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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of textile processing on ultraviolet protection of cotton fabric(CCSHAU, 2012) Sati, Hema; Rose, Neelam MThe present research was planned to study the effect of textile processing on the ultraviolet protection of cotton fabric. To achieve the objectives proposed in the research plan, cotton fabric suitable for apparel use during summer season was selected, desized, chemically and enzymatically scoured and bleached, dyed with different concentrations of blue coloured direct, reactive and natural indigo dyes and tested for colorfastness properties and application of laundry additives was done. Change in physical properties regarding fabric count, fabric thickness, weight, thickness, shrinkage, tensile strength, elongation, abrasion resistance, moisture content and air permeability were examined and effect of all these properties along with wetting and abrasion on ultraviolet protection on cotton fabric was investigated. An awareness package about ultraviolet protection through textiles and clothing was developed and information was disseminated through lectures and interactive sessions and distribution of awareness package and the knowledge acquisition of respondents was assessed. It was found that on preparatory treatments the UPF value of the fabric reduced from 46.08 to 26.29 percent and mean UPF value ranging from 25.02 to 13.47 and UV protection from very good to good. 2, 5 and 8 percent dye concentrations were selected as light, medium and dark shades for further work on the basis of maximum percent dye absorption and best colour fastness properties. The UPF of the fabric increased remarkably when dyed with direct, reactive and natural indigo dyes in selected concentrations. The UPF increased with increase in dye concentration for all the three dyes. For 2 and 5 percent dye concentrations, the highest mean UPF value was obtained with natural indigo dye i.e. 65.24 and 87.25 with 50+ rating and providing excellent protection and lowest UPF by direct dye i.e. 30.71 and 45.92. For 8 percent concentration, the highest mean UPF was obtained with reactive dye (99.59) followed by natural indigo dye (88.44) and the lowest mean UPF values were obtained with direct dye (67.88) all with 50+ rating. For improving ultraviolet protection of cotton fabric, natural indigo dye proved to best followed by reactive and direct dye. Natural indigo dyed fabrics exhibited excellent colour fastness, reactive dye showed very good colour fastness and direct dye with poor colour fastness. In case of undyed fabric, fabric count, percent shrinkage, percent elongation, moisture content and air permeability increased while weight, thickness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance and mean UPF value decreased with the introduction of preparatory treatments. For dyed fabrics, increase in dye concentration showed increase in fabric count, weight, thickness, percent shrinkage, tensile strength, percent elongation, moisture content and air permeability while abrasion resistance of the fabric decreased of all the dyed and treated samples. It was concluded that the increase in UPF cannot be attributed to change in one single property because change in each and every property along with the type of dye and dye concentration in totality effect the ultraviolet protection of the fabric. Both dyed and undyed fabrics showed a drastic reduction in ultraviolet protection after wetting and abrasion. Among various laundry additives available in market, most of the respondents were using 10 ml Revive liquid starch per l of water, 15 ml comfort fabric conditioner per 10 l of water, 5 g Ranipal OBA per 10 l ofwater and 3 ml Robin blue liquid per 4 l of water for application on coloured and white clothes. Maximum increase in UPF value from 39.45 to 42.16 was seen when the laundry additives were applied in combination on whiteclothes. With the application of OBA a remarkable difference in mean UPF value of all the dyed fabrics samples was observed whereas with the application of starch and fabric conditioner the mean UPF value increased indyed fabrics though the change was not remarkable. Leaflets, pamphlets and booklets in hindi and english languages were prepared and information on UV protection through textiles and clothing was disseminated through lectures, power pointpresentations and interactive sessions at different rural and urban locations of Hisar to create awareness among consumers. The knowledge level of rural and urban respondents about UV protection through textiles and clothing significantly improved after dissemination of information indicating significant effectiveness of developed package.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of Karanja Extracts on Cotton Fabric for Microbial Resistance(CCSHAU, 2014) Puspa; Punia, ParveenThe study was conducted to assess the efficacy of karanja extracts on cotton fabric with respect to microbial resistance. Karanja extracts of leaves and seeds in viscous and dry state in two concentrations i.e. 2.5g/l and 5g/l were prepared and four pieces of scoured cotton fabric were impregnated with these four prepared solutions (LEVS, SEVS, SDLP and SDSP) separately.. The antiseptic containing chloroxylenol treatment was taken as standard. Pseudomonas bacterium and Aspergillus fungus were selected for the present study as cotton is susceptible to their growth. To study the effect of all karanja extract treatments and antiseptic containing chloroxylenol (standard) treatment, the treated samples were tested for microbial (bacterium and fungus) resistance activity quantitatively by AATCC-100 test method before and after washing of samples. Fibres for microscopic examination were taken from that portion of the tested samples for tensile strength, from where the fabric was torn out during testing. The percent change in weight, thickness, bulk, bending length, flexural rigidity and elongation of all treated samples were increased after treatment. The increase in these physical properties of treated samples was found with increase in extracts concentrations while air-permeability, moisture regain and tensile strength decreased. After washing, weight, thickness, bulk, bending length, flexural rigidity and tensile strength decreased whereas there was increase in air-permeability, moisture regain and elongation in all treated samples including antiseptic containing chloroxylenol (standard). After assessment of microbial activity against Pseudomonas and Aspergillus through percent reduction all treatments were found effective against Pseudomonas and Aspergillus after 30 minutes of inoculation. Leaves and seeds extracts treatments in viscous state were more effective as compared to other treatments. All extracts in 2.5g/l concentration were very effective after 30 minutes of inoculation (100%) of Pseudomonas and Aspergillus. The 5g/l concentration were found very effective after 30 minutes of inoculation and on 7th day. Maximum (100%) percent reduction was observed in Pseudomonas growth upto 7th day. After washing it was concluded that leaves extracts in viscous state were more effective than other treatments. However it is needed to retreat the fabric samples after every wash. Leaves extracts in viscous state showed comparable results with the antiseptic containing chloroxylenol (standard). In some cases leaves extracts in viscous state was even more effective than antiseptic treatment. It was further concluded that after inoculation of Pseudomonas and Aspergillus these microbes do not affect the physical properties of the treated samples heavily. It was concluded that percent change in weight, thickness, bulk, bending length, elongation and moisture regain increased after treatments whereas air-permeability, flexural rigidity and tensile strength decreased. Treatments with 2.5g/l concentration were more effective than 5g/l concentration and physical properties of samples inoculated with Pseudomonas were less affected than Aspergillus. After inoculation of Pseudomonas and Aspergillus swelling in the fibre was observed indicating the loosening of the fibre. As the efficacy of karanja leaves extract in viscous state was comparable with antiseptic (taken as standard), it can be used at household level as renewable treatment for imparting resistance against the Pseudomonas and Aspergillus growth.ThesisItem Open Access Diversification of hand made carpets of Panipat(CCSHAU, 2012) Saroj Bala; Punia, PurveenThe study was conducted on Diversification of handmade carpets of Panipat The existing status of handmade carpet making units, market study the availability of carpet products and consumer preferences regarding products and product attributes were studied from 30 carpet making units from Panipat, 20 carpet selleing units in Panipat and Hisar market and 120 consumers from Hisar and Panipat.It was found that maximum numbers of the carpet manufacturing units in Panipat were established during 2001-11. All the units were registered . All the units were being run privately and on partnership basis. Majority of units were producing hand tufted carpets export carpets. Basically these were two types of handmade carpet manufacturing techniques i.e. hand tufting and hand weaving. Majority of carpets were made with geometrical designs in more than three colours and upto 5 colours. Carpet material was being used for foots mat, stool mats and prayer mats, prayer chowki covers, mat for telephone and settee covers mainly. Majority of the owners opined the availability of hand knotted and machine woven carpet at selling units. Carpets found in market were embellished with printing and combination of printing and appliqué.Majority of designs with geometrical designs were in more than three colours. The most preferred products for diversification were prayer chowki cover, muda cover, prayer mat, stool mat, telephone mat, foot mat, file cover, wall pocket, teddy bear and belt developed. A change in the existing designs according to its suitability and utility. Preferred yarns were wool, malai dori, art silk, nylon, and lace for products. There was a lot of scope for change yet the possibility of making changes in existing carpets of Panipat was arrived at in terms of deign development, combination of carpet making techniques, embellishment of surface use of carpet material for other purposes. Three designs of each preferred ten products were created using Corel-Draw 12. The top ranked designs and handmade techniques of each product were used for development of selected diversified products. Stool mat, belt, prayer mat, prayer chowhi cover, muda cover were highly acceptable in terms of utility.The cost of products was considered to be appropriate consumers for teddy bear, belt, file cover, wall pocket, stool mat, muda cover and telephone mat. Training on preparation of diversified products from carpet material was imparted to 50 women weavers of four villages of Hisar-1 block. There was significant gain in knowledge of weavers after imparting training regarding making creative products from carpet materials, manufacturing techniques and embellishments used. The physical properties of the developed diversified products were tested. The difference found in the values for the total mass, pile weight, pile density, pile pull out strength, pile height was due to difference in techniques, designs and yarns used to develop various diversified products. Colour fastness to shampooing for change of shades of 8 out of 10 developed products was ‘good to excellent’.ThesisItem Open Access Dye Extraction From Plant Sources Through Fermentation Technique For Silk Dyeing(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2010) Makkar, Priya; Singh, Saroj S. JeetThesisItem Open Access Herbal finishes on cotton and woollen fabrics(CCSHAU, 2012) Santosh; Khambra, KrishnaThe present research was planned to study the effect of herbal finishes on cotton and woollen fabrics. To achieve the objectives proposed in the research plan, two herbs namely neem and Aloe vera were selected for finish application on cotton and wool fabrics on the bases of review of literature. Neem leaves extraction was carried out by Soxhlet extraction method and Aloe vera extraction was carried out by Maceration method. Fabrics were enzymatically scoured and finish was applied on grey as well as scoured fabrics with two concentrations (3g/l and 5g/l) of neem and Aloe vera extract with exhaust and pad dry cure method. Weight add on percent of finish was determined and SEM analyses was done for visual inspection of extract absorbed by the fabric. Finished fabrics were tested for antimicrobial activity and effectiveness of finish was also analyzed. Physical properties were examined before and after finish application. Change in physical properties regarding fabric thickness, weight, bulk, bending length, flexural rigidity, tensile strength, elongation, abrasion resistance, moisture regain and air permeability were examined and effect of washing on all these properties was investigated. It was found that percentage yield of extract was 16.76 % for neem and 9.7 % for Aloe vera extract. Maximum weight add-on percentage was observed in 5g/l neem treated scoured cotton fabric (11.60%) followed by 5g/l neem treated grey cotton fabric (11.08%). After microbial testing it was found that there was confluent lawn of growth in controlled sample. As the concentration of extract increased, bacterial reduction of all herbal treated grey samples also increased. It was 75% with 5g/l neem treated grey cotton and 95.02% with 5g/l neem treated grey wool sample. For improving antibacterial activity of fabrics, enzymatic scouring proved to be better than application on grey fabric. It was also observed that herbal treated scoured fabric samples showed very good percentage of bacterial reduction as compared to herbal treated grey fabric samples. Maximum percentage reduction was 96.80% with 5g/l neem treated scoured cotton and 96.72% with 5g/l neem treated scoured wool sample. Further, it was observed that neem treatment was more effective as compared to Aloe vera treatment in herbal treated grey samples. Herbal treated wool (95.02%) fabric samples showed very good bacterial resistance as compared to cotton fabric (75%). The effectiveness of the finish was analyzed and found that Aloe vera treated scoured cotton fabric samples (77.37%) showed the very good wash durability even after 20 washing cycles. In case of wool fabric, maximum (82.81%) wash durability of finish was found in Aloe vera treated scoured sample finished with pad dry cure method. Finished fabrics were tested for physical properties and found that fabric weight, thickness, bulk, drape coefficient, abrasion resistance, bending length, flexural rigidity and elongation, increased whereas, air permeability, tensile strength, moisture regain and wettability decreased as compared to controlled samples. Effect of washing on physical properties of finished fabrics were investigated and found that fabric weight (6.38%), thickness (18.91%), bulk (6.29%), drape coefficient (13.42%), abrasion resistance (19.29%), bending length (49.60%), flexural rigidity (30.15%) and tensile strength(29.72%) decreased whereas, air permeability (20.52%), wettability (13.83%), moisture regain (9.72%) and elongation (9.94%) increased after washing the samples as compared to unwashed samples. Major Advisor HOD Signature oThesisItem Open Access Protective clothing for textile industrial workers(CCSHAU, 2010) Jyoti; Pruthi, NeelamTextile industry is known as backbone of Indian economy also provide several threats to its workers, while performing various activities. All the health problems can be solved by variety of method and use of appropriate protective clothing is one of effective method to prevent the workers from being exposed to health problem. To achieve the objectives of he study, it was inducted in two phases. In phase 1 to develop protective clothing for workers of textile industry and to assess their suitability and acceptability Delhi cloth Mill of Hisar and Bhiwani textile mill of Bhiwani were selected. Hundred respondents from different section of textile industry were selected to gather information regarding health and clothing related problems. In second phase protective clothing were designed. The sketched designs were evaluated by Judges and two designs of each article were selected for construction. Protective clothing/accessories selected were: Beak shape mask, cap mask, hood masks, scarf mask, shirt (Male) coverall for male, coverall for female, waist level apron, foot cover and foot cover with pajama. The selected articles were stitched and each article was given to five respondents for three trials. After three trial, suitability and acceptability was assessed. The result highlighted that scarf mask, hood mask for female and cap mask, hood mask for male was found suitable as these gave protection against fiber dust stick on head, neck and inhalation of fiber dust particles. But acceptability of scarf mask for female and cap mask for male was highly acceptable as compared to hood mask because of excessive heat in the industry and with the use of hood mask identification of the workers is difficult. Coverall with Chinese collar, pockets and elastic at wrist level in sleeves was found to be highly suitable and acceptable as compared to waist level apron, while male shirt with Chinese collar, elasticized cuff, pockets in front were found highly suitable and better than coverall. In case of pajama with foot cover and knee length foot cover, knee length foot cover was fond to be highly suitable and acceptable as compared to pajama with foot cover.ThesisItem Open Access Improvement of colour fastness of tie-dyed cotton(CCSHAU, 2010) Nagpal, Aditi; Rose, Neelam M.The present study was conducted for the improvement of colour fastness of tie-dyed cotton. Three direct dyes i.e red, yellow and blue (primary colours) commonly available in the local market were selected for dyeing cotton i.e light, medium and heavy weight fabric. Standardization of dyeing variable viz. dye concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pH and different auxiliaries concentrations were optimized on the basis of percent dye absorption and visual appearance. For improvement of colour fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed with direct dyes, locally available five treatment agents were selected for each dye. Treatment agents and their concentration along with treatment stage were optimized on the basis of their fastness grades. Tie-dyed samples treated with each treatment agent were also evaluated for their colour fastness properties regarding washing and sunlight. It is summarized that 6, 7, and 8 percent was the optimum dye concentration for light, medium and heavy weight fabric, respectively. The optimum dyeing temperature was 1000C, optimum dyeing time was 60 minutes and optimum dyeing pH was 8 for all the three selected dyes viz. red, yellow and blue. 2 percent concentration of sodium carbonate and 20 percent concentration of sodium chloride were used for all the three selected dyes as it gave maximum dye absorption. Acid, alum, dye fixer, mustard oil and vinegar were used as treatment agents for all the three selected dyes. In most of the cases, post-treatment gave best results. Fastness properties increased after using treatment agents in all the cases.ThesisItem Open Access Enzymatic scouring of cotton yarn(CCSHAU, 2010) Verma, Richa; Khambra, KrishnaThe present study was conducted to study the enzymatic scouring of cotton yarn. Scouring was done with palkoscour APCL bioscouring enzyme. To achieve better result for enzymatic scouring standard conditions was determined i.e. 0.5% dosage at 550C temperature with 7 pH for 40 minutes. After scouring physical properties of unscoured and scoured yarn regarding linear density, lea strength, count strength product, yarn tensile strength, yarn elongation, yarn evenness, twist per inch, crimp rigidity and yarn hairiness were also studied. Next step was done to treated unscoured and scoured cotton yarn with four dyes viz. direct dye, reactive dye, basic dye and azoic dye. After the process of dyeing again physical properties of unscoured dyed and scoured dyed yarn were measured. Effect of dye color strength on unscoured and scoured yarn was studied through CIE LAB values. It is thus summarized that with the help of determined conditions enzymatic scouring was done. After enzymatic scouring physical property of grey yarn changed as compared to scoured yarn. Linear density of treated yarn and yarn tensile strength decreased after scouring. Yarn evenness and yarn hairiness was improved. after process of dyeing hairiness and evenness of dyed yarn improved but strength decreased more. CIE LAB values indicated that direct and reactive dye scoured yarn was darker, redder and brighter. Basic dye scoured yarn was darker duller than unscoured yarn azoic dye scoured yarn was lighter, redder, yellowier and brighter. Color strength of azoic dye was higher than direct reactive and basic dye.ThesisItem Open Access Development of educational package on protective clothing(CCSHAU, 2011) Toor, Poonam Preet; Punia, ParveenTextile industry plays a pivotal position in the economy of our country but its role in pollution and threats to its workers, can’t be denied. These work place hazards can be reduced with the use of protective clothing. Educational package may educate the workers and make them aware about health problems, diseases and use of clothing designed for protection against these during working. To achieve the objectives of the study i.e. to prepare an educational package on protective clothing for textile industrial workers and to assess the effectiveness of prepared educational package three mills i.e. namely Delhi Cloth Mill of Hisar, Radhika Mill of Hansi and Gargi Mill of Panipat were selected. The educational package was prepared in Hindi to facilitate learning by the target group. These were evaluated by the experts. Individual pamphlets were prepared for male workers, female workers and male dyers in which occupational health problems and their solutions were described with illustrations. Video film was prepared in various steps like script writing, filming, editing and commentary. Ninety respondents from different sections of the textile industries were educated and knowledge acquisition was measured through pamphlets and video film. Evaluation of the pamphlets and video film on protective clothing for male and female workers was done by the experts. Out of parameters for the evaluation of the content of the pamphlets and video film on protective clothing for both male and female workers of all the sections of textile industry the clarity in the title of the content, usefulness in the body text parameters and in the illustration layout of illustration parameters were found to be highly appropriate and appropriate. The textile industrial workers gained knowledge after exposure to pamphlets and video film. The higher impact was observed through video as compared to pamphlets. Thus it was concluded that the prepared educational packages were effective in imparting knowledge to the target group.