irrigation water suggested the importance of high frequency of irrigation for the use of saline water.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of traveler irrigation system(CCSHAU, 2012) Jangra, Pardeep; Jhorar, R.K.Efficient irrigation can only be attained through controlled and uniform application of water and therefore, a lot of emphasis is being given for the adoption of pressurised irrigation systems. One of the latest pressurised irrigation systems, traveler irrigation system is being introduced in Indian farming conditions. Therefore, a study about traveler irrigation system was conducted at the RDS seed farm, CCSHAU, Hisar. The major objectives of the study were to evaluate the hydraulic performance of traveler irrigation system along the travel path and to identify the operational aspects of traveler irrigation system. The traveler irrigation system was operated at three speeds i.e. speed 1 (25.42 m h-1), speed 2 (52.00 m h-1) and speed 3 (82.94 m h-1). The average depth of water application was measured as 11.45, 8.12 and 5.95 mm for speed 1, speed 2 and speed 3, respectively. The average width of the wetted strip was 49.5 m for speed 1 and 2, and 50.0 m for speed 3. The water distribution/precipitation profile of the traveling gun was found to be of trapezium/trapezoidal shape. The coefficient of uniformity as well as depth of water application was lower in the start end area of the travel path as compared to the middle area. Maximum value of the coefficient of uniformity as well as distribution uniformity for different speeds was attained when 20 to 30 per cent overlap was assumed between the adjacent travel paths. To attain maximum uniformity of water application the tested traveler irrigation system should be operated at adjacent travel path distance of 35 to 40 m, when wind velocity is within 9.0 km h-1 and pressure at the gun is about 3.0 kg cm-2.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nitrogen fertigation on tomato crop utilizing good and marginal quality water through drip irrigation(CCSHAU, 2015) Narender Kumar; Jhorar, R.K.Proper management and use of water and fertilizers is of paramount importance for crop production. Drip irrigation method is known to have better water use as well as fertilizer use efficiency as compared to other methods of irrigation, particularly if poor quality water is to be used. This study was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen fertigation on tomato crop (variety: Hisar-Arun) utilizing good and marginal quality water through drip irrigation. Experiments were conducted in micro plots (2 m x 2 m size) at Research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Irrigation for good quality (EC ≤ 0.5 dS m -1 ) and marginal quality (EC - 2.5 dS m -1 ) water was scheduled on alternate day. The volume of irrigation water applied per plant during an irrigation event was calculated based on crop spacing, pan evaporation, crop coefficient and per cent shaded area. A total of 948.4 liter of water was applied to each micro plot during the entire crop period. Three doses of nitrogen fertigation (75, 100 and 125 % of the recommended dose of nitrogen, RDN) were applied. FYM @ 8 kg per plot, 1/3rd of nitrogen, 100% of P and K was applied before transplanting the tomato. Remaining dose of nitrogen was equally split in 11 doses at weekly interval. The temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture and soil salinity was observed through regular soil sampling. The moisture content in the 60 cm soil profile was higher under irrigation with marginal quality water as compared to irrigation with good quality water. Irrigation with marginal water quality led to more rapid accumulation of salts in the soil at the horizontal distance of 20 cm distance than that observed for irrigation with good quality water. Maximum tomato yield (615.3 q ha -1 ) and water use efficiency (25.95 kg m -3 ) was obtained with good quality irrigation treatment receiving N-fertigation at the rate of 125 % of RDN. Maximum nitrogen use efficiency (594.9 kg kg -1 ) was obtained with good quality irrigation treatment receiving N-fertigation at RDN. Minimum tomato yield (389.5 q ha -1 ) and water use efficiency (14.27 kg m -3 ) was obtained with marginal quality irrigation treatment receiving Nfertigation at the rate of 75 % of RDN. Maximum nitrogen use efficiency (594.9 kg kg -1 ) was obtained with good quality irrigation treatment receiving N-fertigation at RDN. Minimum nitrogen use efficiency (404.3 kg kg -1 ) was obtained with marginal quality irrigation treatment receiving Nfertigation at 125 % of RDN.ThesisItem Open Access Spatial assessment of groundwater quality of Sirsa district in Haryana, India(CCSHAU, 2013) Mukarukundo Jeanne; Sanjay KumarWater quality issue has become more important than the quantity, as the environmental problems are getting more serious in different parts of the world. A number of environmental factors influence greatly the groundwater quality of an area. This study is made to evaluate the status of groundwater quality and its suitability to irrigated agriculture. For this study 646 samples were collected from existing tubewells and analysed for different chemical composition (pH, EC, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K and CO3 2-, HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 2-) and parameters (SAR and RSC) were determined. The results of analysis were interpreted with AICRP, Manchanda, USSL and Piper criteria for irrigation water suitability. The results points out that according to AICRP and Manchanda criteria, in Sirsa district, 29.1% of groundwater was good others have to be applied with proper management strategy. Among blocks Sirsa block has the highest percentage (51.6 percent) of good water, whereas, Nathusari Chopta block has the highest percentage (62.3 percent) of the poorest (hgh SAR saline) water. According to USSL, groundwater quality of the district was went under C4S4, C4S3, C3S2, C3S1, C4S2, C2S1, C3S3, C1S1 and C2S2 categories. According to Pipper criteria, in Sirsa district, 15.9 percent samples was under good category (Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Na-HCO3) and among blocks of the Sirsa district, Ellenabad block has the highest percentage (25.7) of good water, whereas, Nathusari Chopta has the highest percentage (97.6) of the poorest water (Na-Cl).