Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Open Access
Impact of self help groups(SHGs) on women empowerment in rural communities of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2016) Sihag, Rijul; Vermani, Savita
The empowerment of women is crucial for the economic development of a nation and building a base for social change. The year 2001 had been declared by the Government of India as “Women’s Empowerment Year” to focus on a vision where women are equal partners like men. The Government of India has provided SHGs to them so that proper attention should be given to their economic independence through self employment, entrepreneurial development and well being that ultimately leads to their empowerment. SHGs have emerged as a powerful instrument in order to alleviate poverty and for the empowerment of women in the rural economy. Therefore, the comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana with following specific objectives: (I) To examine the type of self help groups working in rural areas. (II) To study the factors affecting the functioning of self-help groups. (III) To assess the impact of self help groups on women empowerment and socio-economic status of family. (IV) To analyze the constraints involved in functioning of self help groups. The sample of 300 respondents was selected from four villages of two districts i.e. Fatehabad and Bhiwani through systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. Respondents income generating activities (IGAs) in SHGs were dari making (38.7%), mat making (34.0%), tie-dye (33.3%) and wooden beads making (24.3%). On an average respondents were earning Rs. 1,688.0 per month by working in SHGs. Factors like respondent’s education and occupation, respondent’s husband education and occupation, extension contacts were found significantly associated with the income of the respondents from SHGs. Majority of respondents were using money earned from IGAs on household expenses (88.3%), for higher education of children (84.0%). Two-third of the respondents (63.7%) felt fully benefitted from joining SHG. Factors like age, size of family, respondent’s education and occupation, socio-economic status were found significantly associated with level of benefits of joining SHGs by respondents. Regarding the functioning of SHGs, overwhelming majority of respondents (92.0%) expressed proper inter-loaning in groups, regular meetings (89.7%), maintenance of records (67.7%), group consensus (55.3%) etc. Respondents felt high level of empowerment in terms of personal, social, economic than legal and political empowerment. Age of the respondents was found significantly associated with personal empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Factors like age, size of family, mass media exposure were found significantly associated with social empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Likewise, respondent’s education was found significantly associated with economic empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Majority of respondents (83.3%) felt increase in income, purchase of assets (69.3%), more savings (69.0%) after becoming members of SHGs. Respondents were also found facing personal, educational, organizational, marketing, economic and social constraints while working in SHGs.
Open Access
Problem of debt among farmers of rural Haryana – A Sociological Analysis
(CCSHAU, 2012) Subhash Chander; Vermani, Savita
Rural indebtedness has deep roots in the country. The incidence of indebtedness is the highest in Andhra Pradesh (82.00%) followed by Tamil Nadu (74.50%), Punjab (65.40%), Kerala (64.40%), Karnataka (61.60%) and Maharashtra (54.80%). The state of Haryana has reported indebtedness among the farmers to the extent of 50 to 53 per cent. The highest per farmer debt is reported from Punjab (Rs. 41576) followed by Kerala (Rs. 33907), Haryana (Rs. 26007). In the last two decades,the suicide rate in the country has notably increased from 7.9 to 11.5 per 0.10 million attributed to suicidescommitted particularly by the farmer community in the country. Therefore, comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana with following specific objectives: (I). To assess the nature, extent and sources of debt among rural farmers. (II). To know the causes of debtedness, utilization and payment pattern of debt of farmers alongwith factors affecting. (III). To examine the socioeconomic and cultural problems faced by farmers during pre and post debted situation and their repercussions on farming family. (IV).To analyse the implication of loan waiving scheme on socio-economic status of farming family. The sample of 400 debted respondents were selected from eight villages of two districts i.e. Karnal and Bhiwani through systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through Interview Schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. Respondents have taken loans for productive and unproductive purposes. On an average loan of Rs, 65542.00 was taken by respondents as an institutional loan. Kisan credit card was also used by 54.50% of the respondents in both regions. Borrowing of non institutional loan was found most common among the respondents, as 72.75% respondents have taken loan from non-institutional sources. Maximum number of respondents (39.20%) have taken loan fromtraders and agents and 30.20% from landlords. Rest 17.20% and 9.60% have taken loan from moneylenders and relatives. On an average loan of Rs. 105772.00 was taken by respondents from non-institutional sources. Maximum average amount of loan taken by respondents was higher from non institutional sources than institutional sources. Respondents were found repaying high amount of interest rate on the loan taken from non-institutional sources. Factors like age, occupation, size of land holdings, size of family, educational level and mass-media exposure were found significantly associated with the rate of interest charged for non-institutional loan. Repayment pattern of noninstitutional loan was found irregular. Multiple factors were found associated with the pattern of institutional and non-institutional amount of loan taken by respondents. Two-third of the respondents (66.75%) could not repay the loan due to repayment of previous loan followed by 56.25% due to crop failure, 53.50% due to high expenses on social ceremonies and 51.25% due to low income. Likewise, nearly half of the respondents (49.75%) were not repaying the loan due to large size of family, due to adverse climatic conditions, lack of irrigation facility (48.50%) and high cost of inputs of crop (47.50%) etc. Although respondents were found burdened because of outstanding loan in spite of that they perceived the loanas fruitful. More than half of the respondents (50.75%) utilized the loan for the purpose for which they have taken the loan and rest 49.25% diverted the loan for unproductive purposes. Respondents were also found facing manysocio-economic and psychological problems due to outstanding loan.
Open Access
Study on socio- economic factors affecting women participation in gram panchayat activities in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita Singh; Vinod Kumari
Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is best bet for good governance. The present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives:- 1.To examine the socio-economic and political background of the elected women representatives in Gram Panchyat; 2. To assess their knowledge regarding the structural and functional aspects of Gram Panchayats; 3. To explore their role in decision and implementation at the gram Panchayat levels; 4. To suggest measures to promote women participation in Gram Panchayat Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is best bet for good governance. The present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives:- 1.To examine the socio-economic and political background of the elected women representatives in Gram Panchyat; 2. To assess their knowledge regarding the structural and functional aspects of Gram Panchayats; 3. To explore their role in decision and implementation at the gram Panchayat levels; 4. To suggest measures to promote women participation in Gram Panchayat activities. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state having highest and lowest female literacy status i.e. Panchkula and Mewat, respectively. Majority of respondents were of middle age, illiterate and primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. Majority of them had entered in PRI for the first time and overwhelming majority had attended training at village and block level. About 80% of them were interested to know more about PRI, their roles and responsibilities and preferred village as venue of training. Majority of respondents were having no knowledge about most of structural aspects of panchayat but were having full knowledge and involvement in social activities, educational, political, public work and civic amenities and health and sanitation. Literacy advanced area had clear and positive effect on knowledge level of elected women representatives about structural and functional activities. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed. Younger age respondents were having high knowledge level about most of panchayat activities, structural aspects and decision making. Significant association of income and occupation with knowledge level of women members was observed. Mass media exposure of women representatives had significant impact on their knowledge level about various panchayat activities. Positive change in women participation in meetings and training programmes was observed followed by change in social customs as they were coming out of home boundaries to participate in panchayat activities. Some of the constraints faced by elected women representatives were delay in approval of plan and budget, lack of staff, too much control of bureaucrats, favoritism, lack of knowledge and non-cooperation by male members. It is suggested that efforts are required for real empowerment of rural women by bringing about an attitudinal change in both men and women activities. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state having highest and lowest female literacy status i.e. Panchkula and Mewat, respectively. Majority of respondents were of middle age, illiterate and primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. Majority of them had entered in PRI for the first time and overwhelming majority had attended training at village and block level. About 80% of them were interested to know more about PRI, their roles and responsibilities and preferred village as venue of training. Majority of respondents were having no knowledge about most of structural aspects of panchayat but were having full knowledge and involvement in social activities, educational, political, public work and civic amenities and health and sanitation. Literacy advanced area had clear and positive effect on knowledge level of elected women representatives about structural and functional activities. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed. Younger age respondents were having high knowledge level about most of panchayat activities, structural aspects and decision making. Significant association of income and occupation with knowledge level of women members was observed. Mass media exposure of women representatives had significant impact on their knowledge level about various panchayat activities. Positive change in women participation in meetings and training programmes was observed followed by change in social customs as they were coming out of home boundaries to participate in panchayat activities. Some of the constraints faced by elected women representatives were delay in approval of plan and budget, lack of staff, too much control of bureaucrats, favoritism, lack of knowledge and non-cooperation by male members. It is suggested that efforts are required for real empowerment of rural women by bringing about an attitudinal change in both men and women.
Open Access
Consumer Behaviour Of Working And Non-Working Women In Haryana-A Comparative Study
(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities CCS Haryana Agricultural University : Hisar, 2011) Verma,Kavita.; Punia,Deep.
Open Access
Gender discrimination against girl child among parents in rural communities of Haryana-An action research
(CCSHAU, 2016) Deepika; Kathpalia, Jatesh
Sociologically the word gender refers to the socio-cultural definition of man and woman, the way societies distinguish men and women and assign them social roles. It was believed that the different characteristics, roles and status accorded to women and men in society are determined by sex, that they are natural and therefore not changeable.As soon as a child is born families and society begin the process of gendering. The birth of the son is celebrated with happy heart while is the birth of a daughter filled with pain; sons are showered with love, respect, better food and proper health care. Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing; girlsare encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences are gender differences and they are created by society. Gender inequality is therefore a form of inequality which is distinct from other forms of economic and social inequalities. The study was concluded among 200 parents in Hisar district in two selected blocks (from block I Dahima and Bhojraj villages and from block II Chaudhriwas and Kalwas villages) of Haryana state. The study concluded that fathers 26 percent had more discrimination in girl child education than mothers. Mostly discrimination was found in joint and large sized families . The parents who were illiterate and had low income status also revealed more gender discrimination. Fathers 83percent alone had a much higher access and cent percent control on capital resources in term of income, credit and savings. Whereas mostly 71.5 percent household chores were performed by mothers. Conclusively, it can be inferred from findings that gender discrimination has been observed in most of the families in form of unequal distribution of resources in families, decline sex ratio, high school dropout rate among female children in lack of professional in distribution of roles and responsibilities and male and female member of families. Parents with limited financial resources had a strong preference for sons. As a result, priority for resource favourable opportunities ranging from health care to socio-economic parameters;education may be given to daughters.Significant association was found between favourable attitude of the father respondents and various socio-economic parameters such as education, occupation, role allocation towards girl child. It clearly indicated that trends are changing now and it is a positive step towards gender equality.
Open Access
Awareness among rural women about reservation for women in panchayati raj institutions
(CCSHAU, 2015) Sunil Kumar; Dahiya, Sushila
The women must practically involve in changing and transforming human mind to adjust with the values of truth, beauty and goodness. For women reservation in PRIs is a means of helping them to play an active role in the development processes. To make women’s participation effective their awareness plays an important role in social productivity. The study was conducted in Fatehabad district of Haryana state which was selected purposively. Out of 6 blocks in Fatehabad district, two blocks, namely, Fatehabad and Ratia were selected randomly. Two villages, namely, Badopal and Dhanger were selected from Fatehabad block and other two villages, namely Hasanga and Raipur were selected from Ratia block randomly. From each village; fifty respondents were selected randomly. Therefore 200 respondents constituted the sample for the study. The present study was undertaken with the following objectives (i) To ascertain the level of awareness among the rural women regarding the reservation for women in PRIs. (ii) To find out the socio-psychological factors affecting the awareness of rural women about reservation for women in PRIs (iii) To suggest suitable measures to improve the awareness among rural women regarding the women reservation in PRIs. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were either illiterate or less educated. The majority of the respondents (60%) were from nuclear family and near about half of the respondents (48%) had small family size. Only one-fourth of the respondents had high socioeconomic status. The maximum numbers of the respondents had belonged to farming occupation. The study furnished that more than half of the respondents (54%) had medium political background. The majority of respondents who were having high socio-economic status, higher mass-media exposure, high level of cosmopoliteness nature, high level of social participation and having high level of political background had found high level of awareness about women reservation in PRIs. In concern of overall awareness it is found that 39.0% of the respondents had medium level of awareness while one-third of respondents still had low level of awareness regarding reservation for women in PRIs. The level of awareness and age, education, socio-economic status, occupation, annual income, social participation, mass-media exposure, cosmopoliteness, political background and political interest of the respondents were found highly significantly associated. It is clear from this study that social participation and mass media exposure playing important role in improving awareness among rural women, so various awareness generating programmes such as mock panchayats, puppetry, songs, exhibitions, informal group discussion, canvassing and counseling sessions should be introduced in rural areas through government as well as N.G.Os which would help in improving awareness level among rural women about reservation for women in PRIs.
Open Access
Problems of women scientist - A sociological analysis
(CCSHAU, 2015) Rahul; Tyagi, Rashmi
Though the education and employment environment in the last two decades for women in science and technology has witnessed a positive transformation, the deep rooted issues in socio culture acceptance have not been adequately addressed. As a result women are still victims of gender disparity in families and at work places. The other factors that play a significant role in women’s academic careers include the constraints of dual careers; access to quality child care, individuals perception regarding professional recognition and career satisfaction and other quality of life issues. Analysis revealed that 63% of respondent’s belonged to nuclear families while rest 37% in joint families. The majority of respondents was married and had arranged marriages. The women scientists are constantly confronted with the ideas and expectations of traditional society while conforming to a contemporary code of conduct at work. Analysis revealed that nearly half of the women scientists they belonged to old age group followed by 31%, 22% in middle and young age group respectively. The majority of the respondents were doctorates in the present study (80%) followed by any other professional/ vocational degree like B.Ed. (11%) and rest 9% were post graduates. The study revealed, that majority of the respondents (30%) were born in villages followed by small city (26%) and rest of 22%, 19% and 3% from town, big city and metropolises respectively. Analysis revealed that 92% of the respondents were married while 3% of the respondents were unmarried. The study reported that work beyond office hours (51%) is the major social problem of women scientist followed by inflexibility of working hours (38%). Age, caste, education, family type, family size, mass media exposure and service experience of the respondents was found highly significantly associated with the level of social problem of women scientists. Majority of middle age of women (58.06%) and young respondents (40.90%) had high level of social problem on the other hand medium (51.06%) level of social problems were found among the respondents who belonged to old age group. It is clearly revealed that 43% of the respondents faced problem of late hours working in the office followed by (24%) of the respondents who faced problem while away from office to attend conference and it also clearly revealed that 32% respondents had partly control over their income followed by 25% of the respondents’ incomes were contro lled by any other combination. The main psychological problems faced by 46% of the respondents were sleep disturbance followed by 34% of the respondents who had severe headache problem. Age, caste, education and mass media exposure of the respondent is found highly significantly associated with level of domestic problems face by respondents. The majority of women were satisfied with the environment at work place.
Open Access
study of social and economic factors affecting gender preferences among rural people
(CCSHAU, 2013) Mukesh; Satnam Kaur
In Haryana, sex ratio is lowest of all the states with even lower child sex ratio. It is being considered that the dramatic decline in the child ratio is mainly due to the practice of female foeticide. As the state of Haryana experienced tremendous economic development, it is expected that this development might have an impact on its socio-cultural life and change of attitudes. The present study was conducted to study the pattern of gender preferences of rural people; to identify social and economic factors affecting gender preferences; and to assess knowledge of rural people about state interventions to improve sex ratio. The study was conducted in two villages of Hisar-II block of Hisar district of Haryana State. Respondents for data collection were male head of the household and his wife from 100 households selected randomly from these two villages, thereby constituting a sample of 200 i.e. 100 men and 100 women. Data were collected on interview schedule and suitably analyzed. Sex ratio in the sample households was 839 which is less than the sex ratio of the Hisar district as per 2011 Census. Child sex ratio was 818, which is also less than that of the district i.e. 849. Almost all the respondents mentioned the necessity of having a son in the family. The reasons mentioned by a vast majority were: to perform the last rites of parents; to carry on the family name and to look after parents in old age. As regards relationship of socioeconomic factors with reasons for necessity of a son, study revealed that age, caste, family type, major occupation of family, land owned, change agent linkage, mass media exposure and socio-economic status were affecting the reasons mentioned by the respondents. As regards daughters, all but one per cent mentioned the necessity of having a daughter in the family. But the reasons mentioned for the same were not so compelling indicating that even if there is no daughter, it does not matter. A vast majority of the respondents wanted daughter for emotional support. Though they considered daughter necessary, a vast majority (81.50%) also considered them to be a burden. Major reasons for considering daughter as a burden are: increasing dowry demands, problem of finding suitable grooms, fear of loss of family honour and rise in sexual harassment of girls. Rituals were performed to beget a boy by more respondents as compared to beget a girl. Women out-numbered men in performing these rituals. A vast majority were found celebrating the birth of a boy as compared to very few celebrating the birth of a girl. An overwhelming majority of the respondents were aware of the declining sex ratio and cited female foeticide as the main reason for it. Lesser availability of brides, increase in crime against women, lack of female work force and rise in polyandry were cited as major implications of this phenomenon. A vast majority of the respondents were aware of PNDT Act, though a wide knowledge gap existed as regards its provisions. Half of the respondents were aware of the Ladli Yojana of Haryana Government. More percentage of women (55.00%) were aware about this scheme as compared to men. More than one third respondents were also having knowledge about the various provisions of the scheme. As regards, free education schemes for girls, three-fourth of the respondents were aware and majority of them also knew about various provisions under this scheme. As regards availing benefits of the government schemes, only 12 and 18 per cent respondents availed themselves of the benefits of Ladli Yojana and free education schemes of the government, respectively. Respondents gave a number of suggestions for improving the sex ratio including imposing strict legal measures against dowry, female foeticide, sexual crime against women and household violence.

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

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