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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Structure-based virtual high-throughput screening for ligands of ecdysone receptor(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Gagan Rani; Sudhir KumarInsects occupy more than 70% of entire kingdom Animalia and are the most successful group o among the organisms dwelling on earth, a set of injurious insects referred as pests. Pests/insects can harm agricultural plants, devour and/or harm harvested crops or transmit diseases to people and animals. These insect pests have several enzymes. hormones receptors, these hormone receptor binds with specific hormone and thus regulates development and also plays a key role in their life processes. If the normal functioning of these enzymes and the receptors are disturbed, their normal life cycle may also be affected thereby causing death of the insect. In the present study we focused only on ecdysone receptor, which is a type of nuclear receptor steroids hormone. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) is a nuclear transcription factor depends upon ligands found in arthropods. The receptor binds to ecdysteroids hormones, which play a major role in reproduction and regulate vital processes such as growth, molting and metamorphism. For activation of gene transcription, a non-covalent heterodimerization of EcR and USP (ultra-spiracle protein) is necessary, that occurs after binding of an agonist to ecdysone receptor. Because of the importance of this hormone receptor in growth, reproduction and metamorphosis of insects, it was considered to be excellent targets for pest control agents and chemical insecticides. In the presents study virtual high-throughput of two libraries of 705,632 (on the basis of substructure) and 4591,276 (clean leads) were carried out for ecdysone receptor. At the same time vHTS of 21 known inhibitors for ecdysone receptor also performed. vHTS results showed that 1,85,785 and 5,15,112 leads had binding energy within the range or lesser than the binding energy of known inhibitors (from both libraries respectively). These selected leads were then subjected to ADME-Tox study, from this 264 and 509 leads were predicted to be non-toxic.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of extraction conditions on phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem and Kair (Capparis decidua) fruit(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06-26) Promila; Sushila SinghTinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Capparis decidua (Kair) are important medicinal plants which are known to possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and hepatoprotective properties. This study was aimed to determine the proximate and chemical composition as well as the effect of different pH levels of water and herbal extraction conditions (viz. infusion 5 & 10 min, decoction and strong decoction) on phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant potential of stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts, fruits & flowers of Kair. Total phenolics was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids content by Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activities were tasted using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assay. Amount of bitter principles in Giloy stem was 2.74% (w/w). Alkaloids and saponin content in Kair fruits were 2.43 and 8.46% (w/w), respectively. The highest amount of total phenolics (mg GAE/g) in Giloy stem (7.43) & Kair aerial parts (11.51) was at pH 2; in Giloy leaves (25.63), Kair fruits (17.49) & flowers (22.09) was at pH 5. The highest concentration of total flavonoids (mg CE/g) in stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts & flowers of Kair were- 0.68, 2.39, 1.07 and 2.18 at pH 2, respectively. In Kair fruits, flavonoids content was highest (1.09) at pH level 11. IC50 values (ppm) as inversely related to DPPH free radical scavenging activity followed the order: pH 5 (865.91) < pH 7 (915.13) < pH 11 (919.50) < pH 2 (1451.22) in Giloy stem; pH 11 (304.48) < pH 2 (343.82) < pH 7 (380.04) < pH 5 (409.51) in Giloy leaves; pH 7 (332.74) < pH 2 (553.47) < pH 5 (622.42) < pH 11 (788.35) in Kair aerial parts; pH 5 (389.96) < pH 7 (584.86) < pH 11 (690.35) < pH 2 (973.99) in Kair fruits; pH 7 (454.03) < pH 2 (579.10) < pH 5 (635.72) < pH 11 (710.72) in Kair flowers. Total antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/g) of stem of Giloy (34.38) and aerial parts (51.26), fruits (75.00) & flowers (90.45) of Kair was maximum at pH 5 and of Giloy leaves (67.45) was maximum at pH 2. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) of stem (4.84) & leaves (19.38) of Giloy and aerial parts (9.54), fruits (14.84) & flowers (17.48) of Kair was highest in strong decoction (90 min). Total flavonoids content (mg CE/g) of Giloy stem (0.75) & leaves (2.71) was maximum in decoction (30 min) while of Kair aerial parts (0.69), fruits (1.81) & flowers (1.69) was highest in strong decoction (90 min). IC50 values (ppm) as inversely related to DPPH free radical scavenging activity followed the order: infusion (5 min) (711.57) < decoction (30 min) (790.10) < infusion (10 min) < strong decoction (90 min) (1568.53) in Giloy stem; infusion (10 min) (61.21) < decoction (30 min) (183.69) < strong decoction (90 min) (272.24) < infusion (5 min) (311.51) in Giloy leaves; infusion (10 min) (169.72) < decoction (30 min) (515.93) < strong decoction (90 min) (658.60) < infusion (5 min) (754.67) in Kair aerial parts; infusion (10 min) (346.45) < decoction (30 min) (377.38) < infusion (5 min) (438.36) < strong decoction (90 min) (636.06) in Kair fruits; and decoction (30 min) (343.45) < infusion (10 min) (423.96) < strong decoction (90 min) (647.56) < infusion (5 min) (788.79) in Kair flowers. Total antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/g) of Giloy stem (82.55) was maximum in infusion (5 min) and of Giloy leaves (96.52), Kair aerial parts (79.04), Kair fruits (130.95) and Kair flowers (203.28) was maximum in decoction (30 min). Present research studies indicated that pH levels of water and herbal extraction conditions significantly affected the extraction of phytochemicals from stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts, fruits & flowers of Kair and their antioxidant potentials.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and decontamination studies of cyantraniliprole in cabbage and soil(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Poonam Rani; SushilDissipation and decontamination studies of cyantraniliprole (Benevia 10.26% OD) in cabbage and soil was carried out following spray of cyantraniliprole at fruit setting stage on cabbage crop grown in plots of 5 x5 m size at recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) and double of recommended dose (120 g a.i. ha-1) by Central Insecticide Board (CIB). Samples of cabbage were processed using modified QuEChERS method and analyzed using HPLC with retention time of 15.351 minutes. Recovery experiments were performed on cabbage heads and soil sample fortified @ 0.05, 0.50 and 1.00 mg kg-1 and the recoveries obtained were in the range of 86.11 – 89.54% and 85.60 – 88.05% respectively. Initial deposit of cyantraniliprole residue in cabbage heads was 0.449 mg kg-1 and 0.576 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half- life of 1.91 and 2.29 days respectively and reached below limit of quantification (LOQ i.e. 0.05 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. Level of residues in soil were < LOQ for both single (T1) and double dose (T2) on 0 day of spray. Washing followed by boiling was found most effective (100%) in dislodging residues of cyantraniliprole than washing with 5% NaCl solution and washing alone.ThesisItem Open Access Sorption of frequently used herbicides in different order soils and their ameliorants(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-06) Saini, Savikriti; Duhan, AnilBeing a non-renewable resource, contamination of water assets through herbicides from agricultural run-off and wastes from livestock is a growing concern. Such biodegradable waste contains organic nutrients that are appropriated to be used as raw material in several biological methods. Sorption of herbicides on adsorbents produced from organic waste is addressed as the most practicable approach of decontamination. The primary goal of the present research was to identify economical adsorbent for herbicides elimination from water along with maintaining the soil fertility. Sorption studies for a range of herbicides (oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, metribuzin and acifluorfen) were carried out using the low cost agricultural waste viz. vermicompost and mushroom compost (% OC- 14.56 to15.6%) applied at two different application rates (5 and 25 %, dry weight basis). Compost offered high sorption, with respect to pure soils, in order: oxyfluorfen > pendimethalin > metribuzin = acifluorfen. Soil amendment at 25% (w/w) presented 3-102 times increase in sorption. Even 5% amendment of the soil exhibited a significant increase in sorption by 2 to 33 folds for the four herbicides comparative to the unamended soil. It is worth mentioning that for highly mobile herbicides like acifluorfen and metribuzin, sorption increases by 11 to 33 folds (5% w/w). Amendment was quite effective in low organic carbon soils where sorption of non-mobile herbicide oxyfluorfen also increased twice with respect to high organic carbon soils. Soil amendment enhanced retention and decreased the desorption rates of herbicides- especially mobile herbicide metribuzin and anionic herbicide acifluorfen. Metribuzin and acifluorfen were almost completely 100% desorbed in 1st cycle from unamended low organic carbon content soils. However, on amendment with 25% (w/w) they retained on soils and only 77 % (metribuzin) and 26 % (acifluorfen) released in total was observed after 3rd desorption. Also, amendment at 5% (w/w) exhibit hindrance to desorption of mobile herbicides and 85% and 52% desorption of metribuzin and acifluorfen was observed. Thus, recycling waste through composting improve defilement of lower soil profiles and water resources concomitantly proper management of wastes resulting to clean environment.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and characterization of metallic nanoparticles, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Triphala powder and its fruit constituents(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Tamanna; Madan, V. K.The present study was undertaken to estimate the phytochemical and nutritional parameters; to determine the antioxidant potential of promising extracts of Triphala powder and its fruit constituents: Amla, Bahera and Harad using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Phosphomolybdate assay; by making use of these bioactive components in plant extracts and their bio efficacies to synthesize the metallic nanoparticles; compare the antimicrobial activity of as synthesized NPs and their crude extracts. Moisture, fat, ash, protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrates contents were estimated in different parts viz. seeds, aerial parts & roots of Amla, Bahera and Harad. All parts of these medicinal plants were found to be very rich sources of bioactive components/antioxidants. The fruit pulp of these plants also contained different minerals viz. Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Among these plant extracts: total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity were higher in herbal extracts of fruits in comparison to herbal extracts of aerial parts and roots. Hence, these medicinal plants are important source of good antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity which may be due to the presence of various phytochemicals; therefore, play an important role in antioxidant defence system against free radicals and thus aid in human health. The total phenolics contents, total antioxidant capacity and thus antimicrobial activity followed the order as: Amla > Triphala > Bahera > Harad. The total flavonoids content varies as Bahera > Triphala > Amla > Harad. DPPH free radical scavenging assay follows the order as Bahera > Amla > Harad > Triphala. Aqueous extracts were better in all sorts of quantifications of antioxidants and their antioxidant potential. Amongst these natural therapeutic agents, Amla showed the highest antibacterial activity followed by Triphala powder, Bahera and Harad. In case of antifungal activity, it was Bahera which showed the highest activity against the test organisms taken; followed by Amla, Harad and Triphala powder. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derived bio-active components is an economical, eco-friendly and simple method in the synthesis route. Plant extracts contain diverse chemical compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, oils and saponins which have medicinal value and the same can act as reducing and capping agent for the nanoparticles synthesis. Bimetallic NPs possessed better antimicrobial activity as compared to monometallic NPs. Gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria were more susceptible to gram positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) bacteria. The order for antibacterial efficacies was as follows: Ag@AuNPs > AgNPs > AuNPs. In case of antifungal activities, AuNPs were better than AgNPs i.e. the order was Ag@AuNPs > AuNPs > AgNPs. A. niger was most susceptible as compared to A. flavus and C. albicans to the action of these plant derived therapeutic agents.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves(CCSHAU, 2019) Pragya; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves grown at Landscape of Forestry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate composition; mineral analysis; chemical analysis and phytochemical parameters were determined. Stem bark contains moisture content (7.70%), crude fibre (22.54%), ash (16.50%), crude protein (14.67%), Fe content (384.52 ppm), Mn content (53.13 ppm), Zn content (13.62 ppm), Cu content (19.48 ppm), tannins (1.55 mg CE/g), alkaloids (0.78%), starch (5.98 mg/g), total sugars (0.55 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.47 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.08 mg/g). In leaves, moisture content (6.78%), crude fibre (15.14%), ash (9.97%), crude protein (22.98%), Fe content (325.22 ppm), Mn content (45.70 ppm), Zn content (44.18 ppm), Cu content (13.18 ppm), tannins (19.48 mg CE/g), alkaloids (3.51%), starch (16.07 mg/g), total sugars (0.77 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.74 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.03 mg/g) were found. Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (2.31) was obtained to be higher followed by methanol (1.22) and aqueous extract (0.32) whereas in leaves total phenolics, in acetone (6.84) was found to be higher further followed by methanol (2.28) and aqueous extract (0.71). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (0.88) was found to be higher followed by aqueous (0.42) and methanol extract (0.23) whereas in leaves, total flavonoids was obtained to be higher in acetone (3.56) followed by methanol (2.69) and aqueous extract (2.35). In stem bark, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 4.10 to 89.75 (IC50 179.44 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 2.26 to 82.37 (IC50 236.24 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 0.92 to 73.38 (IC50 279.04 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 500 μg/mL. In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 6.27 to 90.72 (IC50 205.15 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 4.74 to 85.78 (IC50 234.76 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 3.38 to 77.82 (IC50 282.28 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 1000 μg/mL. Among aqueous, methanol and acetone extract, acetone extract was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for stem bark and leaves. Among plant parts, leaves possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity as compared to stem bark. Therefore, acetone extract of stem bark and leaves was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of possible potent herbicidal organic compounds using green catalysts(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Rajvir SinghEvery day there is a new invention in the field of chemistry but the people are curious about how much they are benign to us. Green chemistry serves as a tool to reshape the chemical processes to make them clean. Thus, green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, Imidazoles and Dihydropyrimidinones are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to the environment and human health due to their toxic nature. Since last few years, attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis by using a green catalyst. Green catalyst is a megahit catalyst which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways. Hence, the most important aspect of green chemistry is the use of green catalysts in chemical reactions. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Oxalic acid, Citrus limetta juice, Pineapple juice and Lemon juice). These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Synthesized compounds were screened for herbicidal activity at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/mL concentrations. Compounds 11, 28 and 40 were found more active against the root and shoot of Raphanus sativus L.due to the presence of methyl, chloro and methoxy group (electron-donating groups) as substituents respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantrantraniliprole in okra(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; SushilDissipation and decontamination of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5% SC) in okra and soil (at harvest time) was studied following foliar spray on okra at recommended (30 g a.i. ha-1) and double of recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) by Central Insecticide Board (CIB). The residue of the insecticide was analyzed using GC – MS/MS with a triple Quadruple analyzer, operated in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions m/z 278 > 249 and 278>251. Recovery experiment was performed on okra and soil sample fortified @ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg kg-1and the observed recoveries were in range 85.23 – 88.79 % and 84.65 – 88.65% respectively. The initial deposit of CAP residue in okra fruit was 0.077 and 0.140 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half -life 1.90 and 1.92 days and reached below quantified level (LOQ i.e 0.01 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. In soil (at harvest time) the residue level was < LOQ for both doses. The decontamination processes dislodges the chlorantraniliprole residue to the extent of 84.00 – 38.89% from okra fruits and washing followed by boiling was found more effective i.e. 84.00 % in dislodging residue of chlorantraniliprole than washing alone and unwashed conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of tembotrione and its metabolite in soil(CCSHAU, 2019) Naincy Rani; Duhan, AnilPersistence and leaching potential of tembotrione and its metabolite in two different soils (sandy and clay loam) was studied in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. Tembotrione (Laudis OD) was applied in soil taken in plastic pots at two doses i.e., 120 and 240 g a.i./ha for persistence study. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after application. In leaching experiment, tembotrione and its metabolite was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Various sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and modified QuEChERS were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005 and 0.01 μg/g before taking up analysis of test samples. Maximum recoveries (86.6 to 95.6%) were obtained by using modified QuEChERS with MgSO4 avoiding PSA. The test samples were analysed over GC-MS/MS for the first time, hence provides a novel, efficient and innovative approach. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.003 μg/g, respectively for both soils. A first order dissipation kinetics was followed with half-lives of 8.4 and 9.3 days in sandy loam and 14.9 and 13.4 days in clay loam soil and in case of metabolite, 7.2 and 8.1 days in sandy loam soil and 10.0 and 12.3 days in clay loam soil at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit (0.003 μg/g) after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of tembotrione and its metabolite were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm depth in both soil types. No residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils, hence posing minimum threat for surface and ground water contamination.
