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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Socio-cultural status of elderly women in rural setting in hisar District(CCSHAU, 2004) Sharma, Veena; Kiran SinghThe present study was conducted in four villages of Hisar district of Haryana state. The total sample size was 300 respondents; seventy-five from each village. The study was conducted on elderly female above the age of 55 years, living in different living arrangement. A pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. The study revealed four type of living arrangement commonly existed among elderly female and those were, living alone, living with spouse, living with family and living with family without spouse. Majority of the respondents (45.67%) were residing with whole family, that is with spouse and children. They were getting financial support by their children (77.67%) residing with them and only 48.33 per cent were getting pension. Among different living arrangement, majority of the elderly, who were living alone (63.33%) “dislike to live with their daughter’s family”, where as 66.66 per cent of elderly, living with spouse ‘to prevent conflict with daughter-in-law”. “To share the feelings and knowledge with the family members” was the reason given by the majority of elderly living with family (80.02%) and “need affectionate care during old age” was the reason of majority of elderly widow to live with children (77.54%). Majority of the elderly women had monthly income upto Rs. 700/-, whereas 96.67 per cent of them were landless large proportion of elderly female (63.67%) were found to be in medium health status category. The common disease reported by the elderly was cough and cold (90.0%). In case of type of sleep 30.33 per cent of elderly female was suffering from disturbed sleep and majority of them were living alone. The elderly female (56.67%) were participating in domestic activities and their free time was spent in chatting (63.0%) with their age-mates. To live a happy married life was the goal framed by elderly women (51.67%) in their earlier days of life which changed to healthy living (78.67%); and religious believes was the value of majority of elderly female (47.33%). Their involvement in decision making was mostly in genuine problems only (42.67%). Life satisfaction in relation to health, socio-economic and psychological status was interrelated and associated with age, living arrangement and marital status. Social satisfaction was found to be associated with living arrangement, (2 = 5.53), age (2 = 4.56), economic satisfaction (2 = 13.67) and psychological satisfaction (2 = 36.94). Health status was found to be associated with living arrangement (2 = 52.63), social satisfaction (2 = 30.67), age (2 = 25.42), economic status (2 = 36.19) and psychological satisfaction (2 = 32.31). Economic status was found to be associated with age (2 = 33.75), marital status (2 = 53.21), living arrangement (2 = 19.49).ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of selected sanitation technologies in rural families - An action research(CCSHAU, 2005) Gangwar, Sushma; Sehgal, BinooTo study the household sanitation problems in rural families, the present investigation was carried out in ‘Dahima’ and ‘Bherian’ village of Hisar district of Haryana State with the following objectives : To study the existing health and sanitation conditions of selected rural families, to impart knowledge and introduce selected sanitation technologies viz. soakage pit and vermicomposting in the selected families and to analyze the acceptability and constraints in adoption of selected technologies. The requisite information was collected from 100 rural women respondents (50 from each village) selected by simple random sampling techniques out of 100 respondents, 45 respondents showed interest and came forward for attending trainings and gaining knowledge on the two technologies. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the 100 respondents (46.0%) were 29-39 years old, belonged to nuclear family (72.0%), had 3-5 members in their family (59.0%), belonged to low caste (47.0%), were illiterate (75.0%), had farming as their main family occupation (45.0%), had low mass media exposure (68.0%) and had nil social participation (89.0%). Existing sanitary conditions of the respondents’ families were not found satisfactory. Most of them were living in unhygienic conditions and followed unhygienic practices. Lecture-cum-method demonstration and posters were used to educate them on selected sanitation technologies viz. vermi-composting and soakage pit. There was significant gain in knowledge and change in attitude at the post exposure stage for the two technologies which was studied on the 45 respondents. Actual adoption was found low (10 families adopted each technology), while acceptability was found to be of medium level for both technologies. Economic, socio-cultural, technological, situational and time related constraints / reasons were observed to be the main constraints / reasons in acceptance of the two technologies.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic evaluation of strenuous household activity performed by rural women(CCSHAU, 2005) Kalra, Vibha; Sangwan, VeenaThe present study “Ergonomic evaluation of strenuous household activity on rural women” was conducted in three villages of Hisar district. A total of 120 respondents were selected (40 from each village) randomly for studying their work pattern in household, dairy and farm activities. Of all the household activities, one strenuous activity was selected on the basis of various parameters like time spent, perceived exertion and liked/disliked activity by the respondents. Out of 120 respondents, 30 respondents were selected purposively for evaluation of ergonomic parameters in selected activity. On the basis of results, an improved tool was developed to reduce the drudgery of homemaker in selected activity and ergonomic parameters were again studied to know its suitability. The survey revealed that majority of the respondents were between the age group of 20-40 years of age, illiterate, having family size between 4-6 members belonging to nuclear type family with cultivation as family occupation. Regarding household activities on an average maximum time was spent on plastering of floor (44.8 min) and perceived exertion was maximum for making chapati (3.8). Under dairy activities time spent was observed to be maximum for bathing the animals (84.9 min). Most disliked activity was cleaning the shed. Drudgery index was found to be maximum for chapati making (86.7%) and hence this activity was selected for ergonomic evaluation Respondents selected for ergonomic evaluation were having mean age of 32.1 years with a mean body weight of 158.2 cm. Maximum number of respondents fall under category of normal body mass index (53.0%) and more than half of the respondents (57.0%) were having mesomorph body type. Physical workload of women for chapati making was graded as moderately heavy whereas, improved method made the activity as light. Angle of deviation was maximum for cervical region i.e. 30 but with the use of improved method it was reduced from 1.6 per cent to 0.05 per cent in cervical region. Very severe to severe pain was reported by the respondents in low back, calf muscles and upper leg. Improved method resulted reduction in almost all the body parts. Hence improved method played a important role in reducing the drudgery of women in chapati making.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and acceptability of domestic water- purification techniques in rural areas(CCSHAU, 2006) Kuchhal, Chinu; Mehta, ManjuWater is most abundant available resource on this planet, yet it is fast becoming the most scarce resource for human use. A large proportion of the world’s people do not have access to microbiologically safe sources of water for drinking and other purposes. The present investigation was carried out in Ludas and Bhojraj village of Hisar district of Haryana state with the following objectives: To study the drinking water related hygienic practices prevailing in rural households, to evaluate the efficacy of common domestic water purification techniques and study the acceptability of selected water purification technique. The work was carried out in 3 phases. In I phase the requisite information was collected from 120 rural respondents (60 from each village) through well developed pre tested interview schedule, efficacy of selected water purification was evaluated under laboratory conditions (phase II) and acceptability of Solar Water Disinfection technique (SODIS) was judged in phase III. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (49.2%) were 20 to 35 years old, belonged to joint family (67.5%), with 6-10 members in their family (55.8%), belonged to middle caste (45.8%), were primary educated (37.5%), had farming as their main occupation (50.0%) and animal shed away from their houses (35.0%). Nearly one fourth of the households were without toilet and maximum distance between toilets and water sources was found up to 150 ft. only. Majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure (68.3%), problem of water stagnation in small quantity near their houses (56.7%) mainly due to improper disposal of household waste water in 86% cases. All the respondents used waterworks supplied water and stored drinking water in earthen pot. Regarding water related hygienic practices, knowledge level of respondents was found much higher than what they were practicing in actual. Diarrhoea was found most prevalent water related disease (68.3%) while typhoid as a least prevalent disease (14.2%). Sixty five respondents were using atleast one water purification technique. Among these maximum were boiling water only at the time of illness (82.1%), using muslin cloth to use stored water (44.4%), water purification tablets, alum, sedimentation and decantation was used for apparently uncleaned water (53.2%). Under laboratory experiment solar water disinfection (SODIS) was found to be best water purification technique as mean per cent reduction in coliforms count, E. coli and viable bacteria count was tremendous in SODIS treated water. Acceptability of SODIS was assessed after 30 days of use by the respondents. Maximum of the respondents revealed low symbolic adoption, willingness and change proneness (53.4%, 73.3% and 40.0% respectively), highly positive opinion (63.3%) and medium knowledge level and overall acceptability (56.7% and 66.7% respectively) towards SODIS technique. Although maximum of respondents were considering SODIS as a advantageous technique but ‘Water get heated’, ‘unable to meet requirement of whole family’, ‘don’t remove turbidity’, ‘require lot of time in purifying water’ were found as major constraints in adoption of SODIS technique.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic assessment of rural women engaged in cattle milking(CCSHAU, 2007) Doomra, Zeena; Kiran SinghThe present study entitled “Ergonomic assessment of rural women engaged in cattle milking was undertaken in randomly selected villages of Fatehabad district namely Kukranwali and Nakhatia. Under Phase-I a sample of 100 respondents actively engaged in cattle milking were selected to study the involvement pattern of women in dairy related activities. Among these 30 physically fit respondents were selected for ergonomic evaluation of milking activity with existing method. Under Phase-II new techniques and tools were introduced and the best one was selected for ergonomic analysis on the same thirty respondents for the assessment. The result of the study showed that majority of the respondents were of middle age, illiterate, married and had nuclear family system. Sixty percent of the respondents had medium herd size (3-4 cattles). The mean milk production, consumption and sale (litres/day) was 12.48, 4.29 and 8.19 respectively. Maximum time was spent on cleaning the shed and perceived exertion was maximum for fodder transportation. Mean age of the respondent was 31 years having mean height and weight of 156 cm and 55 kg. Majority of the respondents were having mesomorphic body type. The results highlighted that average heart rate, average energy expenditure, TCCW and PCW were not in permissible limit with existing method. Muscular stresses and postural deviation were also found high. So new tool was developed named as “adjustable pihri” in which user can change the heights of pihri according to the comfortability. Than impact assessment of new tool was studied on the same 30 respondents. The use of new tool significantly reduces the physiological and muscular cost of milking activity. Appropriate height of the pihri improves the posture, therefore reducing the musculoskeletal problems while performing the activity.ThesisItem Open Access Improved wood stove : performance assessment and modification(CCSHAU, 2007) Singla, Priya; Mehta, ManjuThe present study was undertaken in three villages selected purposively from Hisar district of Haryana state. Fifty respondents selected purposively comprised the sample. The objectives were: to study the performance assessment of already developed improved wood stove; to modify improved wood stove; to undertake the feasibility evaluation of modified wood stove. The study revealed that the traditional wood stove was the main cooking unit used by more than fifty per cent of the respondents. Other cooking unit used was LPG and Hara. Most of the respondents using open area for cooking and used only mud for construction of improved wood stove. While constructing of modified improved wood stove, all the respondents considered the criteria’s of placement, direction, height, width and length. Average time spent in using the wood stove was 3.00 hours/day. Majority were cleaning of wood stove alternate day. Non-commercial fuel like agro waste, cow dung cakes and wood were used by all the respondents. Most of the respondents used separate room for storage of fuel. Major problem in storage of fuel were ‘become wet in rainy reason’, ‘cause bad smell’ and ‘difficult to store big pieces’. Although all the respondents were using improved wood stove, than also they were not satisfied with it. They faced the ‘economical constraints’, ‘technical constraints’, ‘fuel constraints’ ‘cleaning and maintenance’, ‘use constraints’ and ‘health’. Due to the constraints faced in first generation improved wood stove respondents desired certain modifications in it, like ‘decrease the height and width’, ‘increase in size of holes of flame concentration plate’ and ‘used durable material’. The performance evaluation of second generation improved wood stove developed showed that, model M9 (double wall made up of mud with iron rods, grate and flame concentration plate, grate at floor level and increase the hole size of flame concentration plate) required least amount of fuel and produced lesser charcoal and least amount of ash as compared to first generation improved wood stove. It was acceptable by the respondents because this wood stove have higher thermal efficiency and power out put and lesser fuel burning rate and specific fuel consumption. So, model M9 was the better than the first generation improved wood stove. The FRM-II wood stove was acceptable by the respondents in terms of appearance, fuel reduction, and smoke reduction and easy to operate and handle. Feed back data on FRM-II wood stove after 15 days of use showed that users considered it advantageous, cleaning process was convenient. Most of the respondents/users considered FRM-II improved wood stove most feasible for them and negligible considered it not at all feasible. The feasibility index of FRM-II wood stove was 79.6 percent, which was on higher side. Hence it can be concluded that FRM-II wood stove was acceptable to the users.ThesisItem Open Access Occupational health hazards and use of women friendly technologies(CCSHAU, 2007) Mer, Supriya; Sangwan, VeenaIndia is an agrarian country. Maximum of the Indian population depends on agriculture only for their livelihood. Women play a significant role in agriculture. They perform various agricultural activities and experience a number of health hazards. The root cause of these hazards was use of wrong body postures, other physical, mechanical and environmental factors and use of traditional agricultural tools and technologies. Thus the objectives of the study were to assess the occupational health hazards of rural women in the farm sector, to investigate the usage pattern of women friendly technologies in farm sector and to study the factors affecting the use of these technologies. The present study was undertaken in Hisar and Ambala districts of Haryana state. Six villages from Hisar district and two villages from Ambala district were selected purposively. A total of 150 farm women constituted the sample of the study. Four crops, viz. wheat, cotton, paddy and maize were selected for the study. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were in the age range of 20-35 years, could read and write only (33.33%), belonged to middle caste (52.00%), joint family (55.33%), having more than 10 members in their family (54.66%). They faced maximum health hazards due to physical factors in maize with a mean score of 4.32, paddy (3.80), wheat (3.71) and cotton (3.64). This was because they were using standing pasture for long hrs while maize cultivation. Maximum health hazards due to mechanical factors experienced in paddy (2.53), wheat (2.30), cotton (1.94) and maize (0.49). Environmental factors also contributed to health hazards in paddy (3.53), maize (3.28), cotton (3.12) and wheat (3.10). The reason for this may be that the respondents had to stand for long hours in water while transplanting of paddy and other activities of paddy cultivation are also performed in harsh weather conditions. Results also revealed that farm women were using pick bag (3.24), improved sickle (3.20), capron (3.08), weeder (1.00), hand ridger (1.000 and tabular maize sheller (0.66). During the study, it was found that age (6.95*), caste (7.34), family type (8.57*), education of the respondents (16.83*), occupation of the respondents (6.76*) and family income (7.71*) were significantly associated with the use of women friendly agricultural tools, i.e. these were the factors affecting the use of these tools.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of indoor air pollution in rural kitchens through traditional chulha(CCSHAU, 2009) Kritika Singh; Sehgal, Binoo(An Abstract of the dissertation submitted to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Family Resource Management) Present study was undertaken in two villages each selected randomly from Hisar district of Haryana state purposively. Hundred respondents were randomly selected for the study. The objectives were: 1. To assess the use pattern of chulha and awareness level regarding ill-effects caused due to emission of smoke from chulha. 2. To explore and measure the indoor air pollutants present in rural kitchens due to smoke from traditional chulha. 3. To test acceptability of remedial measures to overcome pollution due to chulha smoke. The study revealed that the traditional chulha was the main cooking unit used by all the respondents. Other cooking units used were LPG stove, kerosene stove and smokeless chulha (with pipe). Ventilator, door and window were not present in home of most of the respondents. Most of the cooking activities was done on traditional chulha, other cooking units were used for specific cooking. Near about 45 percent used traditional chulha due to habitual taste. Most of the respondents used traditional chulha in open area while LPG stove and kerosene store and smokeless chulha were used in covered area. Majority of the respondents complained about breathing problem caused due to smoke of chulha. All the respondents considered LPG stove safe for health. It was found that SPM, SO2 and NO2/NO3 present in smoke of traditional chulha was more as compared to that in improved chulha and permissible limit during cooking. Having open ventilators in kitchen was the most acceptable remedial measure by the respondents.ThesisItem Open Access Health hazards of women working in paddy cultivation(CCSHAU, 2008) Sunita Kumari; Kiran SinghThe present study entitled “Health hazards of women working in paddy cultivation” was undertaken in randomly selected villages of Kaithal district namely Kaul and Deoban and from Kurukshetra district village Mirzapur and Kirmich. Under phase-I a sample of 200 respondents actively involved in paddy cultivation were selected to study the work pattern and health hazards of women in paddy cultivation. Among these 15 farm women from each district were selected randomly for ergonomic evaluation in paddy transplanting and harvesting activity. Under phase-II remedial measures were introduced to 50 farm women for two most chronic health problems. Evolvement and feasibility testing of remedial measures was done. The result of the study showed that majority of the respondents were of young age, illiterate, belonged to middle caste, had medium level of family education status and had nuclear family system. Sixty per cent of the respondents had occupation as agriculture and 39 per cent of them were landless. Average number of days 40.82 spent annually by farm women in paddy cultivation were highest in transplanting activity and time spent hrs/day in harvesting activity was 9.39. Participation of women was found highest (84%) in transplanting activity. Skin allergy (WMS 2.42) and asthma (WMS 2.4) were found most common physiological problems. Transplanting paddy emerged out to be the most hazardous activity in all the activities of paddy cultivation. The results highlighted that average heart rate (128 bpm and 129 bpm), average energy expenditure (11.6 kj/min and 11.8 kj/min) were found to be high in transplanting and harvesting activity. Musculoskeletal problems exhibited severe pain in low back (4.8) followed by mid back (4.1) and upper back (4.0). Waterproof socks as a remedial measure for skin problem and capron for reducing the breathing problem were provided to the respondents.