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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Subject: Microbiology × End date: 2005 × Start date: 2005 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Rhizosphere colonization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their effect on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth and nutrient uptake
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Anu; Kundu, B.S.
    Seventy six isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere of chickpea were evaluated for solubilization of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP). Solubilization efficiency (PSE) of various isolates varied from 6.0 to 118.3 per cent on solid medium. Sixty nine isolates showed < 50 per cent PSE and only 2 isolates showed PSE more than 100 per cent. P solubilization by all the isolates varied from 22.7 to 247.7 g/ml. Seven isolate showed >200 g/ml solubilization in liquid medium. Phosphate from rock phosphate was poorly solubilized which varied from 0.001 to 0.258 g/ml. No relationship between P solubilization and change in pH was observed. Only fifteen isolates have complementary antibiotic resistance with donor strain of E. coli. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of selected isolates based on P solubilization efficiency (18C, 42C, 43C and 76C) showed that they belong to genus Pseudomonas. The various transconjugants showed -galactosidase activity varying from 0.96 to 2.02 Miller’s Unit and showed blue colour on X-gal medium plates. The transconjugants (42CT and 76CT) were able to survive in chickpea rhizosphere under pot house conditions, which appeared as blue colonies on X-gal plates with a population of ~103/gram soil, upto 120 DAS. The PSB and their transconjugants showed an increase in dry shoot weight and nutrients uptake by chickpea. Dry matter yield of 61.81, 82.91 and 110.75 g/pot was recorded by the application of 30 kg SSP with PSB at 60, 90 and 120 DAS respectively. N and P uptake increased with the inoculation of PSB and their transconjugants. Significantly higher N uptake 31.54 and 66.31 per cent was recorded by the inoculation of SSP with 42C and SSP (60 kg/ha) at 90 and 120 DAS, respectively than control. At 90 and 120 DAS, maximum P uptake 92.56 and 114.0 per cent, respectively, was recorded by the inoculation of SSP with 42C than control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preparation of spiced 'Sauerkraut' by using lactic acid bacteria
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Pandey, Sangeeta; Garg, F.C.
    Fresh cabbage was procured from the market and sliced into thin shreds. The shredded cabbage was fermented by four different treatments, i.e., Sodium chloride (2.25%), Sodium chloride (2.25%) + Lactobacillus plantarum, Sodium chloride (2.25%) + mustard powder (1%) + spices (0.5%) and Sodium chloride (2.25%) + mustard powder (1%) + spices (0.5%) + Lactobacillus plantarum. During fermentation samples of brine were drawn at different time intervals for microbiological and biochemical analysis. The viable number of microorganisms were counted by plating the brine on two different types of media viz., nutrient agar and MRS media. The number of viable cells on MRS medium first increased in all four treatments and remained constant thereafter, whereas, on nutrient agar medium total number of viable cells first decreased and increased thereafter. From the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics it was found that the microorganisms which were present at the start of fermentation were Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. As the fermentation proceeded number of these microorganisms decreased and Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc became dominant. In all the four treatments, total sugar and reducing sugar in the brine increased slowly to 3% and 2%, respectively upto 8th day and then decreased. Maximum total acidity (1.98-2.22%) was found on 15th day which remained constant upto 90 days. The pH of the shredded cabbage was 6.9 and decreased to around 4 after 15 days. In all four treatments, vitamin C content that was 27.5 mg/100 gm at the start of fermentation decreased during fermentation and storage. However, at the end of 90 days vitamin C content in 'Sauerkraut' was found to be in the range of 16-18 mg/100 gm. Coliforms were determined both by MPN and by plating the brine on EMB media. Coliforms were absent in all four treatments. Sensory evaluation of the final product was carried out by a panel of judges using Hedonic scale. Overall acceptability was higher in the Sauerkraut prepared by addition of spices whereas inoculation of Lactobacillus plantarum made no significant difference.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of poultry waste on biogas production and plant nutrient content of effluent under solid state fermentation of cattle dung
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Putatunda, Chayanika; Malik, R.K.
    Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is gaining importance due to biogas recovery, production of organic manure and environmental protection. Apart from cattle waste biogas production has been reported from many other wastes like pig wastes, goat and sheep wastes etc. Many reports of biogas production from poultry wastes alone and in combination with other wastes like hog wastes, cattle dung are there. However, much work has not been done on the solid state fermentation of cattle dung supplemented with poultry waste. Cattle dung & poultry waste were collected from the animal farm and poultry farm, CCSHAU and analyzed. They were mixed in different ratios viz.100% CW (control), 90% CW +10% PW, 80% CW + 20% PW & 70% CW + 30% PW at approximately 17 % Total Solid concentration. Batch digestion was carried out for a period of 8 weeks in 5L aspirator bottles. The maximum biogas production was observed in digester with 30% PW (0.247 L/L/day) & minimum in the control (0.065 L/L/day).The influent & effluent were analyzed & highest enrichment of N, P &K was found in digester no. 4. (70% CD + 30% PW) The digesters were then converted to semi continuous mode during which they were daily fed with a particular amount of fresh substrate & same amount was taken out. The semi continuous system was operated for retention time period of 10 days, 20 days & 30 days. The maximum amount of biogas production was observed in all the digesters during RT of 30 days & the least during the RT of 10 days. Also, the biogas production was maximum in the digester no. 4 (70% CD + 30% PW), followed by digesters with 80% CD + 20% PW, 90 % CD + 30% PW and minimum in the control during all the retention time periods. Similar trend was observed in case of enrichment of N, P & K also. Maximum enrichment during RT of 30 days, followed by RT of 20 days & minimum during RT of 10 days was observed. Thus, addition of poultry waste to cattle dung proved to be beneficial both in terms of biogas production as well as enrichment of the effluent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Role of organic acids produced during decomposition of rice straw in the solubilization of rock phosphate
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Anju Kumari; Kapoor, K.K.
    Production of organic acids by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms is the most important mechanism of P solubilization. There is solubilization of P from insoluble P sources such as rock phosphate during decomposition of lignocellulosic wastes. The identification of organic acids produced during decomposition of rice straw was attempted in the present studies. Changes during decomposition of rice straw amended with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) were studied in laboratory incubation experiment. Initially C: N ratio was adjusted to 40:1. The organic C content of rice straw was found to decrease and total N increased with time, with the effect C: N ratio of rice straw decreased as the decomposition progressed. At 15 days, the pH decreased to acidic range in all the treatments, which again increased to alkaline range at 30 and 60 days. Water-soluble P and Citric acid soluble P increased at 15 days incubation and decreased at 30 and 60 days decomposition period. The amount of citric acid soluble P was higher in treatments containing TCP or URP. Citric, oxalic, formic and maleic acid were detected during decomposition of rice straw. Citric acid and oxalic acids were produced almost in all the treatments and the maximum amount of organic acids were detected at 15 days. The concentration decreased to negligible amount at 30 and 60 days. Citric acid and oxalic acids were the major acids produced which are responsible for P solubilization from TCP and URP. Citric acid was found to be most effective in solubilization of TCP and URP. The P solubilization with sulphuric acid was lower as compared to organic acids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains/mutants with improved phosphate solubilization and their effect on mustard crop
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Manu Dev; Kundu, B.S.
    Sixty eight isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from rhizosphere of mustard grown in different region of Haryana showed a large variation in P-solubilization on solid as well as in liquid media. Most of isolates fell in <50% class of P-solubilization while in liquid media in 50-100μg/ml. No correlation was recorded between P-solubilization on solid media and liquid media. The selected isolates 15M, 22M and 25M showed P-solubilization 273.0 μg/ml, 301.0 g/ml, and 276.0 g/ml in liquid PVK, while in NBRIP 288.0 g/ml, 314.0 g/ml and 286.0 g/ml, and were used for subsequent studies. These isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on morphological and biochemical characteristic. The selected isolates were mutagenesied with NTG (50g/ml) for high P-solubilization. One hundered forty four mutants were selected based on killing rate between 70-80%. These mutants were checked for P- solubilization in solid and liquid PVK and NBRIP medium. The PSE of 15M mutants on solid medium varied from18.2-98.6% on PVK and from 14.1-96.2% on NBRIP media. While PSE of 22M mutants varied from 12.4-98.1% on PVK and from 18.4-100.2% on NBRIP media. The PSE mutant 25M varied from 12.1-77.1% on PVK and 10.2-85.4% on NBRIP solid media. The pH of 15M mutants varied from 3.6-6.0 in PVK in NBRIP it varied from 3.4-5.8, while pH of 22M mutant in PVK varied from 2.9-5.8 in PVK, in NBRIP it ranged from 2.1-5.6. The pH of 25M mutants varied from 2.5-5.9 in PVK and 2.3-5.8 in NBRIP. The 15M mutants showed P-solubilization between 177.1-324.1 g/ml in liquid PVK, while 176.4-336.4 g/ml in liquid NBRIP. 22M mutants showed P-solubilization between 182.2-362.2 g/ml in liquid PVK from 201.3-380.1g/ml in NBRIP. 25M showed P-solubilization between 167.4-351.9 g/ml in liquid PVK, while 175.8-364.5 g/ml in NBRIP. Strains (15M, 22M and 25M) and mutants (15M2, 15M6, 22M28, 22M29, 25M11, 25M30) were selected on basis of P-solubilization for pot culture experiment on mustard cv. RH-30. Total bacterial count in rhizosphere increased with URP at 30 and 45 DAS, while decrease was observed at 60 DAS. The number of these bacteria improved with seed inoculation and was more with URP. The number varied from 10-78, 27-91, and 13-37 at 30, 45, and 60 DAS respectively. The maximum number was observed with 15M6 with URP (50x105 cfu/g) followed by 22M28 with URP (78x105 cfu/g) at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the maximum number was observed with 22M28 with URP (91 x 105 cfu/g) followed by 15MP with URP (85 x 105 cfu/g) and at 60 DASnumber was observed with 22M28 with URP (37 x 105 cfu/g) followed by 22M29 with URP (27 x 105 cfu/g). The PSB count in the rhizosphere varied from 1-24, 2-20 and 1-11 at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively. The maximum number was observed with 22M28 (24 x 103 cfu/g) followed by 15M6 (19 x 103 cfu/g) at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the maximum number was observed with 22M29 (20 x 103 cfu/g) followed by 22M29 with URP (19 x 103 cfu/g). The mustard biomass was more with SSP and with URP compared to the control at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. There was increase at 30 and 45 DAS but a 60 DAS with SSP marginal increase was observed. Almost all the mutants with URP showed increase in biomass except 25M30. The maximum biomass was observed with 22M28 (0.682 g/plant) followed by 22M29 (0.456 g/plant) at 30 DAS while at 45 DAS in case of 22M28 with URP (2.114 g/plant) followed by 22M29 (1.651 g/plant). At 60 DAS the maximum plant dry biomass was observed in 22M29 (3.161 g/plant) followed by 22M28 (2.927 g/plant). Phosphate uptake was increased upto 21 and 11% with application of SSP and URP at 30 DAS respectively but at 45 DAS increase was 12% with SSP and 4% with URP. But at 60 DAS there was 53% increase with SSP and 50% with URP. The maximum P-uptake was observed with 22M28 with URP (529%) followed by 22M29 is (429%). However, at 60 DAS the maximum P-uptake was by 22M29 (31%) followed by 22M28 with URP that was 308% it shows that mutants had significant effect on increase in plant dry biomass and P-uptake under pot house conditions.