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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Subject: Microbiology × Start date: 2023 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Valorization of cellulose nanofibers from lignocellulosic residues and its antimicrobial application in food packaging
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09-27) Dandu Harikarthik; Malik, Kamla
    The present investigation was carried out on the extraction and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from rice straw and sugarcane bagasse and their application for improving the shelf life of tomatoes and apples. Acid- and alkali-treated rice straw and sugar cane bagasse contained 88.5 and 89% cellulose, 4.7 and 4.80% hemicellulose, and 2.3 and 5.10% lignin, respectively. FTIR spectral analysis showed peaks at 1512 cm-1 that indicate significant solubilization of lignin in the respective treatments of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse. The disappearance of the peak at 1743 cm-1 is assigned either to the acetyl and uronic ester groups of the hemicelluloses or to the ester linkage of the carboxylic groups of the ferulic and p-coumeric acids of lignin or hemicellulose. Cellulose nanofibers were homogenised in a magnetic stirrer in proportion to 7 CNF:1 chitosan by varying different concentrations of chitosan (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% chitosan) and further prepared as bio-nanocomposites. Bio-nanocomposites (BNC) 1% showed maximum antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Bacillus cereus (36 mm), Escherichia coli (10 mm), Xanthomonas campestris (38 mm), Erwinia carotovora (33 mm), Clavibacter michiganesis (29 mm), and Pseudomonas syringae (27 mm). Different concentrations of bio-nanocomposites were used as coatings for improving the shelf life of apples and tomatoes (cherry and Hisar Arun varieties). It was observed that the physiological loss (%) was less in 1% coated bio-nanocomposite (1.23, 3.75, and 2.11%) at 30 days as compared to control (4.02, 15.90, and 5.01%) of apples, cherry tomatoes and Hisar Arun, respectively. Fruit firmness was also found to be maximum in 1% coated bio-nanocomposite (16.99, 4.88, and 7.41 kg/cm2) at 30 days as compared to control (14.01, 1.02, and 3.45 Kg/cm2) of apples and tomatoes (Cherry and Hisar Arun). Total soluble solids (0 Brix) and pH were lower in the 1%-coated bio-nanocomposite at 30 days as compared to the control apples and tomatoes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of paddy straw compost on microbial communities and plant growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Rekha; Malik, Kamla
    Worldwide, agricultural residue burning has become a serious environmental issue that has a very bad effect on human and animal health. Burning of agri-residues not only disturbs the soil structure but huge loss of plant nutrients, effect microflora and causes greenhouse gas emissions. Paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse are agricultural waste which composed of lignocellulose that cannot be degraded easily (Rath et al., 2022). Their direct use causes immobilization of nutrients, so composting arises as a safe option, resulting in the reusability of nutrients contained in these residues (Malik et al., 2021). The present study was investigated on effect of paddy straw compost on microbial communities and plant growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Bacteria were maximum in the mesophilic phase and the fungi at thermophilic phase, while actinomycetes in the maturation phase in treatment (T3-Paddy straw (4) + Poultry waste (1) + MC). Alkaline phosphatase and cellulase were maximum in T3 at 30 days of composting while dehydrogenase (DHA) activity was maximum at 60 days in T5. The temperature of compostable material increased from 38°C to 46°C after 40 to 45 days of composting and then decreased. Total organic carbon of the compostable material in different treatments decreased more in T3 followed by T4 due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen up to 90 days. The quality of compost was tested by as C:N ratio, NPK content, humic substances and germination index. Total nitrogen was increased from 0.56 to 1.44%, similar pattern was also observed in total phosphorous and potassium followed. Maximum reduction in C/N ratio was observed in T3 (22.29%). The C/N ratio of compostable materials ranged from 85.50 initially and dropped down to 22.29 after 90 days of composting. The amount of humic substances was highest in treatment T3 compared to all other treatments. Among all treatments, the germination index was highest in T3 followed by T4. The T3 compost was selected for growing Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) variety MH-421 in pot house conditions. Among the different treatments, T3 (60% soil + 40% PSW + PW + MC) showed highest microbial count, plant height (35.59 cm and 49.10 cm at 30 days and 65 days after sowing respectively), plant biomass, more nodule number, highest crude protein content of grains and seed yield as compared to other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Covalent immobilization of bacterial alkaline protease and its application in poultry feed
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Kamaldeep Kaur; Sindhu, Meena
    Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds in proteins. Proteases represent 60% of the enzyme market and around 66% of the proteases are derived from the microbial sources (Hadedy et al., 2023). Microorganisms act as an important source of enzymes because of their vast distribution, high reproduction, and potential to be genetically altered for higher productivity. Both bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis etc.) and fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger etc.) are capable of producing large amounts of protease enzymes. In industries, enzymes lack reusability during hydrolytic process, which influences overall economy of the process. This problem can be addressed by immobilization of enzyme on inert material (Wu et al., 2020). Immobilization convert enzyme from soluble form to insoluble form thus enhances stability and reusability. The immobilized enzyme has many advantages over the use of free enzymes such as: increased functional efficiency, reusability, increased product stability etc. The hydrolysis of poultry feed with protease aids in the digestion of dietary proteins in the gastrointestinal system by breaking down ingested proteins into their constituent amino acids for absorption.In the present study, protease enzyme was produced from bacterial isolate KTP9 under submerged fermentation having activity 17.43 IU/mL unit and 3.626 mg/ml of protein content under submerged fermentation. Ammonium sulphate precipitation increased the specific activity from 4.80 to 22.45 IU/ ml with 4.67 purification fold. Bacterial KTP9 free protease have optimum pH 8.0, temperature 35°C and found stable upto 28 days on storage at 4°C. The covalent immobilization of protease over aluminium oxide beads was performed. The immobilization yield and immobilization efficiency were found as 40.54% and 89.72%, respectively. Optimum conditions of immobilization were 1% Glutaraldehyde as linker with 1h and 1.5h cross-linking and coupling time, respectively. Upon immobilization, shift in temperature (35°C to 45°C) and pH optima (8.0 to 10.0) was observed as compared to free protease. The immobilized protease was found to retain 50% residual activity upto 35 days of storage at 4°C. Enzyme after immobilization can be reused upto 6 cycles with 50% residual activity. The immobilized protease showed 76% protein hydrolysis in 120 minutes as compare to bacterial KTP9 free protease.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting salt tolerant bacteria from Suaeda fruticosa L. rhizosphere
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Somu Nagajyothi; Kayasth, Monika
    Soil salinity is one of the most severe environmental factors that limits the productivity of crops in arid or semi-arid regions around the world. The present investigation was undertaken to isolate and characterize plant growth promoting salt-tolerant bacteria. Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from Suaeda fruticosa halophyte in Hisar and were screened for plant growth promoting salt tolerant bacteria. Eighteen isolates were retrieved and analyzed for salt tolerance at various NaCl concentrations (2% to 10% NaCl). Twelve isolates were found salt tolerant at varied salt concentrations and evaluated for the plant growth promoting traits. All the salt tolerant isolates showed IAA production with maximum in isolates SA3, SR1, SR2, and SS1. Ammonia excretion was maximum in isolate SR1 and minimum in isolate SR5. Ten isolates showed phosphate solubilization and eight isolates showed Zn solubilization. All twelve salt tolerant bacterial isolates were found negative for siderophore production. Four isolates SA3, SR1, SS1 and SR2 with significant salt tolerance and PGP traits were characterized biochemically. Based on biochemical results, the tentative genus identified as Bacillus (SA3, SR1, and SR2) and Serratia (SS1). The effect of salt-tolerant PGP bacterial isolates on seed germination of wheat, pearl millet, mung bean, and chickpea under different salt concentrations was determined. By increasing the salt concentration, salt tolerant PGP isolates showed better germination than the control. However, isolates SA3 and SR1 showed maximum seed germination and were further identified by 16s rDNA gene sequencing. 16S rDNA gene sequencing of isolate SA3 showed 99.64% similarity with Bacillus safensis and SR1 isolate showed 99.78% similarity with Bacillus cereus.