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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cold storage on some biological characteristics of parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)(CCSHAU, 2014) Rathee, Mandeep; Pala RamThe present studies on cold storage and overwintering of Aenasius bamabawalei were carried out during 2012-13 both in the laboratory as well as in the screen house of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to generate information on effect of cold storage of the parasitoid, A. bambawalei in different stages for different durations at different temperatures on its biological parameters and to evaluate the survival of the parasitoid during winter season. Studies on cold storage of the parasitoid were carried out by storing one-day-old Phenacoccus solenopsis mummies (i.e. in pupal stage) and freshly emerged adults at four storage temperatures i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for 1 to 8 weeks. It was found that the parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored in pupal stage (i.e. in the mummies of P. solenopsis) for 1 week at 5°C and for 2 weeks each at 10 and 15°C, respectively, without any significant effect on the key biological parameters like emergence, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). Emergence of the adults occurred within first week during storage at 20°C, hence, this temperature was not suitable for storing the parasitoid in pupal stage. Females took more time to emerge from the mummies stored for different durations at 5, 10 and 15°C as compared to males. The parasitoid adults of A. bambawalei can be stored only for 1 week at 10°C without any significant affect on the key biological parameters like survival, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). The parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored at low temperatures both in pupal and adult stages. However, it can be stored safely for longer duration in pupal stage as compared to adult stage. Emergence of parasitoid adults from overwintering mummies started from 11th standard week (first week of February), being maximum in 14th standard week (first week of March) and continued until 16th standard week (third week of March) when all the parasitoid adults had emerged. Maximum temperature ranged between 20.3 to 29.6oC and minimum between 6.6 to 12.5°C during the period of adult emergence. Honey fed parasitoid adults i.e. males survived for 52-84 days (69.33 days) and females survived for 69-103 days (83.40 days) during winter season in absence of host, when exposed on 5th December. The results of the present studies may be helpful in mass rearing and conservation of the parasitoid.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity, abundance and pollination efficiency of insect pollinators on seed crop of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck)(CCSHAU, 2014) Suman Devi; OmbirThe present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Twenty seven insect species belonging to 14 families under 5 orders were observed visiting the flowers of broccoli. In variety BFT-1, A. dorsata was the most abundant visitor (2.90) followed by A. mellifera (2.30), A. cerana (1.20), A. florea (0.80) and syrphid fly were least frequent visitor (0.20), in variety GH-1 A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (7.34) followed by A. florea (6.67), A. dorsata (2.15), syrphid fly (1.84) and A. cerana (1.22) and in varieties LPH-1 and DPH-1, A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (5.96 and 7.00) followed by A. florea (4.46 and 5.50), syrphid fly (2.97 and 3.30), A. dorsata (2.62 and 2.41 ) and A. cerana (1.66 and 2.40). The mean foraging speed, in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of A. florea (28.29, 38.54, 37.44 and 36.72, respectively) followed by A. dorsata (5.19, 5.24, 5.24 and 5.20, respectively), A. mellifera (4.54, 4.54, 4.52 and 4.50, respectively ), A. cerana (3.56, 3.51, 3.58 and 3.59, respectively) and syrphid fly (1.90, 2.65, 2.67 and 2.60, respectively). The mean foraging rate in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of syrphid fly (14.18, 17.61, 17.42 and 17.33, respectively) followed by A. cerana (10.26, 10.29, 10.27 and 10.32, respectively), A. mellifera (9.27, 10.04, 10.00 and 10.31, respectively), A. dorsata (7.84, 7.88, 7.77 and 7.80, respectively) and A. florea (1.42, 1.71, 1.71 and 1.72, respectively). The average number of broccoli siliqua/plant, siliqua length, number of seeds/siliqua, seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II, test weight and germination per cent under open-pollination were significantly higher than without insect pollination. Number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/10 siliqua, siliqua length (cm), test weight (g), germination (%) and seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II of uncaged and caged broccoli plants were 3,362.0 and 672.6, 118.75 and 25.85, 6.79 and 3.54, 2.888 and 2.092, 87.50 and 30.25, 1,471.65 and 418.40 and 0.662 and 0.112, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Pollination studies in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Jat, Manoj Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.Field experiment entitled “Pollination studies in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)” as conducted at Forage Section, Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2012 and 2013. The flower of T. Alexandrinum completed their life cycle on an average 173.3±13.3 hours during 2012 and 200.4±2.4 hours during 2013. A total of forty five insect species belonging to 25 families of 6 orders were recorded on the T. alexandrinum flowers. Apis dorsata F. was most abundant floral visitor (4.90/m2/5 min.) followed by A. mellifera (2.69/m2/5 min.) and A. florea 0.30/m2/5 min. during 2012. A. dorsata (3.08/m2/5 min.) was the most abundant species followed by A. mellifera (2.61/m2/5 min.) and Eristalinus spp. During 2013. The maximum amount of dry nectar sugars was produced by fully opened flower at 10.00 h (2.468 mg/flower), 13.00 (2.446) and 16.00 (2.444). The fully opened flowers produced maximum amount of energy 41.05 joules/flower followed by half open flowers (31.80 joules). The overall mean foraging rate was maximum in A. florea and A. mellifera (7.2 and 7.1 flowers/min., respectively) and minimum (5.1) in nectar forager A. dorsata. A. dorsata visited maximum number of flowers/minute while collecting N+P (7.2) followed by P (6.3) and least for nectar (5.1). The mean foraging speed of A. dorsata was maximum (17.9 seconds/flower) followed by A. florea (16.1) and A. mellifera (5.6).The A. mellifera foragers spent least time on T. alexandrinum flowers while foraging for N+P (4.6 second) followed by P (4.9) and N (7.4). Highest number of loose pollen grains were carried on the body of A. dorsata foragers (79,625) followed by A. mellifera (73,250) and A. florea (36,375). The overall mean relative pollination efficiency (RPE) ranking for the forager groups of three honey bee species in descending order were: (N+P) A. dorsata > (P) A. dorsata > (P) A. mellifera > (N+P) A. mellifera > (N) A. dorsata > (N) A. mellifera > (P) A. florea > (N+P) A. florea = (N) A. florea. It was concluded that N+P foragers (16.4 RPE) of A. dorsata were the most efficient pollinators of T. alexandrinum flowers followed closely by pollen forager (13.3 RPE). The seeds setting (%), seed yield, 1000 grains seed weight and per cent germination of T. alexandrinum significantly increased under bee pollination treatments than compared to other treatments. Saturated bee pollination by employing an 8- frame A. mellifera colony resulted in significantly higher yield over lower intensity bee pollination (4 and 2 frame colonies) and open pollination. The utility of T. alexandrinum crop as highly valuable nectar and pollen sources was confirmed for A. mellifera colony development.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology and management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius on cotton(CCSHAU, 2014) Chandappa Kedar, Santoshkumar; Saini, R.K.Studies on bioecology and management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius on cotton were carried out during 2011-13, both in the laboratory as well as Research Farm of the Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar. Biology of the pest was studied under screen house conditions (31.3 to 35.1oC temperature; 43 to 75.8 % R.H.) during July, 2012-13 on potted plants of cotton variety H-1117 and Bt cotton hybrid RCH 134 BG II. The results indicated that Bemisia tabaci female laid on an average 41.2 (34-49) eggs on H-1117 while 59.25 (45-69) eggs on Bt hybrid RCH 134 BG II. The incubation period of the eggs lasted for 2-5 days. Duration of different nymphal instars on H-1117 was 3.0-5.5, 2.5- 4.5, 2.0-5.0 and 3.0-6.0 days for the first, second, third and pupae, respectively. On RCH 134 BG II, the duration was 3.0-5.0, 2.0-5.0, 2.0-5.0 and 4.0-6.5 days for first, second, third and pupae, respectively. Total life span on H-1117 was 21.5-28.0 and 19.0-26.5 days for female and male, respectively, while it was 20.0-27.0 and 18.0-24.5 days for female and male, respectively on RCH 134 BG II. Population dynamics study of B. tabaci nymphs and adults on H-1117 and Bt hybrid RCH 134 BG II indicated that the pest reached its peak twice in the cotton growing season during 2011 and 2012 (28th to 30th SW and 40th to 41st SW). However, in 2013 only single peak of the pest activity was observed (30th SW). Among the abiotic factors, minimum temperature and wind speed had significant negative correlation with adult whitefly population whereas no significant correlation was found with maximum temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and rainfall. Nymphal population had non-significant correlation with all the weather parameters, except evening relative humidity during 2013 where it had a significant positive correlation. Multiple regression analysis between B. tabaci (nymph and adult) and weather parameters revealed that all the weather parameters accounted for 47 to 52 per cent and 34 to 57 per cent variability in adult whitefly population. B. tabaci was recorded on one or the other host plants round the year and as many as 114 host plants belonging to 32 families. On the basis of number of plant species attacked, the families Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae were the most preferred families. The highest population density of the pest was recorded on Gossypium hirsutum (35.2 adults/leaf), followed by Solanum melongena (28.3), Lablab purpureus (26.3), Glycine max (25.4) and Vigna umbellata (24.2). A total of 25 species of arthropod natural enemies were found to be associated with B. tabaci in cotton ecosystem during the study period. These included 17 spider species, five coccinellids, one neuropteran, one hemipteran and one parasitoid species. Seasonal abundance of spiders, coccinellids, chrysopids and parasitization on cotton indicated that the peak activity of these predators and parasitoid coincided with peak pest population. Among the abiotic factors, maximum and minimum temperature, and wind speed had significant negative effect on population buildup of spiders, coccinellids and chrysopids. The morning relative humidity showed significant positive correlation with population buildup of spiders, coccinellids, and chrysopids. The weather parameters had no significant effect on the per cent parasitization of B. tabaci nymphs by Encarsia lutea. Predatory potential study of Serangium parcesetosum indicated that during the larval duration of 12.8 days, a larva consumed 560.2 nymphs of B. tabaci. Heavy natural infection of B. tabaci adults by entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces javanicus, was recorded for the first time from north India. Among the various insecticides evaluated, novaluron and azadirachtin were effective against B. tabaci nymphs, while triazophos, acephate, dimethoate, imidacloprid and cartap hydrochloride against adults.Item Open Access Studies on diversity, status of bee flora of apis mellifera L. and estimation of insecticide residue in honey(CCSHAU, 2013) Nadaf, Hasansab A.; Yadav, G.S.The investigations were carried out to identify the pollen and surplus honey sources availed by A. mellifera through reference pollen slides. The analysis of pollen loads of A. mellifera revealed mean per cent frequency of greater than 45 per cent in most of the loads with 100 per cent for B. juncea in January and 91.2 per cent for Z. jujube in July while, pollen loads of May, September and November were found to be multifloral with no predominant pollen types recorded. The analysis of honey samples recorded mean per cent frequency of predominant pollen types at greater than 45 per cent in all samples except May, September and November which recorded no predominant pollen types. The B. juncea (88.3%) pollen was found in large quantity in January samples. The unifloral pollen from B. juncea, C. sinensis, T. alexandrinum, P. guajava, Z. jujube, cucurbitaceae and Eucalyptus sp. appear as the majority in the months from January and February, March, April, June, July, October and December, respectively representing the plants commonly found in the area. The modified QuEChERS method was validated to determine 22 pesticide residues in the 30 honey samples collected from different apiaries located in/around Hisar using Gas Chromatography. Among the 30 honey samples analyzed, the samples G9 and G10 contained pesticide residues below detectable level whereas the samples A3 and R26 contained seven and six pesticides, respectively. The laboratory studies on the toxicity of new generation insecticides against A. mellifera were carried out where a lowest mortality of 55.53, 77.76 and 88.86 per cent was recorded in the treatments, buprofezin 25SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and flubendiamide 20WG at 24 h after the treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Impact Of Genetically Modified Cotton Genotypes On The Population Of Insect Pests And Natural Enemies(College Of Agriculture CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2011) Kalkal,Deepika.; Lal,Roshn.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the biology, population dynamics and screening of rice germplasm for resistance against brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (Stal)(CCSHAU, 2013) Tetarwal, Arvind Singh; Lakhi RamField experiment entitled “Studies on the biology, population dynamics and screening of rice germplasm for resistance against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)” was conducted at research farm of Department of Entomology, Rice Research Station, Kaul, Kaithal (290 51′ 29.5" N latitude, 760 39′ 24.3" E longitude and elevation 230.7 m), CCS HAU, Hisar during Kharif, season 2011 and 2012. The eggs were laid in clusters of 3 to 14 eggs per cluster. Maximum eggs on leaf sheath (89.4%) followed by midrib (7.2%) and minimum (3.7%) eggs were laid in stem. The egg stage lasted for 9.6±0.24 days and 80.20 per cent hatchability. The planthopper nymph passed through five instars. The mean duration of third instar was maximum. The nymphal period ranged from 16-20 days with a mean value of 18.3 days at mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 24.8 and 30.6 ºC, respectively. Nymphal survival and adult emergence was 85 per cent. The sex ratio was 1: 1.31 (Male: female). The pre-ovipositon, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were 3.1, 13.0 and 5.0 days, respectively. Longevity of males and females ranged from 14-18 and 18-22 with an average period of 15.9 and 20.1 days, respectively. On an average a female laid 118.2 (89-146) eggs during its life span. The population of BPH appeared during 31st standard meteorological week (SMW) and 32nd SMW during 2011 and 2012, respectively and reached on its peak in 39th SMW during both consecutive years except on variety CSR 30 planted in June where it was in 37th and 42nd SMW during 2011 and 2012, respectively. The population build up of BPH was significantly differed with respect to varieties and dates. The population of BPH was higher on CSR 30 as compared to PR 114 during the study periods. Population of spiders occurred simultaneously with BPH. The population of mirid bugs appeared late and was highest in October during both years. Other natural enemies (parasitoids and beetles) remained low throughout the sampling period. The population of BPH was positively correlated with spiders, mirids and parasitoids while a highly negative correlation was observed with minimum temperature and rainfall on both varieties during 2011 and 2012. Out of 178 rice genotypes, 5 were found resistant (R), 28 were moderately resistant (MR), 102 genotypes were rated as moderately susceptible (MS) and 43 susceptible (S) with damage score 3, 5, 7 and 9, respectively. Four promising genotypes were found resistant in screen house during 2012.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pollinators on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(CCSHAU, 2010) B. Pavana Kumar; Sharma, S.K.The present study was conducted on four bitter gourd hybrids viz., Indam-49, Bahar, Kohinoor and Unnat CT-100 at Research Farm of department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A total of 24 insect species were visited bitter gourd flowers viz., 11 hymenopterans, 7 lepidopterans, 5dipterans and 1 coleopteran. Among these, Halictus sp., Megachile sp. and Apis dorsata Fab. were found to be the most frequent pollinators. The abundance of Halictus sp. (1.44 bees/m2/5 minutes) was highest followed by Megachile sp. (1.05 bees/m2/5 minutes) and A. dorsata (0.78 bees/m2/5 minutes). Irrespective of species, the population was maximum (2.40 bees/m2/5 minutes) at 0800-1000 h of the day. Foragers of A. dorsata, Halictus sp. and Megachile sp. commenced their activity at 0600, 0630 and 0700 h, respectively with peak period at 0800-1000 h and ceased their activity at 1800, 1730 and 1700 h, respectively. Out of the total foragers of the day, 47.93 per cent were pollen, 19.01 per cent were nectar collectors and 33.06 per cent were pollen+nectar collectors in case of Halictus sp., for A. dorsata, these values were 44.44, 26.39 and 29.17 per cent, respectively, and for Megachile sp., these values were 43.66, 38.03 and 18.31 per cent, respectively. Megachile sp. spent maximum time (av. 10.84 seconds/flower), whereas, A. dorsata spent least time (av. 2.39 seconds/flower) but visited maximum (av. 10.54) flowers per minute. Based on pollination index (Number of loose pollen grains sticking on the body of bee x abundance), A. dorsata was the most efficient pollinator of Momordica charantia with pollination index of 132600 followed by Halictus sp. with pollination index 85800 and Megachile sp. with pollination index 84000 under agro-ecological conditions of Hisar (Haryana). Effect of different modes of pollination on yield parameters of bitter gourd showed that maximum fruit set (74.00%) was observed under open-pollination + hand-pollination treatment and no fruits were observed (0% fruit set) under without insect pollination treatment. Average fruit length, fruit weight and fruit diameter was observed maximum (15.11 cm, 104.52 g and 4.20 cm, respectively) under Open-pollination + hand-pollination, while these were observed minimum (11.61 cm, 65.61 g and 3.72 cm, respectively) under hand-pollination treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal biology, bases of resistance and yield losses due to shoot fly, atherigona soccata (Rondani) in maize(CCSHAU, 2010) Jambheshwar Lal; Mehla, J.C.The seasonal biology of shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani) was studied on two maize varieties; susceptible Basi local and resistant HM-4 during spring season 2009. Minimum oviposition and dead heart were observed in resistant variety HM-4. The larval and pupal period were observed maximum on resistant variety HM-4 than susceptible on Basi local. Adult emergence was observed 48.03 and 73.06 per cent on resistant variety HM-4 and susceptible variety Basi local, respectively. The fecundity and oviposition period were observed maximum on susceptible variety Basi local and minimum on resistant variety HM-4. The adult longevity was observed maximum (8.30 days) on susceptible variety Basi local and minimum (6.09 days) on resistant variety HM-4. The larval growth index and total growth index were maximum on susceptible variety Basi local and minimum on resistant variety HM-4. Among different morphological plant factors plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf length were negatively correlated. Similarly, the biochemical constituent phenols and tannin were negatively correlated whereas protein, sugar and chlorophyll in plant leaves were positively correlated with shoot fly growth and development parameters. The oviposition and dead hearts were recorded minimum in plots treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL as seed treatment followed by spray of carbaryl 50 WP and endosulfan 35 EC. Similarly, maximum yield was recorded in imidacloprid 17.8 SL as seed treatment followed by spray of carbaryl 50 WP and endosulfan 35 EC.