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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of root rot of sesame (sesamum indicum L.) caused by macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) goid(CCSHAU, 2012) Bagaria, Pravin Kumar; Sharma, S. K.Root-rot/charcoal-rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the most important soil-borne disease in south-western parts of Haryana. Efforts were made to manage the disease with application of various methods. Root-rot incidence (seedling and maturity stage) and intensity (at maturity) was observed maximum in sandy soil and decreased with increase in clay content. The minimum disease incidence (pre-emergence, post-emergence damping-off, total seedling mortality) and intensity of charcoal rot was observed when optimum irrigation was applied at daily and after every 3rd day as compared when the pots were irrigated after every 7th and every 10th day. Carbendazim (50, 100, 200, 500 ppm), propiconazole (100, 200, 500 ppm) and hexaconazole (200, 500 ppm) exhibited complete (100%) mycelial growth inhibition of M. phaseolina in vitro conditions. The evaluation of 11 plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 per cent concentrations revealed that aqueous extract of garlic clove was proved to be most effective inhibitor of M. phaseolina in vitro. Onion bulb extract ranked as the next most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of pathogen followed by extracts of bougainvillea, clerodendron and datura leaves. All antagonists viz., Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly reduced mycelial growth of M. phaseolina in vitro. However, T. viride and T. harzianum were proved the best with 70.27 and 67.5 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of M. phaseolina, respectively. Neem leaves (50 g/kg soil) was the most effective in reducing root-rot incidence/intensity under screenhouse conditions followed by clerodendron and bougainvillea leaves amendments. Neem seed powder and neem cake each @ 20 g/kg soil applied as organic amendment showed significant reduction in root-rot incidence/intensity as compared to control followed by jamun seed powder and castor cake. Dry seed dressing (1 g/kg seed) and soil application (5 g/kg soil) of bioagent, Trichoderma viride at various intervals produce lesser pre-emergence, post-emergence damping-off and charcoal rot incidence/intensity at maturity compared to control. Seed treatment as well as spray @ 100 ppm with either Isonicotinic acid (INA) or Salicylic acid (SA) was also found effective in reducing disease incidence/intensity under screenhouse conditions. Seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) showed the lowest disease incidence and intensity as compared to other treatments in the screenhouse and field conditions. In artificially inoculated conditions also (inoculated at pith region), seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) and soil application of neem cake (0.5 kg/m2) were the most effective. IDM (Integrated Disease Management) modules developed revealed that, soil application of neem cake (0.5 kg/m2) + Trichoderma viride (0.2 kg/m2) followed by seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25%) showed the lowest charcoal-rot incidence and intensity under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability in sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de bary causing stem rot in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, 2013) Pawan Kumar; Rathi, A.S.The stem rot disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the most serious fungal disease and causes maximum damage in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). The present investigation on cultural, morphological, pathogenic and genetic variability was carried out with fourteen isolates of S. sclerotiorum collected from mustard growing areas of the country. All the isolates exhibited variations in their colony colour, type of growth and mycelial growth. HSR, FTH, SRS and DBW isolates showed dirty white colony colour, while rest of the isolates showed whitish colony colour. The variation in type of growth was also observed as BWL, MHR and BHR isolates showed fluffy and regular type of growth; ALW and JLN isolates showed fluffy but irregular growth, while rest of the isolates showed sparse and regular type of mycelial growth. All isolates showed significant differences in mycelial growth up to 72 hours of incubation, while non- gnificant differences were observed after 96 hours of incubation among the isolates. Significant variations were observed in number of sclerotia formation, size and pattern of sclerotia formation among the isolates after 10 days of incubation. Sufficient variability was also observed for number of apothecia per sclerotium. Isolates were also found to vary in their per cent disease intensity and significant host × pathogen interaction on different rapeseed-mustard genotypes under screen house and field conditions. HSR isolate was the most pathogenic with mean disease intensity of 53.1 and 60.8% under field and screen house conditions, respectively, while ALW was the least pathogenic isolate with disease intensity of less than 30% under both the conditions. Some isolates showed moderately resistant reaction on one genotype while, susceptible to highly susceptible reaction on rest of the genotypes. Some of the isolates could not be clearly differentiated pathogenically; however, they showed variable reactions on these genotypes. The variation was observed for stem breaking of different genotypes and formation of varying numbers of sclerotia after inoculation of S. sclerotiorum isolates under field conditions. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) analysis differentiated the fourteen isolates into two major clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.38. Cluster A was constituted by only one isolate ALW and Cluster B was a large group containing 13 isolates. Cluster B was further divided into two groups C and D which occupied nine and four isolates, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the induction of systemic resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, 2014) Bochalya, Mahaveer Singh; Anil KumarSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, the causal agent of stem rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a necrotrophic, soil borne fungal pathogen. This pathogen initiates infection by myceliogenic and carpogenic germination of sclerotia surviving in soil. The pathogen has wide host range and difficult to control through fungicides, hence the studied were carried to find out effective rhizobacteria and non-conventional chemicals for the management of S. sclerotiorum as resistance inducers. The cultures of S. sclerotiorum were maintained and multiplied on PDA and isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates were made on King’s ‘B’ medium plates. Three species of genus Bacillus, three species of genus Rhizobium, two species of genus Pseudomonas, one species of genus Arthrobacter and Micrococcus were isolated from soil, rhizoplane and rhizosphere of mustard field. Maximum mean per cent control was recorded by Pseudomonas-1 followed by Pseudomonas-2 and Bacillus-1under screen house as well as field conditions after challenge inoculation with pathogen. Screening of non-conventional chemicals under in vitro conditions showed that salicylic acid SA) followed by acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) inhibited maximum mycelial growth at 100 ppm concentration. Maximum mean per cent control was recorded by Bavistin at 100 ppm concentration after 6 weeks of inoculation both under screen house and field conditions followed by SA and ASA. All the rhizobacteria showed compatible reaction against all non conventional chemicals and fungicide tested at 10 and 50 ppm concentrations under in vitro conditions. Maximum per cent control was recorded by combined application of Bavistin+Pseudomonas-1 followed by SA+Pseudomonas-1, ASA+Pseudomonas-1, IBA+Pseudomonas-1, IAA+Pseudomonas-1, MgSo4+Pseudomonas-1, while minimum with ZnSo4+Pseudomonas-1. Maximum increase in total phenol, PPO, PAL, PO and chitinase activity was recorded by the application of Pseudomonas-1 followed by Pseudomonas-2 and Bacillus-1 at 3 days after rhizobacterial spray. Similarly, in case of non conventional chemicals, maximum increase in above mentioned biochemical parameters were recorded by the application of SA followed by ASA and IBA at 3 days after inoculation. At 6 days after inoculation, slight decrease in all these biochemical constituents were observed in all the treatments of rhizobacteria and non conventional chemicals both under screen as well as field conditions. Maximum increase in activity of total phenol, PPO, PAL, PO and chitinase was recorded in SA+Pseudomonas-1 followed by SA+Pseudomonas-2 and SA+Bacillus-1 at 3 days after challenge inoculation. Similar trends of results were also observed by the application of ASA, IBA, IAA, MgSo4 and ZnSo4 in combination with rhizobacterial isolates individually for the different biochemical parameters analysed.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Collar Rot of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Aspergillus niger van Teighem(CCSHAU, 2014) Rohtas; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe collar rot disease caused by Aspergillus niger van Teighem is most serious soil and seed borne fungal disease which causes maximum damage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of A. niger on seed germination and seedling vigour of groundnut genotypes and to manage the disease through host resistance, fungicides, bio-agents and botanicals. The pathogen significantly reduced the per cent germination, plumule and radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings and cumulative reduction in seedling vigour index in all the four genotypes under both seed and soil inoculation technique. Out of one hundred twenty germplasm lines screened for their relative resistance against collar rot disease in field under natural sick plot conditions, none of the lines showed resistant reaction, however, five lines showed moderately resistant, eighty seven lines showed moderately susceptible reaction, twenty two lines showed susceptible reaction, while six germlasm lines showed highly susceptible reaction against collar rot disease. Efficacy of pesticides in vitro against A. niger showed that propiconazole, carbendazim and carboxin completely inhibited the mycelial growth up to 100 per cent at 200, 500 and 1000 ppm concentration, respectively. Captan and thiram were found very less effective as they inhibited 81.11 and 72.77 per cent of fungal growth, respectively at higher concentration of 1000 ppm. Fungicide hexaconazole, herbicide pendimethalin and insecticide chlorpyriphos were failed to show antifungal activity against A. niger even at 1000 ppm concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents against A. niger in vitro revealed that Trichoderma viride showed maximum antifungal activity with 78.32 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth followed by T. harzianum (72.50%) inhibition of mycelial growth and Pseudomonas fluroscence (23.80%) inhibition of mycelial growth. Seed treatments with fungicides and soil inoculation with bio-agents significantly reduced the disease incidence of collar rot due to A. niger. Maximum collar rot disease control was found by propiconazole @ 1ml/kg seed which controlled 87.50 per cent followed by carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed (75.00%) and captan @ 3g/ kg seed (68.76%), by seed treatment under screen house conditions in pots. In case of bio-agents, T. viride showed maximum disease control (43.75%) followed by T. harzianum (31.25%) as comparison to control. Among the botanicals, neem cake powder @ 20g/kg soil showed maximum control of disease (32.53%) followed by mustard cake powder @ 20g/kg soil (23.97%) in comparison to control.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of anthracnose of cotton caused by colletotrichum capsici(CCSHAU, 2010) Hoshiyar Singh; Beniwal, JagdishStudies on epidemiology and disease management through conventional, non-conventional chemicals as well as bioagents were carried out with C. capsici causing anthracnose of cotton. In vitro studies revealed that the maximum disease development (61.11 & 13.25%) was recorded at 25ºC±1 in both RCH134 Bt cotton and variety of desi cotton HD123. The maximum disease development (86.20 & 14.30) was observed when relative humidity was kept 100 and 90 per cent in RCH134Bt and HD123, respectively. Under screen house condition pre and post inoculation moist period studies revealed that minimum post inoculation moist period required for initiation of disease was 12 hours and maximum disease infection was found at 72 hours. However, pre inoculation moist period resulted in increased infection but was not as effective as post inoculation period for disease development under screen house conditions. In vitro studies with conventional and non-conventional chemicals indicated that carbendazim and salicylic acid at 500 and 1000 ppm concentration gave 100 and 72.22 per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici. Among bioagents Trichoderma viride (88.00%) was found most effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen followed by Pseudomonas fluorescence (86.00%) in in vitro. Foliar spray of carbendazim and salicylic acid at 1000 ppm concentration gave 96.75 and 95.77 per cent disease control over check in RCH134 Bt cotton hybrid under screen house condition.ThesisItem Open Access “Investigations of cultivation technology of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)(CCSHAU, 2010) Kunal Pratap Singh; Surjeet SinghMushrooms have been known for ages for its nutritive value. Volvariella volvacea commonly referred to as paddy straw mushroom due to its traditional cultivation on paddy straw substrate. The present studies were carried out to investigate the possibility of growing paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) under Haryana conditions on locally available substrates. The physiological studies were done to determine the optimum pH and temperature conditions for mycelial growth of V. volvacea under in vitro conditions. It requires temperature of 30-35oC and pH 6-8 for optimum mycelial growth. Among different media evaluated, potato maltose agar and malt extract agar supported better growth and Czapek Dox agar supported the least growth of mycelium. Among different agro-residue extract media, wheat straw extract agar was best medium and paddy straw extract agar medium supported the least mycelial growth under in vitro conditions. The cellulolytic activity of V. volvacea was determined to assess its cellulose degrading ability. All the three strains (VV-01, VV-02 and VV-11) of V. volvacea exhibited low cellulolytic activity. Bajra grains were recorded most suited for spawn preparation. The spawn run and pin head formation was earlier on paddy straw. Wheat straw was found to be most suitable substrate for cultivation in terms of biological efficiency but paddy straw is better option by taking consideration of economics under Haryana conditions. The protein content was 27.5 %.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on cultivation technology of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Pegler)(CCSHAU, 2010) Vivekanand, Nalawade Ajey; Hari ChandThe present studies were carried out to investigate the possibility of growing shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) under Haryana conditions on locally available substrates. The physiological studies were done to determine the optimum pH and temperature conditions for vegetative growth of L. edodes under in vitro conditions. Shiitake required temperature of 25oC and acidic pH (4-6) for optimum vegetative growth. Among different media, potato dextrose agar supported maximum growth and Czapek Dox agar supported the least growth. Among different agro-residue extract media wheat straw extract agar was best for mycelial growth of L. edodes under in vitro conditions. Paddy straw + sawdust extract agar medium supported the least growth. The cellulolytic activity of L. edodes was determined to assess its cellulose degrading ability. The Exo β-1, 4 glucanase activity was 0.018 and 0.019 μmol/ ml/ min and the Endo β-1, 4 glucanase activity was 0.033 and 0.036 μmol/ ml/ min for strains S1 and S2 respectively. Bajra grains were most suited for its spawn production.Wheat straw was found to be most suitable substrate for cultivation of L. edodes under Haryana conditions. The spawn run was earlier on wheat straw. The low temperature (15oC) induced fruiting in the shiitake mushroom. The wheat straw as substrate gave higher yield and had more biological efficiency than sawdust used as substrate for cultivation of shiitake mushroom. The crude protein content of shiitake mushroom was 21.2 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of coriander genotypes for resistance to Hyadaphis coriandri Das and its management through plant oils(CCSHAU, 2010) Choudhary, Dinesh; Kalra, V.K.Three experiments viz. response of coriander aphid (Hyadaphis coriandri) on different genotypes of coriander, biology of coriander aphid on some selected genotypes and the efficacy of some edible and non-edible oils of plant origin against H. coriandri in vivo and in vitro were conducted at the Research farm, Department of Vegetable Sciences and the Laboratory, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during ‘rabi’ season of 2008-09. The coriander aphid started appearing on the crop in the third week of February and reached to its peak in the second week of March and maximum population was observed on Gujarat Coriander-1. Among twenty genotypes screened, none was completely free from infestation. On the basis of season’s average Gujarat Coriander-1 harboured maximum population (27.72 aphids/umbel) while Hisar Bhoomit, Swathi, CS-6, Sindhu, Rcr-436, Jawahar Dhania-1, Hisar Sugandh and Hisar Anand had relatively low infestation of H. coriandri (0.73 to 1.08 aphids/umbel). Coriander aphid passed through four nymphal instars and total nymphal duration on different genotypes varied from 4.70 to 8.40 days. The mean pre-reproductive, reproductive and post reproductive period varied from 1.00 to 1.50, 5.50 to 7.50 and 1.00 to 2.70 days, respectively on different genotypes. The number of nymphs produced per mother aphid ranged from 21.00 to 49.00 in different genotypes. The female H. coriandri continued to produce nymphs up to 7-8 days and the peak nymph production was observed on 3rd to 5th day. The H. coriandri life span ranged from 13.70 to 18.10 days on different genotypes. Among eight genotypes survival (%) of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar nymph was observed to ranged from 89.83 % to 99.97% ,70.00 % to 99.97, 60.02 % to 99.97% and 60.02 to 89.98 % respectively Two edible oils (groundnut and sesame) and five non-edible oils (castor, karanj, neem, garlic and mahua) at a conc. of 1%, except garlic oil (0.25%) were evaluated for their bioefficacy against H. coriandri and reduction (%) in aphid population in vivo after one, three and five days after treatment was observed maximum with karanj oil (1%) and minimum with groundnut oil (1%). The reduction (%) of aphid population (in vitro) after 24h, 48h and 72 h after treatment was observed maximum with sesame oil (1%) 99.95% and minimum (20.15%) with groundnut oil (1%).ThesisItem Open Access Influence of stripe disease [Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.) Shoemaker] on physio-biochemical parameters of barley and its management(CCSHAU, 2011) Satish Kumar; Karwasra, S.S.Stripe disease of barley caused by Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.) Shoemaker is a widely distributed disease in many barley grown parts of the world, but it has assumed more importance with the introduction of some new high yielding varieties. The present investigations were undertaken during 2007-08 and 2008-09 crop seasons with a view of elicit information on effect of disease on biochemical and physiological parameters particularly in vitro dry matter digestibility, protein content, malt extract, chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Effect of disease on yield parameters, search for new sources of resistance, effect of sowing dates on disease incidence and efficacy of fungitoxicants in controlling the disease. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased and total protein (%) increased in barley plants having disease, while malt extract (%) was more in grains collected from healthy plants. Stripe infection resulted in reduction of all the physiological parameters at both the stages i.e. 35 days and 50 days after disease appearance. Stripe disease had also the adverse effect on all the growth and yield parameters. Maximum reduction was in tillers/plant i.e. 69.97% while the reduction in yield /plot (kg) was 29.03%. Six rowed barley lines/varieties when compared with two rowed barley lines/varieties on the basis of mean infection value, two rowed lines/varieties had more resistance than six rowed. Grouping on the basis of mean infection value in six rowed barley 3 lines / varieties were highly resistant, while in two rowed 4 lines / varieties were highly resistant. In early sown crop i.e. 15th October there was no disease but in late sowings there was disease. Soil moisture had the positive correlation with disease incidence with values 0.83 and 0.84. Five fungitoxicants evaluated were significantly effective in controlling the disease at 0.1 and 0.2 per cent doses. Raxil-2DS at lower dose (0.1%) was quite effective with 2.75% disease on plant and 1.08% tiller basis. However, Raxil-2DS and Vitavax-75WP at 0.2% were very effective and provided maximum disease control on plant and tiller basis. Maximum yield was also obtained in both the treatments.