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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of root rot of sesame (sesamum indicum L.) caused by macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) goid(CCSHAU, 2012) Bagaria, Pravin Kumar; Sharma, S. K.Root-rot/charcoal-rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the most important soil-borne disease in south-western parts of Haryana. Efforts were made to manage the disease with application of various methods. Root-rot incidence (seedling and maturity stage) and intensity (at maturity) was observed maximum in sandy soil and decreased with increase in clay content. The minimum disease incidence (pre-emergence, post-emergence damping-off, total seedling mortality) and intensity of charcoal rot was observed when optimum irrigation was applied at daily and after every 3rd day as compared when the pots were irrigated after every 7th and every 10th day. Carbendazim (50, 100, 200, 500 ppm), propiconazole (100, 200, 500 ppm) and hexaconazole (200, 500 ppm) exhibited complete (100%) mycelial growth inhibition of M. phaseolina in vitro conditions. The evaluation of 11 plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 per cent concentrations revealed that aqueous extract of garlic clove was proved to be most effective inhibitor of M. phaseolina in vitro. Onion bulb extract ranked as the next most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of pathogen followed by extracts of bougainvillea, clerodendron and datura leaves. All antagonists viz., Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly reduced mycelial growth of M. phaseolina in vitro. However, T. viride and T. harzianum were proved the best with 70.27 and 67.5 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of M. phaseolina, respectively. Neem leaves (50 g/kg soil) was the most effective in reducing root-rot incidence/intensity under screenhouse conditions followed by clerodendron and bougainvillea leaves amendments. Neem seed powder and neem cake each @ 20 g/kg soil applied as organic amendment showed significant reduction in root-rot incidence/intensity as compared to control followed by jamun seed powder and castor cake. Dry seed dressing (1 g/kg seed) and soil application (5 g/kg soil) of bioagent, Trichoderma viride at various intervals produce lesser pre-emergence, post-emergence damping-off and charcoal rot incidence/intensity at maturity compared to control. Seed treatment as well as spray @ 100 ppm with either Isonicotinic acid (INA) or Salicylic acid (SA) was also found effective in reducing disease incidence/intensity under screenhouse conditions. Seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) showed the lowest disease incidence and intensity as compared to other treatments in the screenhouse and field conditions. In artificially inoculated conditions also (inoculated at pith region), seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) and soil application of neem cake (0.5 kg/m2) were the most effective. IDM (Integrated Disease Management) modules developed revealed that, soil application of neem cake (0.5 kg/m2) + Trichoderma viride (0.2 kg/m2) followed by seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) showed the lowest charcoal-rot incidence and intensity under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability in sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de bary causing stem rot in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, 2013) Pawan Kumar; Rathi, A.S.The stem rot disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the most serious fungal disease and causes maximum damage in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). The present investigation on cultural, morphological, pathogenic and genetic variability was carried out with fourteen isolates of S. sclerotiorum collected from mustard growing areas of the country. All the isolates exhibited variations in their colony colour, type of growth and mycelial growth. HSR, FTH, SRS and DBW isolates showed dirty white colony colour, while rest of the isolates showed whitish colony colour. The variation in type of growth was also observed as BWL, MHR and BHR isolates showed fluffy and regular type of growth; ALW and JLN isolates showed fluffy but irregular growth, while rest of the isolates showed sparse and regular type of mycelial growth. All isolates showed significant differences in mycelial growth up to 72 hours of incubation, while non- gnificant differences were observed after 96 hours of incubation among the isolates. Significant variations were observed in number of sclerotia formation, size and pattern of sclerotia formation among the isolates after 10 days of incubation. Sufficient variability was also observed for number of apothecia per sclerotium. Isolates were also found to vary in their per cent disease intensity and significant host × pathogen interaction on different rapeseed-mustard genotypes under screen house and field conditions. HSR isolate was the most pathogenic with mean disease intensity of 53.1 and 60.8% under field and screen house conditions, respectively, while ALW was the least pathogenic isolate with disease intensity of less than 30% under both the conditions. Some isolates showed moderately resistant reaction on one genotype while, susceptible to highly susceptible reaction on rest of the genotypes. Some of the isolates could not be clearly differentiated pathogenically; however, they showed variable reactions on these genotypes. The variation was observed for stem breaking of different genotypes and formation of varying numbers of sclerotia after inoculation of S. sclerotiorum isolates under field conditions. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) analysis differentiated the fourteen isolates into two major clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.38. Cluster A was constituted by only one isolate ALW and Cluster B was a large group containing 13 isolates. Cluster B was further divided into two groups C and D which occupied nine and four isolates, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the induction of systemic resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, 2014) Bochalya, Mahaveer Singh; Anil KumarSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, the causal agent of stem rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a necrotrophic, soil borne fungal pathogen. This pathogen initiates infection by myceliogenic and carpogenic germination of sclerotia surviving in soil. The pathogen has wide host range and difficult to control through fungicides, hence the studied were carried to find out effective rhizobacteria and non-conventional chemicals for the management of S. sclerotiorum as resistance inducers. The cultures of S. sclerotiorum were maintained and multiplied on PDA and isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates were made on King’s ‘B’ medium plates. Three species of genus Bacillus, three species of genus Rhizobium, two species of genus Pseudomonas, one species of genus Arthrobacter and Micrococcus were isolated from soil, rhizoplane and rhizosphere of mustard field. Maximum mean per cent control was recorded by Pseudomonas-1 followed by Pseudomonas-2 and Bacillus-1under screen house as well as field conditions after challenge inoculation with pathogen. Screening of non-conventional chemicals under in vitro conditions showed that salicylic acid SA) followed by acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) inhibited maximum mycelial growth at 100 ppm concentration. Maximum mean per cent control was recorded by Bavistin at 100 ppm concentration after 6 weeks of inoculation both under screen house and field conditions followed by SA and ASA. All the rhizobacteria showed compatible reaction against all non conventional chemicals and fungicide tested at 10 and 50 ppm concentrations under in vitro conditions. Maximum per cent control was recorded by combined application of Bavistin+Pseudomonas-1 followed by SA+Pseudomonas-1, ASA+Pseudomonas-1, IBA+Pseudomonas-1, IAA+Pseudomonas-1, MgSo4+Pseudomonas-1, while minimum with ZnSo4+Pseudomonas-1. Maximum increase in total phenol, PPO, PAL, PO and chitinase activity was recorded by the application of Pseudomonas-1 followed by Pseudomonas-2 and Bacillus-1 at 3 days after rhizobacterial spray. Similarly, in case of non conventional chemicals, maximum increase in above mentioned biochemical parameters were recorded by the application of SA followed by ASA and IBA at 3 days after inoculation. At 6 days after inoculation, slight decrease in all these biochemical constituents were observed in all the treatments of rhizobacteria and non conventional chemicals both under screen as well as field conditions. Maximum increase in activity of total phenol, PPO, PAL, PO and chitinase was recorded in SA+Pseudomonas-1 followed by SA+Pseudomonas-2 and SA+Bacillus-1 at 3 days after challenge inoculation. Similar trends of results were also observed by the application of ASA, IBA, IAA, MgSo4 and ZnSo4 in combination with rhizobacterial isolates individually for the different biochemical parameters analysed.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Collar Rot of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Aspergillus niger van Teighem(CCSHAU, 2014) Rohtas; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe collar rot disease caused by Aspergillus niger van Teighem is most serious soil and seed borne fungal disease which causes maximum damage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of A. niger on seed germination and seedling vigour of groundnut genotypes and to manage the disease through host resistance, fungicides, bio-agents and botanicals. The pathogen significantly reduced the per cent germination, plumule and radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings and cumulative reduction in seedling vigour index in all the four genotypes under both seed and soil inoculation technique. Out of one hundred twenty germplasm lines screened for their relative resistance against collar rot disease in field under natural sick plot conditions, none of the lines showed resistant reaction, however, five lines showed moderately resistant, eighty seven lines showed moderately susceptible reaction, twenty two lines showed susceptible reaction, while six germlasm lines showed highly susceptible reaction against collar rot disease. Efficacy of pesticides in vitro against A. niger showed that propiconazole, carbendazim and carboxin completely inhibited the mycelial growth up to 100 per cent at 200, 500 and 1000 ppm concentration, respectively. Captan and thiram were found very less effective as they inhibited 81.11 and 72.77 per cent of fungal growth, respectively at higher concentration of 1000 ppm. Fungicide hexaconazole, herbicide pendimethalin and insecticide chlorpyriphos were failed to show antifungal activity against A. niger even at 1000 ppm concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents against A. niger in vitro revealed that Trichoderma viride showed maximum antifungal activity with 78.32 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth followed by T. harzianum (72.50%) inhibition of mycelial growth and Pseudomonas fluroscence (23.80%) inhibition of mycelial growth. Seed treatments with fungicides and soil inoculation with bio-agents significantly reduced the disease incidence of collar rot due to A. niger. Maximum collar rot disease control was found by propiconazole @ 1ml/kg seed which controlled 87.50 per cent followed by carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed (75.00%) and captan @ 3g/ kg seed (68.76%), by seed treatment under screen house conditions in pots. In case of bio-agents, T. viride showed maximum disease control (43.75%) followed by T. harzianum (31.25%) as comparison to control. Among the botanicals, neem cake powder @ 20g/kg soil showed maximum control of disease (32.53%) followed by mustard cake powder @ 20g/kg soil (23.97%) in comparison to control.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of foliar diseases of rapeseed-mustard(CCSHAU, 2012) Manmohan; Mehta, NareshThe present investigation on “Integrated management of foliar diseases of rapeseed-mustard” was carried out in field. The disease intensity of white rust on leaves in relation to both varieties (Varuna, RH-9801), both spacing and four dates of sowing increased with delay in dates of sowing. Alternaria bight intensity on leaves and pods decreased with delay in dates of sowing. However the powdery mildew intensity on leaves and pods increased with delay in dates of sowing. Weather variables, T. Max., T. Min., RHM, RHE, and SS had played positive and significant role in the progression of all the three foliar diseases of Indian mustard. The yield parameters in relation to dates of sowing and spacing decreased with delay in dates of sowing. Integrated management of white rust, and Alternaria blight of Indian mustard revealed that three sprays of mancozeb were found highly effective in controlling these diseases. However, two sprays of mancozeb and one spray of Sulfex were found highly effective managing powdery mildew. The evaluation of different Brassica genotypes against foliar diseases of rapeseed-mustard, the maximum white rust intensity was observed in variety RH-9801 and minimum was in variety RH- 9304, but disease did not appear in the cultivars, YSPb-24, BSH-1, HC-9002, GSH-1 and B. alba, While Alternaria blight maximum on BSH-1. However, the maximum powdery mildew intensity was recorded in variety Varuna and minimum in HC-9002 and YSPb-24. Alternaria blight and powdery mildew did not appear in the cultivar B. alba. The progression of white rust, Alternaria blight and powdery mildew on leaves in all the cultivars showed that the progression was well in staggering dates of observations and reached maximum in the end of crop season.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability in sheath blight fungus, rhizoctonia solani Kuhn AG-1 IA and its management in rice(CCSHAU, 2012) Agrawal, Manish; Shyam SunderConsiderable variations were observed among 37 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA collected from different cultivars and locations in Haryana with respect of their cultural characters, virulence pattern and sensitivity to fungicides. The colony diameter of the isolates varied between 39 to 90 mm and based on colony growth, the isolates of R. solani were categorized in three groups viz., slow growing having colony diameter <60 mm, fast growing with colony diameter >85 mm and intermediate where colony diameter ranged between 60 to 85 mm. The colony color of the isolates varied between light brown to dark brown. The isolates differed greatly in number of sclerotia formed per plate (54-119) and sclerotial characters. The growth of the isolates had no correlation with colony color and number of sclerotia formed. The majority of the isolates (23) of the pathogen produced optimum growth at 30°C while nine isolates preferred a temperature of 25°C and the remaining isolates had non-significant differences in growth at 25°C and 30°C. Few of the isolates exhibited growth at 15°C but none at 40°C. The isolates of R. solani differed significantly in their pathogenic behavior on six paddy cultivars. Based on mean disease severity, the 37 isolates were categorized in three virulence group viz., VG-I, VG-II and VG-III. These isolates also varied in their sensitivity to hexaconazole and carbendazim. None of the isolates was found insensitive to any of the fungicides. Amongst 291 rice genotypes evaluated for their resistance against sheath blight, none proved highly resistant or resistant, only 12 genotypes viz. BC1F1-1094-128-549-01-0, BC2-46-12-1270-2-0, CB 05-754, CR 2612-1-2-2-1, HKR 05-128, KJT 3- 2-7-72, R 1570-2144-2-1547, RP Bio path-3, RPHR 25-104-1-2, SYE 35-4-16-63, TRC 05-2-6-4-39-3- 6 and UPR 2327-23 showed moderate resistance. In vitro, hexaconazole proved most toxic to the growth of R. solani with EC50 value of 0.18 ppm a.i followed by trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole (EC50:0.38 ppm a.i) and carbendazim (EC50:0.5 ppm a.i). Hexaconazole provided complete inhibition of sclerotial formation at 2.0 ppm a.i concentration closely followed by carbendazim (2.5 ppm a.i). In field testing, all the fungicides reduced disease severity and increased grain yield significantly. Azoxystrobin which proved most effective with 72.5 per cent reduction in disease severity closely followed by trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole and hexaconazole with 69.3 and 61.6 per cent disease control, respectively. All the non-conventional chemicals viz. 4-aminobenzoic acid, propionic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, thiourea, nicotinic acid, lithium sulphate, isobutyric acid and 4-aminobutyric acid reduced growth and sclerotia formation of R. solani on PDA, particularly at a concentration of 5 mM and more. These chemicals reduced sheath blight severity significantly in field.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the myrothecium leaf spot disease of cotton caused by myrothecium roridum tode exFr(CCSHAU, 2014) Vinod Kumar; Beniwal, JagdishStudies on Myrothecium leaf spot disease and management through fungicides and nonconventional chemicals were carried out with M. roridum causing Myrothecium leaf spot of cotton. In vitro studies revealed that the maximum disease development was recorded at 25˚C± 1 in both Bt cotton hybrid MRC -6304 Bt and non Bt cotton H-1098 (64.70 & 40.70% respectively). Under screen house conditions pre and post inoculation moist period studies revealed that minimum post inoculation moist period required for initiation of disease was 12 hours and maximum disease infection was found at 48 hours before and after inoculation. However, pre inoculation moist period resulted in increased infection but was not as effective as post inoculation period for disease development under screen house condition. In vitro studies with fungicides and non-conventional chemicals indicated that propiconazole and cobalt chloride at 100 and 1000ppm concentration gave 100 and 87.9% growth inhibition of M. roridum respectively. Foliar spray of propiconazole and salicylic acid at 0.1% and 0.01% concentrateion effective in controls disease significantly found7.60 and 23.95% disease intensity respectively over check in Bt cotton hybrid MRC -6304 Bt and under field conditions. Two spray of fungicides and non– conventional chemicals significantly increased the seed cotton yield and its quality parameters. Fifty seven germplasm lines were found highly resistant to Myrothecium leaf spot disease which can be further used in breeding disease resistant programme.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on sheath blight of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn(CCSHAU, 2014) Bhunkal, Nitesh; Ram SinghSheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is one of the major fungal disease of rice in tropical Asia causing upto 50% loss in grain yield. In Haryana, sheath blight considered to be a minor disease upto 2005, has attained the status of a major disease on all types of rice varieties viz. scented, non-scented, inbreds and hybrids. The present study was undertaken to assess the losses due to sheath blight in popular scented and non-scented rice varieties, to study the effect of weather parameters on disease development as well as to identify rice genotypes showing slow blighting against sheath blight. Sheath blight was recorded in all the major rice growing districts both on scented and non-scented high yielding varieties and hybrids in varying intensity. In non-scented high yielding varieties, maximum disease severity of 40-45 per cent was recorded in varieties HKR 47, PR 113 and PR 114. Among hybrids, the disease severity (35-45%) was more in hybrid PA 6129 and Swift as compared to other hybrids. Among scented varieties, maximum disease severity was (25-45%) recorded in Pusa Basmati 1121 followed by Pusa Basmati 1. The present investigations have revealed that the losses in grain yield were differed significantly with scented and non-scented cultivars. However, there was no significant reduction in grain yield in the plots inoculated at 60 (stem elongation) and 75 days after transplanting (booting). The vertical disease spread ranged between 38.43 to 49.78 per cent in Basmati CSR 30 while there was 11.11and 4.04 per cent reduction in grain yield of paddy with a vertical disease spread of 51.54 and 37.05 per cent in HKR 127. Role of weather parameter in the progression and development of the sheath blight of rice revealed that a Tmax range between 310C to 330C, Tmin range between 160C to 250C and relative humidity (morning and evening) more than 90 per cent played major role in the progression of the disease. The regression equation developed indicated that Tmin played major role in the development of the sheath blight of rice. The delayed transplanting resulted in lesser disease severity in Basmati CSR 30 while the reverse trend was observed in HKR 127. Out of fifty scented and non-scented rice genotypes evaluated, five genotypes viz. N-22 (Acc. 6264), N-22 (Acc. 4819), HKR 05-476, Tetep and N-22 (Acc. 19379) exhibited slow blighting components against sheath blight as the disease progression was significantly reduced. The apparent infection rate and area under disease progress curve was considerably lower in these genotypes. Moreover, in most of these genotypes, the incubation period was delayed and there was no sclerotia formation till maturity of the plants.ThesisItem Open Access Studies of potato apical leaf curl virus disease in potato(CCSHAU, 2014) Manoj kumar; Gupta, AnilThe experiment entitled “Studies of potato apical leaf curl virus disease in potato” was conducted at Research Area Department of Vegetable Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Potato is an important staple food of the world and has potential of much needed nutritious food. The potato apical leaf curl virus disease (PALCVD) infected plants exhibited symptoms such as vein clearing, crinkling, vein thickening, upward curling of leaf margin and leaf margin became wavy. In the present study, all the seven varieties viz., Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Khyati, Kufri Surya and Kufri Sadabahar were vectored by whitefly attack, for potato apical leaf curl virus disease (PALCVD) incidence. The correlation between whitefly population on all varieties and weather parameters like maximum and minimum temperature and evening relative humidity and wind speed were the more contributing which predicted the vector populations. Per cent incidence of PALCVD differ from variety to variety. Per cent disease incidence was found to range to 0.00 to 100% depending upon the varieties. Variety Kufri Khyati showed maximum disease incidence up to 100% followed by Kufri Pukhraj (60%). There was no disease incidence in Kufri Bahar variety. In biochemical analysis it was found that the roles of biochemicals total phenol, flavanols, peroxidase, and tannin play an important role in defence mechanism in potato crop for PALCVD. All the biochemical parameters showed that the content were more in resistant variety (Kufri Bahar) less in moderately resistant variety (Kufri Pushkar) and least in susceptible variety (Kufri Khyati). It was also inferred from the study that within the variety the diseased leaves had more biochemical content than healthy leaves except in Kufri Bahar (resistant) variety, which had no visible symptoms. Three hundred ten potato germplasm lines were screened in the field under artificial disease stress conditions against PALCVD of potato. Three lines Kufri Bahar,CP 1458 and HIS 98-55 were found resistant to the disease while 137 entries was categorized under moderately resistant group.