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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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2013 - 201754
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Subject: Microbiology × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Nandni; Goyal, Sneh
    Rice straw is a vegetative part of rice plant which is a waste material after harvesting. A major portion of this agricultural waste is subjected to open field burning leading to many environmental problems. In Haryana, about 6 million tons of rice straw is produced annually and 63% of this is burnt which causes environmental and health problems (Reinhard et al., 2001). Similarly, high rate application of poultry manure decreases the yield of crops which may be attributed to the toxic concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and soluble salts. So, the present investigation was planned to co-compost paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in different ratios was carried out in cemented pits. Total organic carbon (%) was in the range of 32.03 to 47.29% at 0 day and declined to 30.70% in the treatment 4 after 90 days of co-composting. Amount of total N (%) content increased up to 1.91 % after 90 days of co-composting. Ammoniacal nitrogen contents decreased from 8.20 to 5.12 and 49.02 to 10.09 (mg/Kg) in controls, and from 14.01 to 5.08 (mg/ Kg) in the treatment 4 prepared from 5:1 ratio of paddy straw and poultry manure along with microbial consortia and cattle dung. Nitrate nitrogen was maximum (510 mg/Kg) in the treatment 4. Total phosphorus increased in all the treatments during co-composting and same trend was observed with total potassium contents. Initially temperature of all the treatments was around 33°C and elevated to maximum 56°C after 45 day of composting and then dropped down to 31 to 34°C in different treatments after 90 days of composting. The minimum amount of carbon dioxide evolution and water soluble carbon was in the treatment 4 (244 mg/100g and 0.98%, respectively). The maximum amount of humic substances was observed in the treatment 4 (114.51mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) and minimum was in control (12.54 mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) having poultry manure alone. The percentage germination varied from 52.5 to 97.5 in all the finished compost and maximum was in the treatment 4 showing that prepared compost does not have any phytotoxic effect. Root, shoot length, dry weight and N,P,K uptake of wheat crop was maximum in the treatment having 100% R.D.F. with quality compost (@ 5t/ha) prepared from paddy straw and poultry manure in ratio 5:1 along with microbial consortia and cattle dung (10%). The results of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in 5:1 ratio along with microbial consortia and cattle dung 10% resulted into a brown colored quality compost with neutral pH, C:N ratio 16.04 and its application (@ 5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat crop significantly improved the plant growth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bio-ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes by fermentation
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Deepak; Malik, Kamla
    Due to increase in the energy consumption rapid depletion of fossil fuels; increasing costs and environmental degradation; there is a spurring demand to look for sustainable; cleaner fuels which are economically competitive with substantial environmental benefit. Bio-ethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide. India is a second largest producer of fruits after China with a production of 81 million tones. Fruits and vegetable waste are commonly generated organic wastes from both household and food processing industries that are low cost waste materials and have potential to be used as feedstock for ethanol production. In the present study, different fruit and vegetable wastes were evaluated for their composition and it was observed that total reducing sugars were maximum in mango peel (3.32 mg/g) followed by carrot (2.67 mg/g) and papaya (2.33 mg/g). Fermentation conditions were optimized for ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes (peel) supplemented in YEPD media at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35oC), pH (4.5, 5.0 and 6.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. Maximum ethanol production (1.0%) was obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 at 35oC, pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation in YEPD medium supplemented with fruit and vegetable peel wastes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sushila Devi; Goyal, Sneh
    Paddy straw and press mud are agricultural and industrial wastes, which are generated in rice fields and sugar mill respectively. The disposal of these wastes into land or water is great environment hazard. So, co-composting could be considered as a feasible and safe method to recycle and transform them into organic manures which can be used in agricultural soil. So, the present investigation was planned with the objectives to co-compost paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud in different ratio was carried out in pits by adjusting initial C/N ratio to 50:1. Total organic carbon in different treatments decreased due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen upto 90 days. Ammoniacal nitrogen decreased with time during composting in all the treatments. Amount of nitrate-nitrogen increased significantly and varied from 180 mg/kg to 527 mg/kg. The C: N ratio declined from 59.95 and 33.89 to 33.75 and 22.45 in controls (T1 and T2) respectively, after 90 days of composting and treatment T6 had minimum C/N ratio (15.51). Amount of total phosphorous varied from 185 to 1035 mg/kg. Total potassium increased from 0.89 to 1.53 % and 0.72 % to 1.02% in controls. Initial temperature of compostable material was around 33 ºC. But as the decomposition progressed, maximum temperature was observed after 45 days of decomposition. A gradual fall in temperature was observed after 45 days of composting and it decreased to 32 ºC. The amount of humic acid in the finished compost varied from 14.8 to 123.1 mg/g of compost and fulvic acid from 13.0 to 22.5 mg/g of compost. Carbon dioxide evolution was minimum in the treatment T2 (142.4 mg CO2/100g compost) having pressmud alone + cattle dung (10%) followed by treatment T6 (260.2 mg CO2/100g compost) having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. Initially water soluble carbon in compost water extract was 7.05 and 4.02% and declined to 2.94 and 2.02% respectively in control. Maximum germination index was observed in treatment T 6 having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. On the basis of quality parameters two best quality composts were selected and tested in wheat (var. WH-1105) under pot house. Root and shoot length, root shoot dry weight and N P K uptake after 120 days of sowing was maximum in compost 2 (@ 5t/ha) + RDF. The result of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud (1:2)+ cattle dung (10%)+ microbial consortia resulted into compost which is having dark brown color, neutral pH and low C/N ratio and its application (@5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat significantly increased plant growth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of bacterial isolates from shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) rhizosphere for antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma lucidium
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet; Pathak, D.V.
    Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. next to teak (TectonagrandisL.f.), is the most planted tree in South Asia . Timber of D. sissoo finds multipurpose uses in different fields and has a high economical impact on many South Asian countries. The species occurs naturally on the reverine forests mostly in association with Acacia catechu. Hence the most suitable site for its growth is sandy and alluvial soil on the banks of rivers and streams. Dalbergia sissoo, an important tree of tropical region, is grown as monoculture or in Agroforestry system because of the quality of its wood and its effect on soil fertility through N2 fixation. Shisham mortility is spread throughout the shisham zone, more severe in the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Panjab and Haryana in India. It is highly susceptible to a disease called wilt caused by fungi which target particular species. Two pathogens have been found responsible for shisham mortality - Fusarium sp. dalbergiae causing vascular wilt and Ganoderma lucidium causing root rot. The former was found wide spread throughout shisham growing area whereas G. lucidum is associated in drier localities such as Haryana and Punjab. There are several PGPR inoculants currently commercialized that seem to promote growth through at least one mechanism; suppression of plant disease (termed “Bioprotectants”), phytohormone production (termed “Biostimulants”), or improved nutrient acquisition (termed “Biofertilizers”). These bacteria are also capable to suppress the growth of deleterious microorganisms by production of siderophores, β 1,3 glucanases, chitinases and antibiotics. Keeping in view, the economic importance of shisham and to understand the role of PGPRs for control of wilt disease and promotion of plant growth, the present investigations were conducted. Eighteen bacterial isolates were screened for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum and G. lucidium in vitro conditions. Five cultures showed prominent activity against the test pathogen. These cultures were also characterized for HCN production, Siderophore formation and Chitinase activity. On the basis of antagonistic activity against two test pathogens and biochemical characterization; five best cultures were identified as SD-25, SD-30, SD-87, SD-97 and SD-99. Maximum seed germination (100%) in vitro was observed in the treatment having (SD-99 only); followed by SD-99+ G. lucidium. These cultures were also tested for plant growth parameters in Dalbergia sissoo. Under pot house conditions isolate SD-99 showed maximum shoot dry weight (0.463g) and root dry weight (0.228g). This culture showed ninety nine percent similarity to Bacillus sp. strain A2733 on the basis of 16s rRNA sequencing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bioethanol production from starchy wastes
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sujeeta; Malik, Kamla
    Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important agricultural crops for human consumption and high amount is produced worldwide every year. Potatoes are starchy crops, which do not require complex pre-treatments. Potato peel waste (PPW) is a zero value by product, which occurs in big amounts after industrial potato processing and can range from 15-40 % of initial product mass, depending on the peeling method. PPW has potential as a base for fermentation reactions because of high starch content and could be utilized for bioethanol production. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) represents an important biomass resource for fuel alcohol production, because of its chemical composition and high density of starch, compared to other forms of biomass, and thus premise as an alternative bioresource for the production of ethanol through fermentation. Ethanol production from potato and sweet potato peel wastes (SPPW) is relatively new topic and limited research has been conducted about the utilization of these wastes. In the present study, a total of 15 yeast isolates were obtained from soil and other sources like fruits and vegetables, fermented foods etc. Out of these, 12 yeast isolates were screened for amylolytic activity on starch agar medium. The zone index varied from 1.5 to 3.2 with yeast isolate YPO3 showing the maximum zone index (3.2). Only six isolates were selected for measuring the amylolytic enzyme activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed in YPO3 (181.54 U/ml). However, four yeast isolates were used for optimization of conditions by SHF method for ethanol production from potato and sweet potato peel wastes at different temperatures (30, 35 and 40°C), pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. The maximum bioethanol production was observed from PPW and SPPW at temperature 35°C and pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation under SHF. SSF of PPW and SPPW was observed at temperature 35°C and pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation period using YPO3 and YPmp3. The maximum ethanol 2.83% and 3.14 % were observed by using YPO3 after 72 h of incubation, whereas 3.75% and 4.62% were observed using Sacchromyces cerevisiae HAU-1 after 48 h of incubation from PPW and SPPW. The yeast isolates (YPmp3 and YPO3) showed maximum ethanol production in SSF as compared to SHF.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of textile industry waste water on soil microflora and plant growth of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Savita Rani; Goyal, Sneh
    Due to increasing demand of food has brought more and more land under cultivation which has focused the attention on irrigation water. Use of industrial waste water for irrigation purpose has emerged as an important alternative. Textile industries are major source of these effluents due to the nature of their operation, which require high volume of water that eventually results in high waste water generation. Indiscriminate disposal of waste water may result in adverse impact on soil microorganism and environmental health, which in turn affects soil productivity and its fertility. During present investigation, untreated textile waste water was collected from Panipat textile mill (Haryana). It was wine red in color with pH 7.3, EC 10.5 d sm-1, total carbon 200 mg l-1, nitrogen 12 mg l-1, BOD 420 mg l-1 and COD 830 mg l-1. The soil was amended with 10, 20 and 50% of textile waste water and water holding capacity was maintained 60% and incubated at 30ºC up to 90 days and samples were withdrawn at 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation for enumeration of microbial population. A significant increase in bacterial population was observed up to 20% of textile waste water amendment at 60 days of incubation and declined on further incubation. The actinomycetes count varied from 35 to 75× 102 cfu g-1 dry soil at different waste water concentrations and incubation time. The fungal population varied from 40 to 79 ×104cfu g-1dry soil with different waste water concentration and incubation time. Diazotrophs count varied 18 to 49×101 cfu g-1 dry soil at different concentration of incubation time. Dehydrogenase activity increased with increase in incubation time upto 60 days and with 20% textile waste water concentration, but decreased on further increase in incubation and waste water concentration. The percent germination of seeds varied from 35 to 100% from 3rd to 5th day of incubation. Less inhibition in seeds germination was observed at 10% waste water concentration in comparison to 20, 50 and 100% of waste water concentration under laboratory conditions. Plant height, dry weight of root and shoot were significantly higher in 10 and 20% textile waste water in both, regular irrigation with textile waste water and always irrigated with textile waste water after germination. Analysis of soils after harvest of mustard had more bacterial population than other organism which varied from 25-80×106 cfu g-1 dry soil, 18-32×102 cfu g-1 dry soil, 15-40×101 cfu g-1 dry soil and 27-52×104 cfu g-1 dry soil respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular diversity of rhizobia nodulating kharif legumes grown in hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Mondal, Hemanta Kumar; Gera, Rajesh
    Mothbean, clusterbean and mungbean are the economically important abiotic stress-tolerant kharif legumes grown mainly in hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan in India. Inoculation of high abiotic stress-tolerant strains of rhizobia with PGP traits improves the nitrogen fixation as well as plant biomass yield of legumes under stress conditions. Simultaneously, molecular diversity of abiotic stress-tolerant nodule rhizobia gives better probability to obtain efficient rhizobial bioinoculants. In the present study, a total of 201 rhizobial isolates were retrieved from 101 different nodule samples collected from various locations of four districts viz.Churu, Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Barmer situated under hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan, India. Combined abiotic stress-tolerance experiment revealed that 38 rhizobial isolates were tolerant to 30% PEG and 40oC, while only 16 isolates showed high drought tolerance of 40% PEG concentartion and high temperature tolerance of 45oC. All the 54 stress-tolerant isolates possessed dinitrogen fixation ability with different degrees of efficacy. Stress-tolerant rhizobial isolates also harboured multiple plant growth promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, IAA production, bacteriocin production and ACC deaminase activity. All the 54 abiotic stress-tolerant rhizobial isolates showed amplification of nodC and nifH genes. ARDRA analysis of 16S rDNA of mothbean, clusterbean and mungbean rhizobial isolates using restriction enzymes MspI and HaeIII showed an enormous diversity among rhizobial isolates. Mothbean, clusterbean and mungbean rhizobial isolates formed two major clusters with different sub-clusters and the divergence among them started at 48, 57 and 59% level of similarity coefficient. A total of 11 promising abiotic stress-tolerant rhizobial isolates of mothbean, clusterbean and mungbean were evaluated under stress conditions. Three rhizobial isolates MoCh17b, ClJs74b and MuJs52b showed better performance in nodulation efficiency and plant growth parameters as compared to other treatments under temperature stress in Leonard jars. Four rhizobial isolates MoCh17b, ClBr87a, MuJs52b and MuJs72a also performed better nodulation efficiency and plant growth parameters grown at different soil moisture regime of 100, 50 and 25% field capacity (FC) in pots. Abiotic stress-tolerant rhizobial isolates were identified as Ensifer sp, Rhizobium pusense, Rhizobium sp LM-5 or Agrobacterium fabrum (syn. R. radiobacter).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of ligninolytic and cellulolytic fungi for degradation of lignocellulosic wastes
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Bhatia, Tanvi; Goyal, Sneh
    Fungi play an important role in the biodegradation of lignocellulosic substrates. Therefore, the uses of lignocellulolytic fungi for biotechnological applications are quite promising. In present investigation, 43 mutually distinct fungi were isolated from different samples and screened for their ligninolytic and cellulolytic activities. Physical conditions for nine promising isolates SMT1, SMT2, SMT22, SMT29, HST9, HST11, HST14, HST15 and HST16 were optimized for production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes; laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, carboxy methyl cellulase and filter paper degrading activities.All the isolates showed maximum enzyme activities at 30OC temperature, pH 6, on 6th day of incubation and under stationary conditions.Maximum cellulolytic activities were shown bySMT2followed by SMT1 and maximum ligninolytic activities were shown by SMT22 followed by SMT29. Laccase, LiP and MnP activities decreased after addition of metal ions; however, cellulase activities remained unaffected in the presence of metal ions at optimum concentration.Among different cellulose substrates, carboxymethyl cellulose (200 mg/L) concentration was optimized which gave maximum FPase and CMCase activities in case of isolate SMT2. The isolate SMT29 gave maximum laccase activity and SMT22 showed maximum lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activities at 100 mg/L concentration of alkali lignin.The addition of different ammonium salts at (0.5g/L) showed highest FPase activity in SMT1 in case of ammonium sulfate whereas highest CMCase activity by SMT2 was observed for ammonium chloride. Maximum laccase activity was given by SMT22 in case of ammonium chloride whereas maximum lignin peroxidase activity was given by SMT29 after addition of ammonium sulfate.In case of corn cob, maximum loss in TOM was observed for SMT22 (65.57%)followed by SMT29 (64.67%); however, in case of sugarcane bagasse, maximum loss in TOM was observed for SMT29 (33.75%) followed by SMT22 (33.68%). Initial cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentration in corn cob were 35, 42 and 14% respectively, which reduced to 17, 31 and 9% respectively, in case of SMT2 and 18, 21 and 1% respectively, in case of SMT22 after 30 days of incubation. Likewise, initial concentration of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 41, 25 and 20% in sugarcane bagasse respectively, which reduced to 31, 15 and 4% respectively, in case of SMT22 and 28, 17 and 13% respectively, in case of SMT2 after 30 days of incubation.On the basis of microscopic characteristics, 7 fungal isolates were identified to be ascomycetes and 2 were basidiomycetes and on the basis of molecular characterization, SMT2 was identified to be Alternariatenuissima, SMT22 was identified as Aspergillusterreus strain FJAT-31011 and HST9 was identified as Aspergillusdentatus (Emericella dentate).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of methylotrophs for plant growth promotion of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) hepper)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Ahlawat, Umang; Leela Wati
    Mungbean and Urdbean are two important pulses grown in India and they play an important role in human nutrition. Methylotrophic bacteria exert several beneficial effects on host plant such as stimulation of plant growth, nitrogen fixation and induction of resistance to plant pathogen. The use of methylotrophs offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides and supplements. In the present study, samples were collected from farm area of pulses section, Genetics and Plant Breeding, COA, CCS HAU, Hisar in summer and kharif season to isolate the methylotrophs. In total, 60 methylotrophs were isolated using ammonium mineral salt medium. After isolation, all the methylotrophic isolates were characterized for plant growth promoting traits: Indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, ACC utilization, temperature tolerance (up to 450C) and salt (NaCl) tolerance (up to 5%). The majority of the methylotrophic isolates were found to be IAA producers, though the production varied in the range of 01.09-29.99μg/ml and the isolate MP12 produced maximum IAA (29.99 μg/ml) after 5 days incubation at 300C.P-solubilization index (P-S.I.) varied from 0.60 to 2.96 after four days of incubation at 30ºC and maximum P-SI was recorded in the isolate PP1(2.96). Siderophore production was detected by CAS (Chrome azurol S) assay and it was observed that out of 60 isolates only 9 methylotrophic isolates were siderophore producers. Overall 18% of methylotrophic isolates showed significant ACC utilization on minimal medium plates. Four promising methylotrophic isolates, namely MP12, MP15, UP4 and PP1 which showed maximum number of plant growth promoting traits were selected for plant growth evaluation of mungbean and urdbean under pot house conditions. Among various treatments, coinoculation of methylotrophic isolate MP12 along withRhizobium (MB703) and phosphate solubiliser (P36) was the best treatment with respect to nodulation, plant growth and yield attributes under pot house as well as field conditions. On the basis of morphological, biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing isolate MP12, PP1 and UP4 were identified to be Methylobacterium oryzae UALW_217, Ochrobactrum intermedium UALW_217 and Microbacterium ginsengisoli UALW_217.