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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetical, Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease in Gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2016) Sonika; Sangwan, R.S.The inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease indicated the complementary type of gene interaction (9:7) which indicated that this trait was digenically controlled. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for some traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for some characters indicated thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additivedominance model was found fit for days to flower in crosses (I, II and III), boll number in crosses (II, III and IV), boll weight in crosses (I, II and IV), GOT in all the four crosses, seed index in cross (IV), lint index in all the four crosses and seed cotton yield in crosses (I, III and IV). Dominance component was significant for most of the characters. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flower (cross IV) and plant height in crosses (I, II and IV). Among biochemical parameters, sugar content was significantly higher in susceptible parents than resistant parents. Phenol, tannin, gossypol content and enzymatic activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidases were significantly higher in resistant parents as compared to susceptible parents. Oil content did not show any particular trend. The correlation matrix among different biochemical parameters revealed that cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) grading (0-6) at 60 DAS, showed positive significant correlation with sugar content while other biochemical parameters viz. phenol, gossypol, tannin, crude protein and enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) showed significant negative correlation. CLCuD grading did not show any correlation with oil content. The same trend was observed in all of the four crosses at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) except in sugar, phenol, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and protein (90 DAS). Twenty eight ISSR primers were used to study molecular variation among parental genotypes and their F1s. A total of 175 alleles were amplified unambiguously by 28 ISSR primers, of which 127 alleles were polymorphic (72.57 per cent). Polymorphic information content (PIC) value was found in the range of 0.495 to 0.907. The ISSR primer UBC 834 was found to have maximum PIC value (0.907) which indicated that this primer is more informative and can be further used to identify resistant genotypes from the germplasm or breeding material. The cluster analysis led to the distribution of parents and their F1s in to different groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.54-0.85. Cluster A, included parent HS 6, cluster B bifurcated further into different sub-clusters indicated that parents GCH 3 and H 1353 and their F1s were present on the upper side of the dendrogram and parents HS 6 and RST 9 on the lower side of the dendrogram. Genetic similarity by ISSR analysis showed that parental genotypes GCH 3 and HS 6 were quite distinct from each other.ThesisItem Open Access Genetics of Maydis leaf blight resistance and evaluation of hybrids for yield and quality traits in Maize(CCSHAU, 2016) Sharma, Preeti; Punia, M.S.The present investigation comprised of two experiments. The first experimental material consisted of six generations i.e. parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and back crosses (BC1 and BC2) of six crosses namely, HKI 209 x HKI 1128,HKI 209 x HKI 163, HKI 1332 x HKI 1128, HKI 1332 x HKI 163, HKI 325-17AN x HKI 1128, HKI 325-17AN xHKI 163 to study the inheritance of maydis leaf bligh resistance and genetics of quantitative traits including yield and quality characters as well as to investigate the association of maydis leaf blight resistance with molecular markers. The second experiment was carried out in Line x Tester mating design with 9 normal and productive inbred lines viz., HKI 1128, HKI 288-2, HKI 659-3, HKI 323, HKI 1126, HKI 1105, HKI 536YN, HKI 488, HKI 1040-4 and 7 QPM testers viz., HKI 163, HKI 161, HKI 170(1+2), HKI 194-6, HKI 193-1, HKI 193-2, HKI 5072-BT(1-2)-2 with two standard checks namely, HQPM 1 and HM 5, conducted to study the GCA and SCA effects of parents and crosses, respectively along with heterosis of the resulted hybrids for the chatacters viz., days to 50 % tasseling, days to 50 % silking, days to maturity, plant height (cm), ear height (cm), no. of cobs per plant, cob length (cm), cob diameter (cm), number of grains per cob, 100 grain weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), shelling percentage, protein content (%), lysine content (%), tryptophan content (%), oil content (%), starch content (%). Both the experiments were conducted in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), at experimental area of CCSHAU, Regional research station, Uchani, Karnal, India, during two successive years of 2013-14 and 2014-15. The results have shown that inheritance of maydis leaf blight resistance was polygenic or quantitative in nature with predominance of the additive effects which was also confirmed by SSR marker analysis. It has been observed that there was a strong association between field results for inheritance of maydis leaf blight and SSR marker studied. Generation mean analysis revealed that additive-dominance model was fit for shelling percentage and oil content. Both additive[d] and dominance [h] gene effects were significant for most of the traits studied along with significant epistatic gene interaction (i, j and 1) were also observed for almost all the traits. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates varied from cross to cross. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for all the traits. Complementary type of interaction was also recorded for for cob length, cob diameter, shelling %, protein content and oil content. The GCA effects indicated that among females, HKI 323 was good general combiner for early flowering and maturity as well as for short plant height, ear height, number of grains per cob, grain yield per plant and oil content; HKI 536YN was best combiner for lysine and tryptophan content, short plant height and number of grains per cob; HKI 536YN was best combiner for lysine and tryptophan content, short plant height and number of grains per cob; HKI 1040-4 was good combiner for phonological as well as yield and quality traits. Among the males, HKI 163 was found to be a good general combiner for grain yield per plant and quality traits studied; HKI 161 was best combiner for grain yield per plant and lysine content. On the basis of SCA effects, as well as heterotic effects 5 crosses namely, HKI 1128 x HKI 163 for yield and yield contributing traits; HKI 1126 x HKI 161 for phonological and yield traits; HKI 488 x HKI 170(1+2) and HKI 659-3 x HKI 193-2 for quality traits and HKI 1040-4 x HKI 163 for both yield and quality traits were promising. Significant heterosis was observed for all the traits. SCA variances were higher than GCA variances which indicated that one can go for hybrid breeding programme. In both the experiments, grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with days to 50 % teaselling, days to 50 % silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, cob length, cob diameter, number of grains per cob, 100 grain weight, shelling percentage, lysine content yield contributing traits whereas it was found significant negative with protein and starch content.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic distance and hybrid performance in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.](CCSHAU, 2016) Satbeer Singh; Pahuja, S.K.The present investigation was conducted to estimate genetic diversity at morphological and molecular level; investigate association between genetic distance (GD) and heterosis; and to establish heterotic pool patterns in pearl millet. To assess genetic diversity, a set of 150 (75 B- and 75 R-lines) parental lines were evaluated for grain yield and its component traits in alpha lattice design with three replications at two agroecologically contrasting locations in India (CCSHAU-Hisar in north India under A-zone of pearl millet cultivation, and ICRISAT-Patancheru in peninsular India under B-zone) during rainy season of 2014; and were also genotyped using SSR and SNP markers. Analysis of variance revealed high genetic variability for all the traits in hybrid parents. Mean performance were higher at Patancheru location than Hisar location for most of the traits including grain yield, except for days to flowering, plant height and panicle length. The genetic diversity analysis based on grain yield and its seven component traits clearly partitioned all the seed (B-lines) and restorer parents (R-lines) into two separate clear-cut groups. Many seed and restorer parents clustering together shared common parent in their pedigrees indicating genetic similarities of clusters. Fifty six SSR loci detected 412 alleles (average of 7.36 alleles per locus) in 147 hybrid parents of pearl millet, while 9006 SNP loci were detected in 117 hybrid parents. Both the markers (SSR and SNP) also clustered majority of the B- and R-lines into two clear cut separate groups indicating existence of two broad based gene pools in pearl millet. A set of 17 diverse parents selected using SSR based genetic distance to investigate correlation between GD and hybrid performance was used to develop a set of 136 hybrids following diallel mating design; evaluated along with parents and standard hybrid checks for grain yield and its component traits at Hisar and Patancheru during rainy season of 2015. Wide range of mid-parent, better parent and standard heterosis was observed for majority of the traits. Genetic distance had low significant positive correlation (r= 0.42) with heterosis for grain yield, but it was found higher in genetically closer group of parents than in diverse ones. The correlation of heterosis with SSR based GD was higher than that of GD based on SNPs or Euclidean distance (ED) and heterosis. Based on heterotic patterns, B- and R-lines were found to be representing two broad based heterotic pools in pearl millet. Further, four (HP1, HP2, HP3 and HP4) heterotic pools for pearl millet hybrid parents were identified based on multilocation data, while heterotic pools were found to differ for different agro-ecologies, and three heterotic pools each for A-zone of pearl millet cultivation in India represented by Hisar location (HP1-AZ, HP2-AZ and HP3-AZ), and for Bzone represented by Patancheru location (HP1-BZ, HP2-BZ and HP3-BZ) were identified.ThesisItem Open Access Variability and association among morpho-physiological traits associated with heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivun L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Anzer Ul Islam; Chhabra, Ashok KumarThe present investigation was conducted to screen and identify the promising heat tolerant lines in wheat. One hundred diverse bread wheat genotypes were studied for various morphophysiological traits under timely sown and late sown conditions. The experiment was conducted during the two consecutive cropping seasons i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14 at research area of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar. Genotypes were grown in three replications in randomized block design. Observations on 5 randomly selected competitive plants from each of wheat genotype were recorded for, yield per plant (g), number of productive tillers/plant, 1000 grain weight (g), spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains/spike, plant height (cm), biological yield (g), harvest Index (%), flag leaf area, days to heading, days to maturity, canopy temperature (0C), cell membrane stability, chlorophyll fluorescence, grain filling duration, grain filling rate and heat susceptibility index. Yield and yield contributing phenological and physiological characters were found significant among the genotypes under both normal and late sown conditions. A significant reduction was observed in mean performance of the genotypes in late sown conditions as compared to timely sowing conditions comprising for all the traits. The estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance were high to moderate in timely sown and late sown conditions for the traits yield per plant, number of productive tillers, 1000 grain weight, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, flag leaf area, biological yield, cell membrane stability and grain filling rate. Correlation coefficients revealed that number of productive tillers, 1000 grain weight, number of grains per spike, biological yield, flag leaf area, cell membrane stability, grain filling duration and grain filling rate gave the positive associations with grain yield in both environments viz., normal sown and late sown. Cell membrane stability was the most important trait followed by canopy temperature because the genotypes having high cell membrane stability also had low canopy temperature and high grain yield under heat stress conditions. Twenty two genotypes WH1021, WH1155, VL803, WH787, NW1014, Raj3765, HD1869, 2042, WH1124, HD2285, WH1133, HUW234, 4066, Sonak, UP2425, UP2473, PBW503, PBW373, PBW533, SGP13, HD2643 and WH789 were identified as heat tolerant genotypes based on their relative performance in yield components, grain yield and heat susceptibility indices. These genotypes are found to be ideal candidates to be used in developing heat tolerant wheat varieties. Physiological traits such as canopy temperature, membrane thermostability, chlorophyll florescence and grain filling rate have also shown strong correlation with grain yield. Because of this association, these traits constitute the best available ‘tool’ for genetic improvement of wheat suitable for cultivation under heat stressed environments. Thus, these could be used as indirect selection criteria for developing heat tolerant wheat genotypes that would provide sufficient yields to meet the ever increasing wheat demand.ThesisItem Open Access Inheritance of grain yield, its components and resistance to cereal cyst nematode in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Yadav, Niketa; Dhanda, S.S.The present investigation was conducted to estimate additive, dominance and epistatic parameters, to develop the selection strategy for various traits and to determine resistance to cereal cyst nematode in bread wheat. The study was carried out during the period of rabi 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15 on six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of two cross combinations (P 12210/Raj MR 1 and P 12231/Raj MR 1) in the Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in compact family block design with three replications. Observation were recorded on grain yield per plant, number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, plant height, biomass per plant, harvest index, number of days to heading, and number of days to maturity. The results indicated that grain yield per plant, tillers per plant, plant height, biomass per plant, harvest index, days to heading and days to maturity had, in general, high PCV, GCV, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance over the crosses and years. Higher mean performance of F1 and F2 generations than their respective better parents showed overdominance for grain yield per plant, tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, spikelets per spike, biomass per plant, harvest index, days to heading and days to maturity. Gene effects indicated that 1000-grain weight, grains per spike, spike length, plant height, days to heading and days to maturity were predominantly governed by additive gene effects, while grain yield per plant, tiller per plant, spikelet per spike, biomass per plant and harvest index were predominantly governed by dominance gene effects. Components of genetic variances indicated that for grain yield per plant, harvest index, days to heading and days to maturity additive component of genetic variance was important, while dominance component of genetic variance was, in general, responsible inheritance of 1000-grain weight, grains per spike, spike length and biomass per plant. Both additive and dominance component of genetic variances had major role in inheritance for tillers per plant, spikelets per spike, plant height and harvest index over the crosses and years. This indicated preponderance of dominance genetic component for inheritance for majority of traits and selfing for a few generations will be required for improvement of these traits through selection. Results of inheritance of nematode resistance indicated that resistance to cereal cyst nematode was governed by a single recessive gene.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic and molecular studies on morpho-physiological traits for thermo tolerance in indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.](CCSHAU, 2016) Baldeep Singh; Thakral, N.K.Analysis of variance for morphological as well as physiological characters showed that the mean sum of squares were significant for almost all the traits in both the environments.Mean squares due to parent v/s crosses were also significant for all the traits, except for days to maturity, plant height, siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length, oil content, canopy temperature at 50 DAS, chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm)at 40 DAS, chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) at 50 DAS and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)at 60 DAS in timely sown condition and plant height, number of primary branches per plant, siliquae on main shoot,1000 seed weight, canopy temperature at 50 DAS and canopy temperature at 70 DAS in late sown condition. The estimates of D were significant for siliquae on main shoot, number of seeds per siliqua, siliqua length, canopy temperature (0C) at 40, 60 and 70 DAS in both the environments whereas 1000 seed weight, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) at 40, 50, 60, 70 DAS and seedling mortality in timely sown condition and oil content in late sown condition were significant. The heritability (ns) showed the prevalence of additive variance for siliqua length, canopy temperature (0C) at 40 and 60 DAS in both environments, while for other traits an appreciable proportion of total variance was non-additive in both the environments. In the present study, an overall appraisal of gca effects revealed that parent RH0735 and BPR349-9 in timely sown condition and RH0116 and RH0555A late sown condition were good general combiners for majority of the characters. The crosses RH8814 x RH0555A, RH0644 x BPR543-3 and BPR349-9 x RH0644 in timely sown condition and crosses RH0555A x RH0644, RH0735 x RH0116 and BPR349-9 x RH0644 in late sown condition were identified as promising on the basis of their high per se performance, average heterosis, heterobeltiosis and significant sca effects for seed yield. These crosses could be extensively used in breeding programme to develop superior segregants in further breeding programmes. A total of 50 SSR primers were used, in which 42 markers were monomorphic among eight genotypes, 5 markers were polymorphic and remaining markers did not show amplification. Based on similarity index data, the eight genotypes grouped into two clusters. RH8814, RH0735, RH0116 and BPR349-9 fall into group first and RH0952, RH0555A, RH0644 and BPR543-3 fall into group second.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic and molecular marker analysis for heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em.Thell)(CCSHAU, 2016) Bhusal, Nabin; Sarial, A.K.Genetics of heat tolerance is quantitative and a complex phenomenon controlled by expression of numerous interacting quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To find out genomic regions associated with terminal heat tolerance a study entitled “Genetics and molecular marker analysis for heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)” was conducted. A mapping population of F8:9 of 251 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat derived from a cross between HD2808 (tolerant) x HUW510 (susceptible) was genotyped and phenotyped along with their parents under normal and stress (terminal heat) conditions during 2013-14 and 2014-15 Rabi season in a RBD. Data were recorded for various morpho-physiological traits including grain yield, 1000-grain weight, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain numbers/main spike, grain weight/main spike and harvest index. HSI of each trait was used to find out the effect of heat stress. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits studied over sowing conditions and years. DNA was isolated following CTAB method for genotyping. Total 380 SSR markers representing approximately 18 on each chromosome were used to detect parental polymorphism. Parental polymorphism was obtained 21.5%. Linkage map was constructed using 52 polymorphic primers representing 8 linkage groups. Composite interval mapping over conditions and years identified 86 QTLs with maximum 36 QTLs under timely sown (non stress), 31 QTLs under late sown (heat stress) and 19 for HSI of traits. Favorable alleles for QTLs associated with heat tolerance were associated with HD2808. QTLs were detected for all morpho-physiological traits studied except for effective number of tillers. Maximum QTLs were detected for days to heading (9). Grain yield related trait for which parents genetically differed under heat stress like, grain weight/main spike and grain number/spike had (8) QTLs each while, 1000-grain weight (7). Of these, three QTLs were found consistent and stable over the conditions and years. They were located between gwm448 and wmc296 markers, with a marker gwm122 embedded onto QTL region. 1000-grain weight recorded maximum (30.1%) phenotypic variance, was flanked with markers gwm448 at 6.35 cM and wmc296 at 8.6 cM distance followed by grain number (201.1%) at 5.7 and 9.7 cM and grain weight (19.8%) flanked at 4.5 and 7.4 cM. These markers could be utilized for marker assisted selection for screening germplasm and breeding for heat tolerant cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access Genetical, biochemical and molecular basis of cotton leaf curl virus disease in gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2016) Sonika; Sangwan, R.S.The inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease indicated the complementary type of gene interaction (9:7) which indicated that this trait was digenically controlled. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for some traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for some characters indicated thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additivedominance model was found fit for days to flower in crosses (I, II and III), boll number in crosses (II, III and IV), boll weight in crosses (I, II and IV), GOT in all the four crosses, seed index in cross (IV), lint index in all the four crosses and seed cotton yield in crosses (I, III and IV). Dominance component was significant for most of the characters. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flower (cross IV) and plant height in crosses (I, II and IV). Among biochemical parameters, sugar content was significantly higher in susceptible parents than resistant parents. Phenol, tannin, gossypol content and enzymatic activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidases were significantly higher in resistant parents as compared to susceptible parents. Oil content did not show any particular trend. The correlation matrix among different biochemical parameters revealed that cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) grading (0-6) at 60 DAS, showed positive significant correlation with sugar content while other biochemical parameters viz. phenol, gossypol, tannin, crude protein and enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) showed significant negative correlation. CLCuD grading did not show any correlation with oil content. The same trend was observed in all of the four crosses at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) except in sugar, phenol, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and protein (90 DAS). Twenty eight ISSR primers were used to study molecular variation among parental genotypes and their F1s. A total of 175 alleles were amplified unambiguously by 28 ISSR primers, of which 127 alleles were polymorphic (72.57 per cent). Polymorphic information content (PIC) value was found in the range of 0.495 to 0.907. The ISSR primer UBC 834 was found to have maximum PIC value (0.907) which indicated that this primer is more informative and can be further used to identify resistant genotypes from the germplasm or breeding material. The cluster analysis led to the distribution of parents and their F1s in to different groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.54-0.85. Cluster A, included parent HS 6, cluster B bifurcated further into different sub-clusters indicated that parents GCH 3 and H 1353 and their F1s were present on the upper side of the dendrogram and parents HS 6 and RST 9 on the lower side of the dendrogram. Genetic similarity by ISSR analysis showed that parental genotypes GCH 3 and HS 6 were quite distinct from each other.ThesisItem Open Access Application of triple test cross method, selection procedures and SSR markers in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell)(CCSHAU, 2016) Divya; Panwar, Ishwar SinghThe objectives of present investigation were to detect and estimate additive and dominance components of genetic variation and to study the genotype x environmental interactions for genetic components, to compare variability generated by different selection procedures i.e. conventional pedigree selection, selected spike bulk breeding, multiple seed descent (one spikelet-one plant) and selection on yield per sein early segregating generations and to analyze genetic diversity among wheat genotypes using Simple Sequence Repeat markers. The results of the analysis of variance of the triple test cross families indicated both the additive and non-additive components were involved in the inheritance of most of the traits with preponderance of the former. Additive genetic component and ‘j’ and ‘l’ type of epistasis were relatively more sensitive to environmental change than the dominance gene effects and ‘i’ type epistasis. Early generation intermatings have been suggested for exploiting both types of gene effects simultaneously in the present material. The mean values of F 4 pedigree selection generated through single plant selection were, in general, higher than those of other populations in both the crosses. Pedigree selection and selected spike bulk, in order, were found better as compared to other selection procedure i.e. multiple seed descent (single spikelet selection) and selection on yield per se. Hence, these two procedures appeared to be equally effective in handling segregating generations of wheat crosses. Genetic diversity analysis using SSR markers detects a total of 181 alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1-5 with an average of 2.6 alleles per locus. The overall size of PCR products amplified ranged from 100-475 bp. NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster analysis led to grouping of 44 genotypes in such way that genotypes within each cluster had higher similarity than between clusters. The dengrogram divided broadly into two groups at the similarity coefficient of 0.620. The group I was very large and include 43 genotypes while group II includes only one genotype (Tobari) which indicates that this genotype was highly diverged with respect to other genotypes. Similarity coefficients between all genotypes ranged between 0.62 to 0.81 and averaged 0.71. Similarity coefficient showed the most closely related wheat genotypes were WH 1182 and WH 1124 and highest similarity index 0.81 while most diverse genotypes were Tobari and HD 2967 with low similarity index of 0.62.