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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Rain water harvesting in rural and urban families of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Bhutani, Anshul; Sehgal, BinooWater is an essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment. The available water resources are under pressure due to increasing demands and the time is not far when water, which we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature, will become a scarce commodity. Conservation and preservation of water resources is urgently required to be done. Hence, the present study attempts to access the knowledge and perception regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies among the urban and rural respondents. Training on RWH and its utilization technologies was also provided by setting up of a demonstration unit. The study was conducted in four phases. In phase I, survey was done on 150 urban and rural women respondents each to study the knowledge regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase II, demonstration unit was set up on RWH and its utilization technologies. In phase III, training was imparted to thirty interested women respondents each from urban and rural areas on rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase IV, strategies were formulated for the propagation of these technologies. Results reveal that urban families were found to be consuming more quantity of water in all the household activities as compared to rural families as urban localities received water supply for 2 hours or less twice a day while in contrast to this rural areas received it for 1 hour or less once a day or on alternate day. Maximum water was consumed for flushing (178.3±41.8 litres) in urban localities and for bathing (61.5±26.3 litres) in rural areas. Nearly half of the respondents (52.3%) had awareness about rain water harvesting technology. No awareness with regard to the two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation was found among the respondents as these were new to the respondents. Rain water harvesting structure was got constructed outside the back gate of College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar to collect rain water from one suitable roof of the college building. Volume of the tank is 1800 cu. ft and capacity of the tank to store rainwater is 50,958 litres. Two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation were selected for the study and demonstration unit of these were set up in the enclosure of Domestic Farm Unit, Deptt. of FRM, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar. One year old flowering plant, Tabernaemontana divaricata (Crape Jasmine) was undertaken for the study. Least amount of water (19.5 litres) was consumed by the plant in the treatment T4 (Double-walled pot with mulch and cardboard ring). The water saving through this treatment came out to be maximum i.e. 34.7 per cent as compared to control (Tc). The total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through Pitcher Irrigation was 33.1 litres whereas the total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through conventional method (control) was 61.8 liters and the water saving through Pitcher Irrigation came out to be 46.4 per cent. With regard to knowledge of respondents, it was found that maximum gain in knowledge was for ‘working’ of rain water harvesting among both urban (93.7%) and rural (96.4%) respondents. Regarding double-walled pot, mean score on different components ranged from 3.6 – 10.9 among urban respondents and 3.0-10.7 among rural respondents after imparting training. Their knowledge level was recorded as high as 23.4 (urban respondents) and 23.3 (rural respondents) for ‘construction’ and ‘working’ of pitcher irrigation. Training changed the attitude of the respondents towards rain water harvesting technology from favourable to most favourable for majority of the urban and rural respondent. It changed from least favourable to most favourable for majority of urban and rural respondents for double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation. In totality, 81.7 per cent respondents attained high level of symbolic adoption for rain water harvesting, 66.7 per cent respondents for double-walled pot and 75.0 per cent for pitcher irrigation. Overall acceptability of the urban respondents regarding rain water harvesting was 81.6 per cent, for double-walled pot it was 88.1 per cent and for pitcher irrigation it was 64.8 per cent. Overall acceptability of the rural respondents regarding RWH was 82.1 per cent, for double-walled pot was 59.8 per cent and for pitcher irrigation was 87.1 per cent. Strategies were finally formulated on the basis of findings of the study and comprised of awareness generation by educational institutions, extension functionaries and media and action to be taken by legislative formulation.ThesisItem Open Access Risk Assessment of Workers in Polyhouses of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Promila; Singh, KiranThe present study was conducted to find out the risk among workers of four different types of polyhouses (Hi-tech, NVPH, WIT and AINSH) in Haryana state. The information regarding number, area and type of polyhouses and subsidy provided by Govt. of India and Haryana on polyhouse farming was collected from respective district horticulture offices of Haryana State. Season wise climatic data (temperature, humidity, light, air contaminants, level of CO2 and solar radiation) of different polyhouses was taken to find out the difference of climatic data between polyhouses and conventional farming as well as within polyhouses. Workers form three district were examined on the basis of involvement pattern in polyhouse farming, satisfaction regarding workplace and organizational facilities and problems faced by workers at workplace. For the ergonomic study, 15 women workers of polyhouses of Karnal district were selected on the basis of good health status. Results depict that in Haryana State 614 different types of polyhouses were found under the area of 17,71,121 m2 . The total area under polyhouse farming was 0.49% of total cultivated area in Haryana State. Maximum number of polyhouses (92) and area (2,76,470m2) were found in Karnal district. Regarding environmental parameters, temperature, humidity, dust and CO2 level in polyhouses of Karnal district 19.80C, 63.9%, 255.1ppm, 6841ppm) was significantly higher (CD-0.9, 1.7, 25.9 and 33.5) than polyhouses of Ambala district (17.9 0C, 61.1 %, 222.6 ppm, 650.8 ppm) and Hisar district (17.40C, 60.18%, 221.3 ppm, 640.6ppm). Findings explain that concentration of temperature humidity and CO2 was found higher in WIT polyhouses, i.e. above 50 percent 40 percent and 50 percent, respectively in comparison to conventional farming in all month. In NVPH and WIT polyhouses climate was at extreme danger with heat score of 1820F and 2230F, which depicts that if workers continue to do work in this environment can have threat of possible heat stroke. Workers (62.79%) were involved in polyhouse type of farming from last 2-3 years and found to be working for 5-8 hrs (73.25%) daily. In polyhouse farming, workers were spending most of their days (280 days) on tying activity followed by bed making (245 days) and bed washing (242 days). Karnal workers were found to be exposed to higher temperature and humidity and were facing high problem of burn skin ( =2.04) degradation in quality of work ( =2.00), vomiting Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. ( =2.00) and headache ( =2.10) in comparison to workers of Hisar and Ambala districts. Bed making and bed washing activities were done in sitting posture with flexion motion. High degree of flexion was illustrated in tying, pruning and harvesting activities with flexion of 1220, 1080 and 900, respectively. The maximum forwarded deviation (increase) in angle was observed in bed washing (202±2.6), sowing (200±2.1) and field preparation (199±1.6). On the basis of OWAS and REBA analysis the posture of workers during bed washing, tying and pruning was inappropriate with recommendation of necessary change in posture for activity. Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. High concentration of temperature, humidity and carbon-dioxide were significantly affecting the heart rate, blood pressure and lung function capacity of the workers of WIT and NVOH polyhouses. Lung function capacity and heart rate of the workers from WIT polyhouse was found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in comparison to other polyhouses with conventional farming. On the basis of study working environment of Hitech polyhouse was found significantly appropriate for workers with temperature of 170C -210C in winter and 280C-320C in summer, humidity of 63%-71% in winter and 40%- 53% in summer and CO2 of 350 ppm-523ppm in winter and 378ppm-490ppm in summer.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of Biomass Mixes for Harnessing Clean Fuel Energy through Pelletization: An Experimental Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Shukla, Shivangi; Singal, SavitaThe present study was conducted in two phases. Phase-I was status of biomass availability in Haryana. For this, rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, barley, gram, and rapeseed and mustard were identified as major crops of Haryana. Findings reveled that in kharif season, rice crop generated the highest amount of biomass and in rabi season, highest amount of biomass was generated from wheat crop. Energy potential was also found highest in these two crops (rice in kharif season and wheat in rabi season). Phase-II was experimental work. In this phase, three types of biomass i.e. cotton stalk, twigs and leaves, and sawdust were used in seven different combinations for making of pellets. The prepared pellets were tested on the basis of moisture content, compression strength, calorific value, thermal efficiency, gas composition, and ash content. It was found that pellets made from different combinations were more or less similar to each other on one or more parameters. Pellets were disseminated to ten women respondents (who were similar on the basis of physical parameters) in village Kaimeri, district Hisar (Haryana) for economic and ergonomic evaluation of use of pellets. All the respondents were instructed to prepare the standardized meal (20 chapattis with 1 kg wheat flour and ½ kg potato curry) both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. During cooking, time, fuel, and money cost of pellets (used in pellet stove) and biomass (used in traditional mud stove) was calculated and significant saving of time, fuel and money was found during cooking on pellet stove over traditional mud stove. Environmental, physiological and biomechanical parameters were also recorded before and after 20 minutes of start of cooking, both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. Significant change in temperature, CO2 content, heart rate, energy expenditure, lung function and angle of deviation at both cervical and lumber region of respondents was found during cooking on traditional mud stove. Whereas, no significant change in any of the parameter except Vmax25%, Vmax50% and SVC was found during cooking on pellet stove. VAD score was also found high after 20 minutes of cooking on traditional mud stove than pellet stove.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic Evaluation of Conventional and Improved Methods of Aonla Pricking(CCSHAU, 2012) Rai, Arpana; Gandhi, SudeshIndian food preservation industry is predominantly occupied with processed aonla products especially aonla preserve. Women are the vital and most productive workers in preserve making SMEs and do the most monotonous job of pricking individual aonla fruit for preserve making. Till date, the pricking of aonla fruits in these enterprises is done manually employing poorly designed hand tools thus, making the pricking task very tiresome and time consuming for workers resulting into lowered productivity. Therefore, a hand operated aonla pricking machine developed by AICRP on PHT, CCSHAU, Hisar was ergonomically tested with women workers. A study was conducted on ergonomic evaluation of conventional and improved methods of aonla pricking which was carried out in 3 phases i.e. field survey to study working conditions and work profile of workers in selected four preserve making units, experimental work to conduct ergonomic evaluation of conventional (fork and hand tool) and improved (pricking machine) methods of aonla pricking, user’s acceptability of machine, organoleptic evaluation of preserve prepared. Thereafter, a sit-stand workstation was developed using RSM and improvements were suggested for preserve making SMEs as per WISE methodology. The results revealed that working conditions, processing tools and techniques were not satisfactory in all the units. The workers were doing pricking by using poorly designed hand tools in awkward postures and there were no defined workstations in all the units. Ergonomic evaluation of all the tools in various postures in terms of physiological, biomechanical and psychophysical parameters with 15 women workers selected from four enterprises revealed that physiological parameters while working with all the tools were within the acceptable limits for women workers. The HR showed maximum increase while pricking with machine in squatting posture (90 beats.min-1). However, biomechanical and psychophysical parameters were higher while working with conventional tools as compared to the machine. The grip fatigue was found to be maximum with fork in squatting posture (26 %). The reason for this was attributed to use of poorly designed conventional tools and lack of proper workstation. Machine was found highly acceptable by the users due to more safety, comfort and higher economic benefits while working. The preserve prepared with machine pricked aonla obtained highest sensory score (8.5), highest ascorbic acid content (150 mg/100 gm of fresh fruit) and least water activity (0.53). A fully adjustable ergonomically designed workstation was developed and used for the experiment. RSM was used to find out the best combination of posture (200 mm-600 mm-1000 mm), duration of the pricking activity (1hr-2 hr- 3 hr) and light (100 lux-300 lux -500 lux) while working with conventional tools and machine that has yielded most favorable results. The most desirable combinations obtained were 500 mm height +500 lux light + 2 hr time with conventional tools in sitting posture and 200 mm height+300 lux light+1.45 hr time and 1000 mm height+300 lux light+1.30 hr time with machine in low stool posture and standing posture respectively. Improvements were also suggested for preserve making SMEs using WISE methodology concerning with material storage and handling, workstation design and work environment. This all has resulted into reducing drudgery of women workers involved in preserve making activity.ThesisItem Open Access Interior environment assessment of green buildings(CCSHAU, 2014) Kanika; Kiran SinghA green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources generate less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants. As compared to conventional buildings. The study entitled, “Interior Environment Assessment of Green Buildings” was conducted by covering the two districts i.e. Gurgaon and Panchkula for checking the satisfaction level of the occupants of green buildings. It was found that Considering all the IEQ data of green and conventional buildings, green buildings were far better than that of conventional buildings in all the IEQ aspects except the humidity level was found out be higher in green building 1 than the conventional buildings 1 (1.91%) and the noise level in conventional building was less than that of green building 1 during winter afternoon (11.66 dB), evening (1.34 dB) and afternoon of summer as well (5.6 dB). When researcher checked the satisfaction level of the occupants of green buildings the data were found to be highly satisfied and also the results for controlling those aspects were seen to be satisfied too. Researcher had to promote the green and sustainable habitat concept in rural and urban areas. The data regarding the pre and post knowledge of the urban and rural areas respondents were found to be significant after the intervention program.ThesisItem Open Access Economic contribution and impact of small scale enterprise on women’s empowerment(CCSHAU, 2014) Chhabra, Shivika; Sehgal, BinooFemale entrepreneurship and the formation of women business networks is steadily rising but there are a number of challenges and obstacles that female entrepreneurs face. Women from low income countries often seek an additional means of income to support themselves and their families. The objectives of the study were to explore the nature of work and work pattern of urban women running small scale enterprises in Hisar city, to study women’s economic contribution to family expenditure and impact on their empowerment and to find out the benefits and problems faced by women entrepreneurs and to suggest suitable measures. A sample of 100 urban women respondents earning more than Rs. 10,000 per month were selected randomly from Hisar city by snow ball technique. It was found that 48 percent women respondents were having beauty parlours, 32 percent were running boutiques and 20 percent were having shops as the enterprise. 72 percent of the respondents had family saving as the source of finance for starting the enterprise. Majority of the respondents were working for about 8 hours which were equivalent to 310 man-days. Empowerment of respondents was studied with the help of six different indicators. In majority of respondents, the six indicators were found to be at low level before starting the enterprise and it increased to medium and high level after starting the enterprise. So, it was concluded that women entrepreneurs are more empowered now than they were before starting the enterprise. The results revealed that 100 percent of all the respondents felt the benefits like better level of living, families spending more on different day to day items due to increase in family income and families not have to think twice for purchasing small things as earlier. The presence of personal traits of respondents after starting the enterprise was more with respect to self confidence, independence, problem solving, managerial ability, communicability and development of technical skills. They were facing some problems due to enterprise like problem of too much fatigue due to over work/burden, lack of time for children, husband, in-laws and other family members, family conflicts due to over work/hectic schedule, cervical, wrist or backache problem, lack of time for social obligations/activities, lack of time for self care or self health and lack of time for sufficient proper sleep/rest. Suitable measures were suggested so as to solve the problems to some extent.