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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the reproductive behaviour of Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus), Black molly, Poecilia sphenops (Lesueur) and Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel)(CCSHAU, 2011) Sharma, Kavita; Gupta, R.K.Study of reproduction and reproductive behaviour is one of the basic criteria for the successful fish culture. Present study aimed to investigate the reproductive behaviour of live bearer viz black molly, Poecilia sphenops and swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri along with egg layer goldfish, Carassius auratus. Courtship behaviour shown by the males of black molly and swordtail was found to be same. Male showed mainly chasing, nipping, display and copulation attempt. Female showed rising and gliding behaviour. Further, size play a significant role as large size male in all the three species shows highest frequency of courtship behaviour. Female also spent maximum time in the vicinity of large sized males. During the present study for the breeding three different sex ratio of female and male was used. For the live bearer sex ratio used were 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 and for the egg layer sex ratio used were 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Highest fecundity for black molly and swordtail was recorded in 1female: 2 male however for the goldfish highest fecundity observed in 1female:3 male. Fertilization and hatching percentage of eggs of goldfish was also highest in the sex ratio of 1female:3 male. Although breeding is most important but feeding also constitutes as major factor as growth of the fish depends on suitable feed. Present study further investigated the effect of different feed viz. pelleted, live and mixed on the growth performance of young ones/fry of molly, swordtail and goldfish. Highest weight gain and highest specific growth rate was found in the group fed with mixed feed followed by the live and pelleted for goldfish, black molly and swordtail. Water quality parameters as recorded regularly were in optimum range. The mixed diet promoted high food consumption and growth. Perhaps the variety in the diet stimulated appetite and the protein and nitrogen free extract components promoted growth. Problems associated with feeding dry diets include deterioration of water quality and tank cleanliness.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different manures on the hydro-biological parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita; Gupta, R.K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in 18ft×20 ft sized ponds from Sept., 2011 to Aug., 2012 at the Fish Farm Hatchary of CCSHAU, Hisar. Different organic fertilizers i.e Vermicompost @ 15,000, Vermicompost @ 10,000, cow dung @ 10,000, poultry manure @ 6,000, pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr and control were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Catla catla (as surface feeder), Labeo rohita (as column feedrer) and Cirrhinus mrigala (as bottom feeder). One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 30 fish per pond in the ratios of 3:4:3 and fed upon supplemented feed given at 2% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, turbidity, free CO2, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and planktons were found in optimum range in all treated ponds. The maximum values of dissolved oxygen (5.81 to 8.65 mg/l), turbidity (35.96 to 16.30 cm), phytoplanktons (99 to 5,786 no/l) and zooplanktons (186 to 2,046 no/l) were observed in pond waters treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. While that of pH (5.63 to 5.80), alkalinity (200.00 to 360.62 mg/l), hardness (173.06 to 292.02 mg/l) were found to be maximum in vermicompost @15,000 kg/ha/yr. Free CO2 (1.40 to 3.40 mg/l) and nitrogen (0.990 to 0.170 mg/l) were found to be maximum in the pond waters treated with cowdung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. Temperature (26.53 to 34 oC), potassium (3.24 to 23.94 mg/l) and phosphorous (0.72 to 0.199 mg/l) were found to be maximumin in the pond waters treated with poultry manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr. The range of water parameters increased significantly (P<0.05) in the pond waters treated with different manures. The bacterial strains isolated in pond waters treated with different manures were 7 gram negative (A. hydrophilla, E. coli, E. aerogens, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens) and 3 gram positive (M. luteus, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp.). The average counts of pathogenic heterotrophic bacteria in poultry manure @ 6,000 kg/ha/yr was found to be maximum in decreasing order followed by pig manure @ 4,000kg/ha/yr, cow dung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr and control, respectively. However, bacteria, E. aerogens, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca and Streptococcus sp. were absent in vermicompost @ 10,000 and vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr treatments. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost @ 10,000, followed by vermicompost @ 15,000, cow dung @ 10.000, poultry manure @ 6,000 and pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr, respectively. Among the 3 species L. rohita showed maximum growth followed by C. catla and C. mrigala. There was two times more growth of Indian major carps in pond treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr as compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the toxic effects of some heavy metals on enzymological parameters in Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita Rani; Gupta, R.K.An accelerated release of heavy metals into the aquatic environment poses serious water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation in food chains. The present investigation was therefore aimed at studying the effect of heavy metals Cd and Zn alone and in combination on behavior, growth parameter, blood serum enzymes, ions and heavy metal residues in Indian major carps i.e., Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. In Indian major carps, growth performance in terms of live weight gain, growth percent gain in body weight, specific growth rate, decreased maximally in all the fish species viz. C. catla, L. rohita, and C. mrigala. exposed to Cd+Zn treatment. While a significant (P<0.05) increase in FCR values was observed in all the heavy metal treated fishes. Maximum increase in alkaline phosphatase and maximum decreases in enzymes (cholinesterase, lipase and lactate dehydrogenase) were in fish’s C. catla, L. rohita, and C. mrigala in the treatments of Cd+Zn. Same in case of combination of two heavy metals, Cd+Zn at 0.06ppm induced maximum reduction in metal ions (Sodium, Calcium and Chloride) and maximum increase in potassium ion contents in blood serum of fish C. mrigala, followed by L. rohita and least reduction was in the fish C. catla. Maximum increased in heavy metals contents in blood serum was in fish C. catla than in L. rohita and C. mrigala. The effects of Cd metal alone and in combination with Zn were further more distinct for digestive enzyme alterations. Activity of all the digestive enzymes was reduced in all the heavy metal treatments. Protease and amylase enzyme activity reduced maximum reduced in C. mrigala and amylase enzyme activity reduced minimum decreases in C. catla. Thus, Cd alone and in combination with Zn proved most toxic in all the fish species inducing alterations in behaviour, external body symptoms, growth performance, and body composition with reference to body digestive enzymes. The order of reduction of enzymes, metals ions and heavy metals content due to different treatments was Zn >Cd >Cd+Zn and species-wise reduction was in order of C. catla > L. rohita.> C. mrigala.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of vermi extract for health management in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.) for sustainable aquaculture(CCSHAU, 2013) Bansal, Nitish; Gupta, R.K.The fisheries sector contributes significantly to the Indian agricultural economy. Massive fish mortalities have been observed in different countries due to bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan diseases and resulting in heavy economic losses have been reported. Bacteria, the major group of pathogens, pose one of the most significant threats to successful fish production throughout the world. Extracting and using biologically active compounds from earthworms has traditionally been practiced by indigenous people throughout the world. Earthworms have been used in medicine for various remedies. The aim of this work is to contribute towards utilization of vermi extract for health management in common carp, Cyprinus carpio for sustainable aquaculture. Total eight bacterial strains were isolated from diseased common carp. In the present investigation, various earthworm species viz. Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma were used as medicine for dieases remedies by using antimicrobial well diffusion assay. It was found that all the earthworm species showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition observed by Eisenia fetida against Aeromonas hydrophila followed by Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma repectively. To study the effectiveness of earthworm extract of most efficient earthworm species against fish diseases, studies were conducted under in vivo conditions. Fish were fed with earthworm extract incorporated diet alongwith supplymentary feed gave best results in terms of growth, percent survivality and haematological parameters. In the present study, we also examined the antimicrobial efficacy of G- 90 glycolipoprotein tissue homogenate extract from Eisenia fetida. Assays of tissue homogenates of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) have revealed that glycolipoprotein mixture referred to as G-90 that is composed of macromolecules with medical and pharmaceutical applications. There are several functions attributed to G-90: possession of several growth factors. G-90 can also act as antioxidant, exert antimicrobial activities in vitro and found that G-90 showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacteria but maximum zone of inhibition observed against Aeromonas hydrophila. Thus, earthworm extract might be considered as a new antimicrobial agent suitable for use in aquaculture practices.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the toxic effect of some pesticides on enzymological parameters in Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2015) Manju Rani; Gupta, R.K.In the present study,the toxic effect of the pesticides malathion, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos on the enzymological parameters in Indian major carps Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita were investigated. Certain effects possibly due to pesticide toxicity like fin erosion, fin blackening, pigmentation/ depigmentation, body hemorrhage, bleeding eyes; descaling and skeleton deformaties were also observed. Growth performance in terms of live weight gain, growth percent gain in body weight and specific growth rate was found to be decreased in both the fish species in treatment groups as compared to control. However, an increased Food Conversion Ratio was observed in pesticide treated fishes. In C. mrigala and L. rohita blood serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was found maximum (26.6 % and 25.6% respectively) subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm. The maximum increase in Lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed to be 50.3% and 44.8 %, respectively when C. mrigala and L. rohita were exposed to a combination of dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm. Likewise, the maximum increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was 45.0% and 44.2%, respectivelyin C. mrigala and L. rohita exposed to the same treatment. Maximum increase in the cholinesterase activity (18.4% and 19.2 %, respectively) and lipase activity (18.4% and 19.2 %, respectively) was found subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm. However, C. mrigala and L. rohita depicted maximum increase of 23.0% and 33.1%, respectively in activity of lipase and 24.1% and 24.7%, respectively in cholinesterase in blood serum when exposed to dimethoate and chlorpyrifos in combination at 0.001 ppm concentration. In C. mrigala and L. rohita, potassium, chloride and calcium ions activity was induced to a maximum of 44.3 % and 47.0%; 8.8% and 8.6 % and 13.2 % and 12.8%, respectively when treated with malathion at 0.001ppm. The maximum increase of activity of potassium in blood serum was 54.1% and 48.8% when the fish C. mrigala and labeo rohita exposed to in combination with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm concentration respectively. After 60 days of treatment, residue found in C. mrigala and L. rohita was 0.0093 ppm and 0.0089ppm subjected tomalathion at 0.001 ppm. When L. rohita and C. mrigalawere exposed to malathionin combination with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos (0.001ppm) the residue was 0.109 ppm and 0.0111 ppm, respectively. In C. mrigala and L. rohita maximum reduction in protease activity was observed as14.5 % and 17.0% in malathion treatment at 0.001ppm and 17.5% and 15.4% in malathion treatment combined with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm, respectively. Likewise, C. mrigala and L. rohita showed maximum reduction of 8.5% and 7.1% in amylase activity subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm and 14.1% and 13.4% in malathion treatment combined with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Natural and artificial feeding on growth performance and survival of fry and fingerlings of Clarias batrachus (Linn.)(CCSHAU, 2008) Manju Rani; Yadava, N.K.Present studies, ten diets (1-10) for the fry and fingerling of magur Clarias batrachus were prepared the with varying protein levels (35, 38, 40, 42 and 45%) were formulated using fishmeal (diet 1-5) and the processed soybean (diets 6-10), as the protein sources. Two hundred fry and fingerlings were randomly released @ 15 per aquaria and then fed for 45 days at 5 percent body weight, per day on the ten experimental diets. Fry and fingerlings were maintained under laboratory conditions (LD 12:12 at 25°C). Studies have revealed that, when live feed is given to fry, then better growth was obtained in comparison to the group fed on the supplementary feed (soybean based) which shows that live feed is the better feed for fry. The studies have further shown that optimum dietary protein levels, which have resulted significantly (P<0.05) with high growth, in terms of live weight and length gain, SGR (% d-¹), growth percent gain, nutrient retention (PER and APD%) and accumulation of carcass protein and fat were observed in the groups, fed on diets containing 4025% protein irrespective of the protein source. Activities at 40.25% dietary protein also support high digestibility and nutrient retention. Studies have further revealed that the growth, nutrient retention and energy retention values were significantly ((P<0.05) high in the group fed on diet containing 40.25% dietary protein from processed soybean (plant based) in comparison with the group fed on diet containing fishmeal (animal based), as the protein source. Postprandial excretory patterns of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate production were not affected by the dietary protein quality and quantities, however, fingerlings fed on soybean containing diets excreted significantly (P<0.05) low levels ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate, in comparison with the fingerlings fed on fishmeal based diets. Therefore, it is evident that supplementary diets with 40.25% crude protein is required for the optimum growth for the magur, Clarias batrachus fingerlings and live feed is best for the fry of C.batrachus.ThesisItem Open Access Some ectoparasitic diseases in fresh water ornamental fish species(CCSHAU, 2008) Sunita Rani; Yadava, N.K.Parasitic diseases are infectious extoparasitic diseases caused by the parasites. A survey on some ectoparasitic disease in fresh water ornamental fish species was carried out at various shops of New Delhi. Saidpur fish aquarium House, Karnal, Department of Fisheries, Government of Haryana and at three aquarium shops of Hisar, four residential and office areas. The studies revealed that the level of infection of various ectoparasitic diseases were correlated with hydrobiological parameters were they related. They affect the fish directly or indirectly “Lernaeosis” infection was found in Gold fish, whereas “White spot” disease was found in Gold fish and Black moor. The correlation between hydro-biological parameters and per cent infected fish clearly showed that temperature, pH, DO and turbidity factors were negatively xvi correlated with per cent of infected fish, whereas total alkalinity, total hardness and free CO2 were positively correlated with per cent of infected fish. The studies showed that for the treatment of “Lerneaeosis” and “white spot” disease a combination of methylene blue + potassium permanagate; methylene blue + malachite green; copper sulphate + malachite green and formaline + malachite green was given to the infected fish at laboratory level, then 100 per cent recovery was observed in the infected fish. When sodium chloride was used alone for the treatment of infected fish then 100 per cent recovery was observed but recovery takes more time.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the breeding behaviour of guppy fish, poecilia reticulata (Peters), under laboratory conditions(CCSHAU, 2009) Godara, Sunita; Yadava, N. K.Guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)) is an important ornamental aquarium fish. Courtship behaviour of this fish has been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. This is a cannibalistic fish which creates problems in keeping this fish in the aquaria. The adult guppy fishes were procured from the local market. These fishes were put in an aquarium of 24” ×12”×12” size, having filled with pond water. The fishes were fed on natural food @ 800-1000 zooplankton per aquarium on alternate days and artificial food (Toya Fish Food) @ 1g per aquarium twice a day was given. These feed levels kept the hydrological factors at optimum range. The aquarium was provided with water plants like Hydrilla and Ceratophyllum to give shelter to the new born. The latter were segregated each day and then transferred to other culture tanks as explained above to avoid predation by the adult fishes. The length and weight of the growing male and female fishes fed on above mentioned feed was monitored at different ages. The age specific size of the fishes was then determined. Mature males and females in different ratios were taken in the experimental aquarium and their behavioural displays towards each other were recorded in large number of trials and comparisons were made. The observations on female and male mate choices as influenced by the size, color and number of opposite sex and reproductive stages were recorded. The time budget of males and females of different ages and reproductive stages, and in different sex ratios were also recorded. The effect of previous feeding levels on the future time budgets of males was also studied. In breeding experiments, effect of different sex ratios (female: male) on the fecundity of female guppy fish was recorded. Likewise, effect of four protection designs on the gestation period and fecundity of female, and survival of young guppy fish were determined. Guppy fish raised on the recommended food source showed proportionate body growth with age. The anal fin in 8 weeks old males (2.5 cm) developed in to gonopodium and in 12 weeks old males (3.0 cm) gonopodium hood was developed. At this age/size, the males were considered to be capable of mating, although it was not certain whether sperms were available or not in such males. Males showed sigmoid displays and sneaky mating attempts where as females showed approach and fleeing behavior. In 1: 1 female: male ratio, all the males showed sigmoid displays only, and none showed sneaky mating attempts. However, when the males of different ages/sizes competed for the mate, they showed both kinds of displays; the frequency of sneaky display/ attempt was lower than the sigmoid display. It was further indicated that males of 3.5 cm length were sexually mature to attract the virgin females for mating, and female of guppy fish preferred large males for mating over the smaller ones and orange males over the dull coloured males. The female of guppy fish were found to copy the mate choice behaviour of other female in competition. Like female guppy fish, the males also had distinct choice for females of large size and a reproductive stage. The males showed maximal preference for mature virgin and bearer-unmated females. When two males compete for a virgin or bearer-unmated female, the first male showed, in majority of the cases, sigmoid display whereas second male in majority cases resorted to sneaky mating attempts. The same trend was followed in case of females with other reproductive stages. Young males of guppy fish (up to 4 weeks old) spent most of their time in feeding, which was reduced gradually with the age (size) of the fish. When a virgin mature female was provided to a male, the young males engaged mostly in feeding whereas mature males engaged in the pursuit of females. When multiple females were provided to a male, the latter involved more and more in the chasing of females. The present feeding level of the males also influenced the future feeding and courtship behaviour of the males. Female fishes in all the reproductive stages, if kept alone, spent most of their time in feeding. Presence of males severely influenced the time budget of female guppy fishes. Variation in sex ratio was found to influence the fecundity in female guppy fish. An optimum 1: 3 sex-ratio resulted into maximum fecundity in the females of this fish. All the female showed almost equal gestation period before giving birth to the young ones (range 21-25 days). The fecundity, though could not reach at optimum level as realized in previous experiment, yet it was uniform (about 58) in all the four types of aquaria. The survival of young fry and young fishes in aquarium design-II was significantly higher than those in other three aquarium designs.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio linn.)(CCSHAU, 2010) Bansal, Nitish; Gupta, R. K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in .0033 ha.sized ponds at the fish hatchary farm of CCSHAU, Hisar for 150 days to study the effect of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on growth performance of common carp. The different organic fertilizers viz. Vermicompost @10000kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 5000kg/ha/yr and cowdung @10000kg/ha/yr were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters and fish growth. One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 10000/ha/yr and fed upon supplemented feed given at 5% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, K, P and NH4-N was found in optimum range in all treated ponds and observed maximum value under the vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. The range of pH(7.90 +0.016 – 8.19+0.007 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen (7.136+0.012 – 7.22+0.01mg/l), Potassium (18.392+0.027 – 22.688+0.014mg/l), Phosphorous (0.137+0.001 - 0.166+0.001mg/l) and NH4-N (0.107+0.0 - 0.127+0.001mg/l) increased significantly(P<0.05) in the ponds received vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. As vermicompost easily and large amount of nutrients( N,P,K) release in water due to which plankton production also found to be highest in ponds treated with vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. Growth of fishes also observed maximum where the plankton population was maximum. So, it is concluded that vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr shows maximum growth of fishes followed by vermicompost @5000kg/ha/yr and cowdung @10000kg/ha/yr. There is three times more growth of fishes occurred in vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr as compare to control where no fertilizers were used. All the observed data statistically analysed by using completely randomized design (CRD) at 5% level of significance.