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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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2012 - 20146
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Subject: Processing and Food Engineering × End date: 2014 ×
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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mass transfer kinetics of aloe vera during osmo-convective dehydration
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Rushikesh; Garg, M. K.
    A study was undertaken on osmotic-convective and convective drying of aloe vera cubes to investigate mass transport process. Fresh aloe vera leaves were washed and cut into 15 × 15 × 15 mm cubes. These cubes were osmotically dehydrated in different concentration (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºBrix) and process temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC) with syrup to fruit ratio (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1) for 4 h duration of osmosis. Central composite rotatable design was used to analyse osmotic dehydration process. The osmosed and unosmosed aloe vera cubes were dried in heat pump dryer at 30, 40, 50 ºC and tray dryer at 50, 60, 70 ºC drying air temperatures. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, sugar concentration and process temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction and water loss increased with increase of sugar concentration and process temperature while solid gain decreased with increase in sugar concentration and process temperature. It was found that osmosis as a pretreatment prior to convective air drying was able to decrease drying time. Drying curves were affected by the drying air temperature and osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment. Increase in the air temperature caused a decreased in the drying time. It was observed that drying rate increased with increase in drying temperature from 30°C (HPD) to 70°C (tray) and constant rate drying period was absent throughout the drying process of aloe vera cubes dried under all drying air temperatures. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.37E-08 to 4.56E-08 m²/s and 9.11E-09 to 5.18E-08 m²/s during convective drying of unosmosed and osmosed aloe vera samples depending on the drying air temperature. The values of rehydration ratio of conventionally hot air dried sample were higher than the osmo-convective dried aloe vera samples. The osmo-convective dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than convective dried ones. Air temperature and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on sensory evalution.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Arjoo; Yadvika
    A study was conducted to evaluate performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use. In the present study, performance of solar tunnel dryer was evaluated at no load and at full load conditions. Full loading was done with garlic, chilli, fenugreek and aonla candy according to their seasonal availabilit y in Hisar. At no load performance was evaluated during three seasonsi.e summer, winter and autumn. At full load conditions moisture content versus time and drying rate versus moisture content relationships were determined. The drier reduces the moisture content of garlic from 63% to 70% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 9% to 10 % (w.b.) in 8 t o 10 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 14.53%. Treatments were given to garlic and their effect on drying days were studied and results show that there were no significant difference in time of drying. During drying of chilli it was found that the chilli can be dried from an initial moisture content of 77% to 79% (w.b.) to the final moisture level of 7% (w.b.) in 6 to 7 days and average thermal efficiency was estimated to be 14.33%. In case of drying of fenugreek, during the month of January it was found that the fenugreek can be dried from an initial moisture content of 86% (w.b.) to 7.2% ( w.b.) in 5 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 17.63%. Similarly during drying of aonla candy, it was found that the aonla candy can be dried from aninitial moisture content of 44% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 16% (w.b.) in 4 d ays and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 8.89%.Products dried were hygienic and their organolaptic evaluation showed that they were of good quality and highly acceptable. Economic evaluation was done and the money pay back period of STD was calculated as 1 yr 4 months.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of a desiccant integrated solar dryer
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Nitesh; Yadav, Y.K.
    A desiccant integrated solar dryer was developed and its performance was studied under the climatic conditions of Hisar, India. The system consisted of flat plate solar collector, drying chamber and desiccant unit. Drying with solar heated air is satisfactory during sunshine hours and to continue this process through the night-time desiccant was integrated within the drying system. The desiccant was developed from 60% bentonite, 20% vermiculite, 10% CaCl2 and 10% cement. The regeneration studies of developed desiccant were carried out for moisture adsorption at 30°C and 96% RH for 144 h and moisture desorption at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C for 8 h. The maximum adsorption capacity of desiccant was 35.12% (db) and it was efficiently regenerated by solar energy. The dryer was operated in two modes sunshine hours and off-sunshine hours. During sunshine hours the hot air from flat plate solar collector was forced into the drying chamber and simultaneously the desiccant unit received solar radiations directly for regeneration. In off-sunshine hours, the dryer was operated by circulating the air inside the drying chamber through the desiccant bed by blower fan in a closed loop. Performance of desiccant integrated solar dryer was observed at three different air mass flow rates of 0.010 kg/s, 0.015 kg/s and 0.020 kg/s for day and night operations. In desiccant integrated solar dryer 10 kg of green peas were dried from initial moisture content of 75% (wb) to 5%(wb) in 18 h at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s whereas in solar dryer without desiccant unit it took 30 cumulative hours as the drying continued for 2 sunshine days. The average collector thermal efficiency and dryer thermal efficiency were 62.18% and 52.21%, respectively at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. The pickup efficiency of dryer varied from 18.17% to 68.25% and specific moisture extraction rate of 1.4 kg/kWh at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. In the drying experiments it was observed that 68% of moisture was removed by hot air using solar energy and remaining by the desiccant material at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. The green peas dried in desiccant integrated solar dryer had higher overall acceptability and rehydration ratio as compared to drying in solar dryer without desiccant unit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design, development and performance evaluation of foot operated aonla pricking machine
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Nitin Kumar; Sharma, D.K.
    The Indian gooseberry preserve is one of the specialties of the Indian fruit preservation industry selling hundreds of tons of preserve every year. Therefore pricking is considered as an important economic activity in India. Till date, the pricking of aonla fruits is done manually employing poorly designed hand tools thus, making the pricking task very tiresome and time consuming for workers resulting into lowered productivity. So in order to suit the prevailing conditions, pedal operated aonla pricking machine was designed, developed and tested. The principles of ergonomics were used while designing to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency with which work was carried out and to maintain and promote worker’s health, safety and satisfaction. The machine was designed for 50th percentile population so that it can be used by all the workers of different sex and anthropometric measurements efficiently. For testing of machine, ergonomic evaluation was done in terms of physiological, biomechanical and psycho-physical parameters with 25 workers (15 males and 10 females). A study of optimization of a number of process variables namely speed of the machine (35, 45 and 55 rpm), duration of pricking activity (30, 40 and 50 mins) and seat height (836, 928 and 1020 mm) for the aonla preserve manufacture was attempted. Response surface methodology was adopted for optimization of process variables. The effect of process variables was studied on capacity, BPDS, energy expenditure of workers and sensory scores. It was found that the capacity, BPDS and energy expenditure of workers were directly proportional to the speed of operation and duration of pricking activity whereas sensory score was inversely proportional to them. Besides, organoleptic evaluation of the preserve was also conducted. The preserve prepared at 35 rpm obtained maximum sensory score (7.8/9) followed by the preserve at 45 rpm (7.6/9) and by preserve prepared from the aonla pricked at 55 rpm of the machine (7.5/9). The machine was successful in pricking 27 kg of aonlas per hour at 55 rpm with no damage to the fruits and with proper number and depth of pricks. The tests for ascorbic acid and polyphenols content were also done for fresh aonla and its preserve. A reduction of 28.05 % of ascorbic acid and 52.80 % of polyphenols was recorded during its storage period. Machine was found highly acceptable by the users due to more safety, comfort and higher economic benefits while working. During the pricking of aonlas, the juice which got squeezed out of the fruits was also collected with the help of a juice collector provided in the machine itself. On an average, 39 ml of juice was collected per kg of the aonla pricked. The economic analysis revealed 2 years of payback period and 67.4% as break even point.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative evaluation of quality changes in stored wheat in hermetic silo bags and conventional methods
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Sunil Kumar; Garg, M.K.
    A study was undertaken to observe the efficacy of hermetic bag in comparison with conventional grain storage structures i.e. steel bins and gunny bagstraditionally employed in India. Comparison was based on qualitative analysis of stored wheati.e. moisture content, thousand kernel weight, germination percentage, sedimentation value, protein content, gluten content, gluten index, mold count, insect infestation and pasting characteristics of all structures with respect of time.Top layers of hermetic bags and steel bins responded more to the ambient temperature and relative humidity. The temperature was maximum in the middle layers and lowest in bottom layers of all the structuresduring nine months.Relative humidity remained almost constant in hermetic bags, which defined the airtightness of the bags. The biological respiration of wheat increased the level of carbon dioxideupto 9.48%on consuming oxygen, which inhibited the proliferation of insects even though insets were manually inserted into two ofhermetic bags.Respiration of wheat and insect activity was more during warmer months of storage period which in resulted highest level of CO2in bagsand bins. Insect infestation was detected in steel bins and gunny bag piles on October 30th, 2013 and September 30th, 2013 respectively. The detected insect was lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica). Germination percentage, sedimentation value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, setbackviscosity and gluten index were found to be reduced with the advancement of storage time. Mold count and insect infestation was minimum in low moisture content hermetic bags due to modified atmosphere. Gelatinization temperature, breakdown viscosity and protein content of all structureswerethe same. An increase in the values of peak time, pasting temperature, trough viscosity, milling yield and gluten content was observed in all the structures. Moisture content of the hermetic bags became constant after three months. But in case of steel bins and gunny bag piles moisture content responded to thechange in ambient conditions. Thousand kernel weight variation of all structures responded with respect to change in moisture content of the grains. Hermetic bagscan be an attractive environment friendly solution for preventing storage losses in India. The fact that no chemical fumigants are required makes them environment friendly as well.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of a desiccant based food drying system
    (CCSHAU, 2013) Attkan, Arun Kumar; Yadav, Y.K.
    The performance of desiccant dehumidifier at different air flow rates, regeneration temperatures and at different inlet conditions has been carried out and the variation in absolute humidity, adsorption and desorption capacity was studied. It observed that when air entering the dehumidifier is more humid, it will be more humid leaving the dehumidifier. Process air outlet temperature is higher than the inlet air temperature due to the heat of sorption of moisture removed from the air is converted to sensible heat. The effect of regeneration temperature on process outlet absolute humidity has also been studied and it was observed that as regeneration temperature increases, the process out absolute humidity increases and similar effect has been observed with increase in air mass flow rate. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of dehumidifier for air mass flow rate of 0.32 to 1.30 kg/s and regeneration temperature between 60 to 120°C and it was established that the regeneration temperature in the range of 90 to 120°C and air mass flow rate of 0.95 to 1.30 kg/s gave optimum performance. A desiccant based food drying system was developed and its performance was evaluated for drying of fenugreek leaves (methi) at drying air temperatures of 45, 50 and 55°C and results compared with tray drying. The parameter observed included moisture content, rehydration ratio, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, moisture diffusivity and sensory evaluation. Results indicated that at higher temperature, drying rate was faster in desiccant dehumidifier dryer as compared to tray dryer. The moisture content of fenugreek leaves was reduced from 88.6 % (wb) to 5 % (wb) in 11, 10 and 8 hours in desiccant dryer as compared to 13, 11 and 9 hours in tray dryer at drying air temperature of 45, 50 and 55°C, respectively. The effective diffusivity values for desiccant drying and tray drying was varied in range of 4.06E-08 to 5.71E-08 m²/s and 3.40E-08 to 5.08E-08 m²/s, respectively. The fresh fenugreek leaves contained 209.2 mg/100 g ascorbic acid and 32.4 mg/100g of total carotenoids. The ascorbic acid retention among the dehydrated samples was maximum192.4, 185.3 and 170.6 mg/100g in desiccant dried fenugreek leaves and 170.5, 135.7 and 122.4 mg/100g in tray dried sample at drying air temperature of 45, 50 and 55°C, respectively. The fenugreek leaves dried at 45°C in desiccant dryer had superior green color and maximum retention of nutrients and hence the desiccant dryer is a promising alternative for food drying.