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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Rain water harvesting in rural and urban families of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Bhutani, Anshul; Sehgal, BinooWater is an essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment. The available water resources are under pressure due to increasing demands and the time is not far when water, which we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature, will become a scarce commodity. Conservation and preservation of water resources is urgently required to be done. Hence, the present study attempts to access the knowledge and perception regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies among the urban and rural respondents. Training on RWH and its utilization technologies was also provided by setting up of a demonstration unit. The study was conducted in four phases. In phase I, survey was done on 150 urban and rural women respondents each to study the knowledge regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase II, demonstration unit was set up on RWH and its utilization technologies. In phase III, training was imparted to thirty interested women respondents each from urban and rural areas on rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase IV, strategies were formulated for the propagation of these technologies. Results reveal that urban families were found to be consuming more quantity of water in all the household activities as compared to rural families as urban localities received water supply for 2 hours or less twice a day while in contrast to this rural areas received it for 1 hour or less once a day or on alternate day. Maximum water was consumed for flushing (178.3±41.8 litres) in urban localities and for bathing (61.5±26.3 litres) in rural areas. Nearly half of the respondents (52.3%) had awareness about rain water harvesting technology. No awareness with regard to the two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation was found among the respondents as these were new to the respondents. Rain water harvesting structure was got constructed outside the back gate of College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar to collect rain water from one suitable roof of the college building. Volume of the tank is 1800 cu. ft and capacity of the tank to store rainwater is 50,958 litres. Two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation were selected for the study and demonstration unit of these were set up in the enclosure of Domestic Farm Unit, Deptt. of FRM, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar. One year old flowering plant, Tabernaemontana divaricata (Crape Jasmine) was undertaken for the study. Least amount of water (19.5 litres) was consumed by the plant in the treatment T4 (Double-walled pot with mulch and cardboard ring). The water saving through this treatment came out to be maximum i.e. 34.7 per cent as compared to control (Tc). The total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through Pitcher Irrigation was 33.1 litres whereas the total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through conventional method (control) was 61.8 liters and the water saving through Pitcher Irrigation came out to be 46.4 per cent. With regard to knowledge of respondents, it was found that maximum gain in knowledge was for ‘working’ of rain water harvesting among both urban (93.7%) and rural (96.4%) respondents. Regarding double-walled pot, mean score on different components ranged from 3.6 – 10.9 among urban respondents and 3.0-10.7 among rural respondents after imparting training. Their knowledge level was recorded as high as 23.4 (urban respondents) and 23.3 (rural respondents) for ‘construction’ and ‘working’ of pitcher irrigation. Training changed the attitude of the respondents towards rain water harvesting technology from favourable to most favourable for majority of the urban and rural respondent. It changed from least favourable to most favourable for majority of urban and rural respondents for double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation. In totality, 81.7 per cent respondents attained high level of symbolic adoption for rain water harvesting, 66.7 per cent respondents for double-walled pot and 75.0 per cent for pitcher irrigation. Overall acceptability of the urban respondents regarding rain water harvesting was 81.6 per cent, for double-walled pot it was 88.1 per cent and for pitcher irrigation it was 64.8 per cent. Overall acceptability of the rural respondents regarding RWH was 82.1 per cent, for double-walled pot was 59.8 per cent and for pitcher irrigation was 87.1 per cent. Strategies were finally formulated on the basis of findings of the study and comprised of awareness generation by educational institutions, extension functionaries and media and action to be taken by legislative formulation.ThesisItem Open Access Risk Assessment of Workers in Polyhouses of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Promila; Singh, KiranThe present study was conducted to find out the risk among workers of four different types of polyhouses (Hi-tech, NVPH, WIT and AINSH) in Haryana state. The information regarding number, area and type of polyhouses and subsidy provided by Govt. of India and Haryana on polyhouse farming was collected from respective district horticulture offices of Haryana State. Season wise climatic data (temperature, humidity, light, air contaminants, level of CO2 and solar radiation) of different polyhouses was taken to find out the difference of climatic data between polyhouses and conventional farming as well as within polyhouses. Workers form three district were examined on the basis of involvement pattern in polyhouse farming, satisfaction regarding workplace and organizational facilities and problems faced by workers at workplace. For the ergonomic study, 15 women workers of polyhouses of Karnal district were selected on the basis of good health status. Results depict that in Haryana State 614 different types of polyhouses were found under the area of 17,71,121 m2 . The total area under polyhouse farming was 0.49% of total cultivated area in Haryana State. Maximum number of polyhouses (92) and area (2,76,470m2) were found in Karnal district. Regarding environmental parameters, temperature, humidity, dust and CO2 level in polyhouses of Karnal district 19.80C, 63.9%, 255.1ppm, 6841ppm) was significantly higher (CD-0.9, 1.7, 25.9 and 33.5) than polyhouses of Ambala district (17.9 0C, 61.1 %, 222.6 ppm, 650.8 ppm) and Hisar district (17.40C, 60.18%, 221.3 ppm, 640.6ppm). Findings explain that concentration of temperature humidity and CO2 was found higher in WIT polyhouses, i.e. above 50 percent 40 percent and 50 percent, respectively in comparison to conventional farming in all month. In NVPH and WIT polyhouses climate was at extreme danger with heat score of 1820F and 2230F, which depicts that if workers continue to do work in this environment can have threat of possible heat stroke. Workers (62.79%) were involved in polyhouse type of farming from last 2-3 years and found to be working for 5-8 hrs (73.25%) daily. In polyhouse farming, workers were spending most of their days (280 days) on tying activity followed by bed making (245 days) and bed washing (242 days). Karnal workers were found to be exposed to higher temperature and humidity and were facing high problem of burn skin ( =2.04) degradation in quality of work ( =2.00), vomiting Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. ( =2.00) and headache ( =2.10) in comparison to workers of Hisar and Ambala districts. Bed making and bed washing activities were done in sitting posture with flexion motion. High degree of flexion was illustrated in tying, pruning and harvesting activities with flexion of 1220, 1080 and 900, respectively. The maximum forwarded deviation (increase) in angle was observed in bed washing (202±2.6), sowing (200±2.1) and field preparation (199±1.6). On the basis of OWAS and REBA analysis the posture of workers during bed washing, tying and pruning was inappropriate with recommendation of necessary change in posture for activity. Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. High concentration of temperature, humidity and carbon-dioxide were significantly affecting the heart rate, blood pressure and lung function capacity of the workers of WIT and NVOH polyhouses. Lung function capacity and heart rate of the workers from WIT polyhouse was found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in comparison to other polyhouses with conventional farming. On the basis of study working environment of Hitech polyhouse was found significantly appropriate for workers with temperature of 170C -210C in winter and 280C-320C in summer, humidity of 63%-71% in winter and 40%- 53% in summer and CO2 of 350 ppm-523ppm in winter and 378ppm-490ppm in summer.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of Biomass Mixes for Harnessing Clean Fuel Energy through Pelletization: An Experimental Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Shukla, Shivangi; Singal, SavitaThe present study was conducted in two phases. Phase-I was status of biomass availability in Haryana. For this, rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, barley, gram, and rapeseed and mustard were identified as major crops of Haryana. Findings reveled that in kharif season, rice crop generated the highest amount of biomass and in rabi season, highest amount of biomass was generated from wheat crop. Energy potential was also found highest in these two crops (rice in kharif season and wheat in rabi season). Phase-II was experimental work. In this phase, three types of biomass i.e. cotton stalk, twigs and leaves, and sawdust were used in seven different combinations for making of pellets. The prepared pellets were tested on the basis of moisture content, compression strength, calorific value, thermal efficiency, gas composition, and ash content. It was found that pellets made from different combinations were more or less similar to each other on one or more parameters. Pellets were disseminated to ten women respondents (who were similar on the basis of physical parameters) in village Kaimeri, district Hisar (Haryana) for economic and ergonomic evaluation of use of pellets. All the respondents were instructed to prepare the standardized meal (20 chapattis with 1 kg wheat flour and ½ kg potato curry) both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. During cooking, time, fuel, and money cost of pellets (used in pellet stove) and biomass (used in traditional mud stove) was calculated and significant saving of time, fuel and money was found during cooking on pellet stove over traditional mud stove. Environmental, physiological and biomechanical parameters were also recorded before and after 20 minutes of start of cooking, both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. Significant change in temperature, CO2 content, heart rate, energy expenditure, lung function and angle of deviation at both cervical and lumber region of respondents was found during cooking on traditional mud stove. Whereas, no significant change in any of the parameter except Vmax25%, Vmax50% and SVC was found during cooking on pellet stove. VAD score was also found high after 20 minutes of cooking on traditional mud stove than pellet stove.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Modification of existing low cost solar bed technology for safe storage of spices and flours(CCSHAU, 2010) Promila; Sehgal, BinooThe study was conducted in two phases. In phase-I, the baseline survey was carried out to study the existing practices of storing spices (turmeric, red chilli and coriander) and flours (semolina, gram flour and refined flour). In IInd phase, experiments were conducted to compare the different practices of storage in terms of infestation and to modify the existing low cost solar technology for safe storage of spices and flours. Under phase- I, Hisar district of Haryana state was selected purposively. Mangali and Harita villages of Hisar I block and II block were selected purposively due to easy accessibility of the respondents. A sample of 50 respondents from each village were taken, thus to make a total sample of 100 respondents. Data were collected personally with the help of well structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents had farming as family occupation, very less percent were growing grams and spices on own field. Out of the respondents who powdered spices and flours at home, majority were giving sun exposure before storage while respondents who purchased spices and flours in powdered form, a small fraction exposed spices and flours before storage. Majority of the respondents used cloth for sun exposure and plastic containers for storage. In phase-II the experiments were conducted to test the efficiency of three types of storage practices viz., stored directly after purchase, stored after open exposure and stored after exposure in solar bed. The experiments were conducted for half an hour (12:00 to 12:30 pm) in open area of the laboratory of Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Nine samples of ½ kg of each spice (turmeric, red chilli, coriander) and flour (semolina, gram flour and refined flour) were taken for 3 treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Moisture of each sample was recorded before storage, after exposure to sun and after every month for successive 3 months. To modify the solar bed, different thicknesses of polythene was used for conducting experiments. Findings reveal that temperature in solar bed was significantly higher than open exposure and direct storage and due to the high temperature, moisture content in spices and flours was lower when exposed in solar bed in comparison to open exposure and direct storage. No infestation was found in spices and flours which were stored after exposure in solar bed. Study unveiled that temperature in case of solar bed with more gauge of polythene was raised to higher degree and insects were killed in less time in comparison to solar bed with lesser polythene gauge. This was because black sheet of solar bed is good absorber of heat.ThesisItem Open Access Development and testing of low cost solar box for drying of vegetables(CCSHAU, 2011) Gautam, Anita; Singal, SavitaThe study was conducted in two parts viz. preliminary survey and experimental work. Survey was carried out in 2 villages of Hisar district to study the existing practices of drying of vegetables with a sample of 100 women respondents (50 from each village) who were drying vegetables at home. In part-II, experiments were conducted to develop a low cost solar box, solar drying of vegetables, and testing the cooking quality of dried vegetables. Majority of the respondents were drying fenugreek leaves, kachar, and chillies. Some respondents also dried bitter gourd, round gourd, cluster beans, cauliflower, green peas and in the quantity of 4-6 kgs for about 6 months. Experiments were conducted in the open area of department of Family Resource Management CCSHAU, Hisar under three phases. In phase-I low cost solar box (measurements: length-1.2 m, width-0.6 m, height of front wall-0.2 m, height of back wall-0.6 m) were developed with the help of College of Agricultural Engineering.. All sides of box and lid were covered with white polythene sheet and base was covered with black polythene sheet. Holes (1cm diameter) was made in the front wall and at the back wall of the box for the inlet and outlet of air. In phase-II, eight vegetables were selected viz. green peas, carrot, fenugreek leaves, cluster beans, round gourd, cauliflower, bitter gourd, and french beans for drying in open sun and in solar box. Initial moisture content of these vegetables was recorded with the help of oven on wet basis. Drying of selected vegetables was conducted from 10.00 am to 4.00 pm under open sun (Sample A) and inside solar box (Sample B) Temperature inside solar box was higher than ambient temperature. Therefore, box drying rate of vegetables inside solar box was faster than open sun drying. Solar box dried vegetables regained more moisture than open sun dried vegetables when soaked in water. In phase-III, cooking quality of dried vegetables was evaluated on the basis of organoleptic test (using 9 point hedonic scale) through 10 judges. Results showed that overall acceptability of solar box dried cooked vegetables in terms of color, appearance, aroma, texture and taste almost all were significantly better than cooking quality of open sun dried vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access Performance assessment of modified hara and constructed solar hara(CCSHAU, 2011) Shukla, Shivangi; Singh, KiranThe study was conducted in four phases. In phase-I, the baseline survey was carried out to study the usage pattern of conventional hara in villages. In IInd phase, modified and low cost solar hara were developed. In phase III Comparison of cooking quality of food cooked in conventional, modified and solar hara were done and in Phase IV Feasibility analysis of modified hara and solar hara was performed. Under phase- I, Hisar district of Haryana state was selected purposively. Mangali and Shahpur villages of Hisar I block and II block were selected purposively for easy accessibility. A sample of 50 respondents from each village were taken, thus to make a total sample of 100 respondents. Data were collected personally with the help of well structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents were agricultural labor and were landless. Most of the respondents used fixed type of hara, constructed with mud and used it for animal feed and for own food. Hara was constructed by the homemakers in most of the households. Preparation of animal feed was taken highest cooking time. For the storage of dung cakes most of the respondents used available open place and the major problem of fuel getting wet was reported by the majority of respondents. Use of hara creates several problems like irritation in eyes. Majority of the respondents desired that hara should be more time saving. Results of phase-II show that model M3 (double wall mud hara with holes and grate) was best in terms of power output (0.73 kw-hr) and thermal efficiency (20.17%). In case of solar hara model SM1 was found to be best in terms of inside hara temperature (84.450C), water temperature (72.700C) and thermal efficiency (19.44%). The results revealed in phase-III showed that overall acceptability of kheer, khichadi and dalia prepared in modified hara was significantly higher than solar and conventional hara. Phase-IV pertains the feasibility analysis of modified and solar hara which shows that modified hara was considered as feasible and soar hara was considered as most feasible.ThesisItem Open Access Management Of household waste In urban areas In Hisar district(2011) Hemlata; Sangwan, VeenaThe present investigation aims at studying the existing garbage disposal practices and selecting the efficient and easy disposal method to be introduced at household level and studying its acceptability. Knowledge level of the respondents about various aspects related to garbage and its problems was tested before and after the mass media exposure. Existing method of waste generation and disposal was studied on a sample of 100 respondents in two localities of Hisar district.. Experiment work was conducted in Dept of Family Resource Management, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar. Effectiveness of the compost prepared was tested on the basis of C/N ratio. Regarding generation of waste, varying nature of waste including organic and inorganic was coming out of every household and maximum share was of organic waste (91.19%). Out of 8.81 per cent of inorganic waste, paper was generated in large quantity (3.75%) followed by clothes (1.94%). Majority of the respondents were not satisfied with the existing garbage disposal practices outside the home (64.0%). Compost prepared with earthworms was found best as it had narrowed C/N ratio. After mass media exposure, maximum gain in knowledge was found on various aspects of waste and its problems. Gain in knowledge was highest for ‘Effect of garbage on health and environment’ (43.34%) followed by ‘vermicomposting of organic waste’ (40.21 %) and segregation of garbage (37.11). Regarding various aspects of acceptability of the appropriate disposal method it was found that the respondents were willing to do segregation of garbage and found segregation as easy to do. Regarding vermicomposting technique most of the respondents liked vermicomposting and reported it as a good method of converting household waste into rich manure. However, did not agree to adopt this method at household level but agreed to segregate the garbage if composting is done at community level. At household level organic waste is being generated as a huge amount, 91.19 per cent of the total waste. If this organic waste can be disposed off at close vicinity by vermicomposting, a major problem can be tackled down along with saving the environment.