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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Lysimetric Studies On Some Tree Species To Evaluate Their Biodrainage Potential(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2011) Maddan, Sukham; Angrish, RajivThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and molecular diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for phosphorus efficiency(CCSHAU, 2013) Gera, Gunjan; Sheokand, SunitaTwelve wheat genotypes WH147, WH711, WH1021, WH1025, WH1080, WH1081, WH1094, WH1107, WH1111, C306, Lok-1 and PBW343 were evaluated at three P level; 100 %, 50% and 15 % P levels. All growth parameters such as plant height, dry weight, P content, grain growth rate, spike length, number of productive tillers and grain yield decreased at reduced P levels (50 % and 15 %). Total plant biomass was maximum in WH1080 and WH1111 at low P levels. P content in all plant parts decreased with decreasing P levels at all sampling stages. At later growth stages more of P accumulated in reproductive parts. Maximum spike and grain P content was observed in WH1080 and WH147. Minimum decrease in grain yield at 15 % P level was observed in WH147 (16.1 %), WH1080 (20.7 %) and WH1081 (26%). A significant positive correlation of grain yield was observed with total plant biomass (0.88), number of productive tillers (0.75), grain growth rate (0.74) and P content in grain (0.84). Also a delay in heading, anthesis and maturity was observed under P deficiency. C306, WH1081, Lok-1 and WH1080 had minimum delay in heading, anthesis and maturity. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with decreasing P levels. The genotypes which performed well at low P level were WH1080, WH1094, WH1081 and WH147 and least efficient genotypes were C306 and PBW343. Phosphatase activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phytase) increased in response to P deficiency. WH1080, WH147 and WH1094 showed greater increase in enzyme activity under long term P deficiency. Genotypes WH1080, WH147, WH1081and WH1094 performed well under short term P deficiency (15 days) in terms of root traits (root length, number of secondary roots and root/shoot ratio). Lok-1 performed better in terms of APase activity and WH1080, WH1025 and WH1094 performed well in terms of alkaline phosphatase and phytase activity. Increased phosphatase activity and proton extrusion in root exudates was also observed under P deficient conditions. Maximum enzyme activity in root exudates was found in WH1107 and WH1080 and maximum exudation of protons was observed in WH1080. On the basis of RAPD - cluster analysis two major groups were formed and these are further divided in four sub groups. The genotypes which exhibited low diversity at phenotypic level also exhibited less genetic diversity at molecular level. On the basis of present investigations WH147 and WH1080 were identified as more P efficient genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses to saline irrigation in two summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes(CCSHAU, 2013) Duong Hoang Son; Neeraj KumarThe effects of saline irrigation on morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant defense mechanism and protein rofile (SDS-PAGE) in two summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes viz. MH 421 and SML 668 differing in their sensitivity to salinity was investigated under natural conditions of screen house. At the flowering stage (30-35 DAS), plants were exposed to single saline irrigation (Cl-dominated) of levels 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m-1. Sampling was done after 7 and 14 days of treatment (DAT). The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. The water potential (Ψw) of leaf and osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaf and root decreases in both the genotypes. MH 421 showed more negative values Ψw of leaf i.e. from -0.20 to -0.46 MPa as compared to -0.18 to -0.40 MPa in SML 668, respectively. The Ψs of leaf decreased from -1.36 to -1.89 MPa in MH 421 and -1.36 MPa to -1.80 MPa in ML 668 with increase in salinity level from control to 7.5 dS m-1 at 7 DAT. A similar trend of change in the osmotic potential (Ψs) of root was observed. The proline content of leaf increased significantly from 11.4 to 144.5 % and 15.7 to 219.4 % and the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content from 16.6 to 79.8 % and 22.5 to 81.9 % in SML 668 and MH 421, respectively, with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide H2O2, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaf and root which was much higher in SML 668 than MH 421. A similar trend was observed at 14 DAT. Saline irrigation increased the Cl- and SO4 2- concentration in leaf by 2.8 and 3.1 fold in MH 421 and 3.0 and 3.6 fold in SML 668, respectively, at 7.5 dS m- 1. Moreover, MH 421 had overall lower Na+/K+ ratio than SML 668. More negative values of Ψw of leaf, Ψs of leaf and root and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, TSC and low Na+/K+ ratio in leaf and root of MH 421, helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in SML 668. ROS scavenging enzyme of leaves i.e. SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, GPX and GST increased by 296.7, 58.5, 146.3, 159.1, 125.8, , 95.9, 81.0 % in SML 668 and by 806.8, 180.3, 231.4, 174.9, 190.2, 112.6, 172.6 % in MH 421, respectively, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1 after 7 days of treatment (DAT). Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes AsA content decreased by 52.5 and 41.3%. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H2O2, MDA and AsA content in MH 421 than in SML 668 indicated those enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS in MH 421 better than in SML 668, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS under saline irrigation. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and tube growth were also adversely affected with increasing salinity; the effect being most pronounced in SML 668. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands in SML 668 than MH 421 with increasing levels of saline irrigation in leaf and root at both the stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed weight plant-1 decreased more in SML 668 with increasing salinity. Hence, the mechanism of salt tolerance was better in MH 421 than in SML 668 as found from physiological traits studied.ThesisItem Open Access Variability And Management Of Colletotrichum Capsici (Syd.) Butler And Bisby, The Incitant Of Fruit Rot Of Chilli (Capsicum Annuum)(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2010) Deyol, Alka; Khirbat, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and molecular responses to high temperature in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Bhasker, P.; Nandwal, A.S.The present investigations were carried out on two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. ICCV 92944 and HC 5 to test their tolerance against high temperature. High temperature stress was given by manipulation of sowing dates under field conditions i.e. normal sown (10th November, 2010) and late sown (14th December, 2010) during 1st year and normal sown (NS) (11th November, 2011) and late sown (LS) (16th December, 2011) during 2nd year. The sampling was done as the temperature rises above 30°C at reproductive phase at 4, 8, and 12 days after exposure (DAE) and the control sampling was done the temperature below 30°C. High temperature adversely affected plant water status of both the genotypes. The water potential and osmotic potential of leaf became more negative with increased period DAE to high temperature and relative water content of leaf declined significantly at all samplings. A sharp rise in proline content i.e. from 1.79 to 22.62 (μ mol g-1 DW) and 2.05 to 15.53 was noticed in leaves of genotype ICCV 92944 and HC 5, respectively. TSC content also increased. The MDA content increased from 22.68 to 39.26 (μ mol g-1 DW) with increase period of DAE to high temperature. MDA and H2O2 content were estimated to be highest in leaves of HC 5 than ICCV 92944. With the increasing period DAE to high temperature relative stress injury (%) was increased, with a minimum in ICCV 92944 (29.52%) than in HC 5 (46.13%). At 12 DAE, ICCV 92944 and HC 5 possessed 11.25% and 30.67% lower total chlorophyll, respectively. However, genotype ICCV 92944 maintained comparatively higher photosynthetic pigments as compared to HC 5. The ratio of chlorophyll a:b and chlorophyll a: carotenoid were increased i.e. from 10.23 to 12.73 and 2.56 to 4.49, respectively upon increasing DAE, with maximum in ICCV 92944 (12.24 and 3.79) and minimum was in HC 5 (11.18 and 3.30), respectively. The maximum CSI (%) was observed in ICCV 92944 (76%) as compared to HC 5 (59.59%) at 12 DAE. At 12 DAE maximum Fv/Fm, SPAD and less CTD values i.e. 0.69, 54.77, -3.56, respectively were recorded in ICCV 92944 and minimum i.e. 0.60, 49.20, -2.95, respectively were in HC 5 genotype. High temperature stress induced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the specific activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, GPX and GST) in concomitant with increase in ascorbate and glutathione content in both the genotypes, but they could not overcome the increase in H2O2 content. There was a significant reduction in pollen viability (80.48) and pollen load (29.66) in HC 5 compared with ICCV 92944 (91.27 and 31.09), respectively. High temperature significantly reduced the plant height, number of branches per plant, days to maturity, duration of reproductive phase, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight under LS condition. The reduction was also observed in biological yield, seed yield and yield components under LS compared to that of NS. Based on mean performance of chickpea genotypes for yield and its components, the genotype ICCV 92944 was found to have high values than HC 5. Genotype ICCV 92944 also showed low value of HIS, high value of HI and YS. In genotype HC 5, high temperature caused disappearance of some specific proteins in leaves, i.e. bands of MW 35.48, 28.84, 23.44, 19.95, 11.59 and 8.51 kDa, but new bands of MW 102.33, 56.26, 33.48, 12.48, and 6.92 were appeared. Similarly in genotype ICCV 92944, protein bands with MW 81.28, 73.29, 67.25, 63.10, and 5.62 kDa were disappeared and newly formed protein bands with MW 151.36, 93.05, 91.20, 63.09, 30.48, 13.18, 8.12, 7.28 and 5.01 kDa were appeared with increasing period of DAE. Increase/decrease in the intensities of certain bands observed in both genotypes. Based on above physiological, biochemical, antioxidant defense system, reproductive behavior and protein profile studies and yield characters, it is concluded that genotype ICCV 92944 showed better performance under high temperature than HC 5 and in future these traits can be used in crop improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Lysimetric Studies On Some Tree Species To Evaluate Their Biodrainage Potential(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2011) Maddan, Sukham; Angrish, RajivThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for senescence associated traits under late sown conditions(CCSHAU, 2014) Sheokand, Shital; Sharma, K.D.Ten wheat genotypes under two dates of sowing Normal sown: 1) WH 711, 2) PBW 343, 3) PBW 621, 4) HD 2687 and 5) HD 2967and Late sown: 1) WH 1021, 2) WH 1100, 3) WH 1111, 4) PBW 373 and 5) PBW 590 were evaluated at four observation stages under normal sown and late conditions in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted in 2011-12 to screen out best four genotypes on the basis of physiological and yield traits. Based on the first experiment NS genotypes WH 711 and PBW 343 and late sown genotypes WH 1021 and WH 1100 were selected for next year sowing because of retaining green character for longer time, maintaining membrane integrity, cooler canopy temperature and higher yield. The second experiment was conducted in 2012-13 on four wheat genotypes to evaluate best genotype for senescence associated traits under late sown condition with inoculation of AM fungi and Azotobacter. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll stability and membrane stability decreased with late sown condition at reproductive stage. Inoculation of AM fungi alleviated values of these parameters under late sown condition and helped in maintaining cooler canopy and stays green for longer time. The genotype which performed well under late sown condition was WH 1021and least efficient genotypes was PBW 343. There was increase in antioxidants (ROS and MDA) and enhancement of antioxidant defense system to scavenge excess ROS molecules to prevent cell from damage. The main antioxidant enzymes which showed altered activity were catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Protein structure was also altered at terminal high temperature stress and proteolytic enzyme protease showed increase in activity under late sown condition and growth stages. Ribonuclease activity decreased in late sown condition but increased with observation stages in all four genotypes. Genotype WH 1021 showed a distinct band of 86 kda when inoculated with AM fungi at 14 DAA which might help in staying green for longer period to this genotype under terminal high temperature stress. Growth and yield parameters were also reduced under late sown condition while positive results in treatment of AM fungi were observed. Grain protein content was increased under late sown condition while starch content was decreased. AM fungi inoculation was more effective compared to Azotobacter treatment in all parameters. Among the four tested genotypes, WH 1021 performed better in terms of physiological, biochemical and yield related traits under late sown condition and maintained stay green characters by delaying senescence for longer duration during reproductive period under terminal high temperature stress.ThesisItem Open Access Phosphorus uptake, yield and quality parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)(CCSHAU, 2010) Renu Bala; Munjal, RenuThe present experimentation was carried out on ten wheat genotypes namely WH-147, Raj-4083, WH-1021, WH-1022, WH-1025, LOK-1, NW-2030, C-306, PBW-343 and PBW-550 with three level of phosphorus i.e. 20%, 50% and 100% in order to identify the genotypes efficient in phosphrous uptake and utilization, the effect of phosphrous doses on quality parameters of wheat grains and the root morpho-physiological traits associated with efficient phosphors uptake. The investigation involved pot studies under screen house conditions during the year 2008-09.Data was recorded for dry weight of root,stem and leaves,physiological parameters(Chlorophyll fluorescence, Assimilation rate, Transpiration rate, Stomatal conductance, Water use efficiency ),days to heading, days to Anthesis, days to Maturity, Grain Filling duration, Plant Height, No. of productive tillers/plant, biomass/plant, Spike length, Grain yield/plant Test weight, Phosphorus cont Quality parameter in grain . In this study day to heading, anthesis, maturity and grain filling duration got delayed at low P level (20%) as compared to 100% P. Raj-4083, WH-1022, NW-2030, WH-1025, C-306, PBW-343 and PBW-550 showed significant difference for root, shoot and leaf dry weight at different level of phosphorus during anthesis stage. WH-147 and Raj-4083 was better in maintaining WUE at different P level. Acid and alkaline phosphate activity increased with decrease in the P. Activity of both enzymes was highest in NW-2030. For majority of the yield components the genotypes Raj-4083, WH-147, LOK-1, NW-2030 and PBW-550 performed better at different P levels. Among all these seedling characteristics root length root/ shoot dry weight and no. of secondary lateral roots increased at 20% P, but shoot length decreased at 20% P. No. of secondary lateral roots was found as major determinant of P deficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epibrassinolide induced amelioration of high temperature stress in brassica juncea (L.) czern & coss(CCSHAU, 2010) Walke, Mahadev Bapu; Chhabra, M.L.The present investigations were undertaken to study the role of epibrassinolide (EBR) on seed germination, seedling growth, 50% seedling mortality, relative water content, membrane stability, free proline content, antioxidative enzymes and metabolites at seedling stage, while gaseous exchange and yield attributes at terminal stage in field grown Brassica juncea plants. When seedlings were grown at 25C, 30C or 35C, it was observed that 25C is optimum temperature for germination and seedling growth. The germination, speed of germination and seedling growth of Brassica juncea in general reduced when temperature was increased from 25C to 30C and 35C. Soaking seeds in EBR (10-6 M, 10-8 M or 10-10 M) for 2 hrs in general reduced germination, seedling growth and delayed seedling mortality. Higher the concentration of EBR used, more was the reduction in germination and seedling growth. Acclimation at sublethal temperature (32C) and EBR pretreatments (10-8 M and 10-10 M ) for 24 hrs prior to high temperature stress (45C) were found to be effective in imparting thermo protection at seedling stage, which is the crucial stage of plant establishment. These pretreatments helped seedling to recover from heat stress by improved relative water content, reduced per cent injury and increased free proline content. Increase in enzymatic activity of catalase, peroxidase, and also reduction in MDA, H2O2 content conferred thermotolerance. At flower cessation stage, compared to normal sown, in late sown crop the rate of photosynthesis and seed yield decreased significantly whereas, rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance increased. Rate of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance increased in plants sprayed with EBR at flower cessation stage. Lower concentration of EBR (10-10 M) was more effective to bring consecutive improvement in gaseous exchange. EBR spray (10-10 M) increased the seed yield (13.6%) and oil content (4.23%) as compared to control. Lower concentration of EBR (10-10 M) in general was more effective in imparting thermotolerance in B. juncea.