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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of brassinolide on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters under drought stress in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Naveen; Kumari, NishaThe present experiment was conducted in Oilseed Research Area during Rabi 2018-19 with two Indian mustard varieties viz. drought-tolerant (RH-725) and drought-sensitive (RH-749) to find the efficiency of brassinolide in two concentrations of 10 ppm and 20 ppm sprayed at 42 and 52 days after sowing. The experiment was laid out in RBD design with three replications. Results revealed that: The activities of antioxidative enzyme (SOD, CAT and POX) increase in both the varieties but this increase was more pronounced in RH-725 with 20 ppm concentration of brassinolide spray. The concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoid, ascorbic acid and proline) also increase significantly in RH-725 as compared to RH-749 at 20 ppm spray of brassinolide. The oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage) decrease to a significant level under brassinolide spray in tolerant variety at 50 % flowering. The exogenous application of brassinolide improved the physiological framework in the leaves of RH-725 at 50 % flowering. The yield and yield attributing characters such as plant height (cm), number of primary branches/plant, main shoot length (cm), number of siliquae on main shoot, number of seeds/siliqua, siliqua length (cm), seed yield/plant (g) were significantly increased among the treatments as well as varieties. Due to spraying of brassinolide the percentage of increase in seed yield ranged from 11.84 % in RH-725 and 5.77 % in RH-749 at 10 ppm concentration over control. In view of the present findings, the higher concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants, higher activity of antioxidative enzymes and improved physiological parameters and maximum yield was found in RH-725 i.e. drought-tolerant at 20 ppm concentration of brassinolide spray.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical studies on fatty acid esterase isolated from pearl millet and wheat flours(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Nisha; Chugh, L. KThe present investigation was conducted on pearl millet cv. HC 20 and wheat cv. WH 1105. Pearl millet fatty acid esterase (PM-FAE) and wheat fatty acid esterase (WH-FAE) were partially purified from by ammonium sulphate fractionation (30-60 % saturation) followed by dialysis by 3.03 and 7.75 folds with specific activity of 15.35 and 22.5 units/mg protein and recovery of 57and 56 % of the activity, respectively. PM-FAE and WH-FAE, both exhibited optimum pH of 8.0. Optimum temperature for PM-FAE (40oC) was lower than WH-FAE (45oC). WH-FAE was comparatively more stable at high temperature (70OC). Km value of PM-FAE (0.129 μM p-NPB) was lower than that of WH-FAE (0.28 μM p-NPB). Km values of PM-FAE for p-NPB and NPO were about 50 % lower compared to that of WH-FAE. Affinity of PM-FAE and WH-FAE for NPD was approximately equal. Ascorbic acid and palmitoyl ascorbate inhibited both FAEs in a concentration dependent manner. After 5 days of storage, reduction of 73 % in total buildup of fat acidity (FA), 84% reduction in rate of increase in FA, 55 % inhibition of in vitro activity of FAE, 52 % inhibition in situ activity of FAE and 50 % inhibition of activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) in 0.58 % ascorbic acid-fortified flour compared to unfortified flour were observed. Inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid fortification on in vitro activity of FAE, in situ activity of FAE and LOX increased with fortified concentration of ascorbic acid whereas rate of increase in FA was almost unaffected. Inhibition of LOX (62-69 %) in 0.84 % ascorbic acid-fortified flour was comparable to that (68-74 %) of blanched grain flour (BGF) throughout storage period. It was concluded that comparatively higher activity of PM-FAE in flour, lower Km value for its substrates and lower optimum temperature might be responsible for faster in situ hydrolysis of lipids and hence poor shelf life of pearl millet flour than wheat flour. Indirect fortification of flour by ascorbic acid treatment of pearl millet grains was effective in negatively modulating activities of FAE and LOX in flour for arresting not only in situ hydrolysis but also enzymatic oxidation of lipids.ThesisItem Open Access Sucrose mobilization and nitrogen metabolism in aerobic and lowland indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Jhandai, Sonia; Ajay PalWater dearth is the most critical issues in modern agriculture. Therefore, aerobic cultivation condition is sustainable concept to grow rice (Oryza sativaL.) which favors huge water impetus and labor. A better understanding of sucrose mobilization in shoots at vegetative and reproductive stages and developing grains at 7th–14th DAA may help in selection of rice genotypes to grow under aerobic condition. Herein, we have studied the effect of aerobic and conventional conditions on the activities of sucrose mobilization enzymes in four rice varieties viz. PAU201, HBC19 (lowland) and MAS26, MAS25 (aerobic) under pot condition. Aerobic condition significantly increased activities of sucrose synthesizing enzyme viz. sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose phosphate phosphatase (SPP) and sucrose synthase (synthesis) (SSs). Activities of starch synthesizing enzymes viz.sucrose synthase (cleavage) (SSc), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) were reduced in concord with starch content under aerobic condition. Sucrose, soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars increased under aerobic condition in contrast with starch, UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose. UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) activity increased in shoot under aerobic condition to contribute sucrose synthesis while decreased in developing grains resulting in decreased starch content. Nitrogen, an essential component of all proteins, is one of the essential macronutrients required for better yield and therefore, nitrogen metabolism pathway was also studied under aerobic condition with respect to conventional condition and observed decreased activities under aerobic condition in both shoots and roots. Similar to enzymes, diminished metabolites viz. nitrite and alanine were observed under aerobic condition Crop sustainability under aerobic condition in all varieties could be attributed to osmoprotective role of sucrose and total soluble sugars. Our findings by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis also revealed up-regulation of SPS with down-regulation of AGPase and SUS transcript under aerobic condition is responsible for significant decrease in starch with increase in sucrose. Our results reveal decreased yield attributes under aerobic condition. Biochemical analysis, gene expression and yield attributes highlight the role of various enzymes prioritized for assimilate translocation under aerobic condition, and provide evidence of differentiation of metabolic pathway under two growing condition as well as aerobic and lowland rice varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical studies on chromium toxicity and its amelioration in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-10-31) Praveen Kumar; Singal, H.R.The main aim of the present research work was to determine the effects of Cr (VI) toxicity (2 ppm & 4 ppm) and its amelioration by glycine betaine (GB) and AMF at two growth stages viz. vegetative stage (35 DAS) and grain filling stage (95 DAS) in three varieties of sorghum viz. HJ 541 (single-cut), HJ 513 and SSG 59-3(multi-cut). The effect of exogenous application of GB (spiked in soil & foliar spray) and AMF (10 g) either individually or in combination was investigated for their ameliorative capability. The ameliorative effects were studied in terms of biochemical parameters (viz. structural and non-structural carbohydrates, crude protein, chlorophyll, chromium, hydrocyanic acid, IVDMD, pectin, PME, PG and cellulase), morphophysiological parameters (viz. root length, shoot length, number of leaves/tillers, grain yield, plant height and plant biomass), antioxidative defense system parameters (viz. enzymes – SOD, APX, CAT, GR, POX and metabolites – proline, glutathione, ascorbate, β-carotene) and indices of oxidative stress parameters (viz. PPO, H2O2 and MDA). The results revealed that the biochemical and morphophysiological parameters (except hydrocyanic acid, chromium, non-structural carbohydrates and pectin) decreased with increasing concentration of Cr (VI) in all the varieties at both the growth stages, and maximum decrease was observed in HJ 541 variety at 4 ppm concentration of Cr (VI) as compared to HJ 513 and SSG 59-3 variety at both growth stages. The antioxidative defense system parameters (enzymes & metabolites) and indices of oxidative stress parameters increased with increasing concentration of Cr (VI) at both the growth stages, in all the varieties. Further increase in antioxidative defense system parameters on exogenous GB (spiked in soil & foliar spray) and AMF application, either individually or in combination ameliorated the toxicity and decreased indices of oxidative stress parameters and increased IVDMD, total sugars, crude protein, β-carotene and nutritionally quality of sorghum in all the varieties at both the growth stages. The variety SSG 59-3 had lower hydrocyanic acid, non-structural carbohydrates, chromium, indices of oxidative stress parameters and more IVDMD and nutritional quality parameters as compared to HJ 513 and HJ 541 variety, at both the growth stages. Thus, among the three varieties (viz. HJ 541, HJ 513 and SSG 59-3), SSG 59-3 variety was found more tolerant as compared to HJ 541 and HJ 513 variety.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of phosphorus and potassium application on quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)(CCSHAU, 2019) Seema; Singal, H.R.Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) locally known as Jawar or Chari is an important kharif season crop which is grown for both fodder and grains. Fertilizers constitute an integral part of improved crop production technology. Application of optimum quantity of phosphorus and potassium is important in improving quality and yield of forage sorghum. The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of phosphorus and potassium application on quality parameters. Sorghum variety HJ 541 was grown in field and different doses of phosphorus (15, 30. 45, 60 and 90 kg P2O5/ha) and potassium (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kg K2O/ha) were given. Plant/leaf samples were collected at 30 DAS, 50 DAS and 90 DAS. Biochemical parameters namely HCN, IVDMD, crude protein, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, iron content, NDF, ADF, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing and non- reducing sugars, morpho- physiological parameters namely fresh weight, dry weight, stem girth, internode length and number of leaves and cell wall components namely cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin were studied. It was observed that HCN content was less than permissible value (200 μg/g at fresh weight) with the application of phosphorus and potassium. IVDMD, crude protein, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, iron content, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing and non- reducing sugars increased with the application of phosphorus and potassium. Maximum fresh and dry weight, stem girth internode length and number of leaves increased with the application of phosphorus and potassium. NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin decreased with the application of phosphorus and potassium. The results obtained revealed that the quality of forage sorghum improved with the application of phosphorus and potassium.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biochemical basis for cotton leaf curl disease tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2018) Taranjeet Kaur; Mandhania, ShiwaniViruses have profound effect on the growth and productivity of plants. With reference to the cotton crop, CLCuD caused by CLCuBuV has been recognized as a serious threat to cotton production in Indian subcontinent. Information on cotton and CLCuV interaction is still not convincingly explained. In the present study, the constituents like RWC, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll content, MDA content, total soluble protein, total sugar content, total phenolics, H2O2, gossypol content and the activities of defense related proteins viz. POX, PPO, CAT and PAL were scrutinized at different stages of infestation in GCH 3, HS 6 genotypes of cotton and in additional genotype (HD 432) to look over the biochemical basis for CLCuD tolerance mechanism. It was found that the maximum RWC, total chlorophyll content and total soluble protein was present in highly tolerant and resistant genotype respectively at 0 DAI. Decline in the amount of these constituents reported in all genotypes but maximum loss took place in HS 6. Least amount of electrolyte leakage, H2O2 and MDA content was present in HD 432 at all stages of infestation. Significant increase in these parameters observed in HS 6 post incursion of virus. Maximum total sugar content was present in HS 6 at 0 DAI, ebb was more in GCH 3 due to infestation. As a consequence of viral infection, the level of total phenolic compounds and gossypol content increased significantly in all genotypes while maximum increase was in GCH 3. With the progression of infestation period significant increase was reported in the activities of PAL, PPO, POX and CAT in all genotypes. Thus, the increase in the level of total phenolic compounds, gossypol with increase in the activities of all studied enzymes can be correlated with the potency of the plant to strive against CLCuD.ThesisItem Open Access Extraction and evaluation of antioxidant capacity of total phenolics from lychee (Litchi chinensis L.) seeds(CCSHAU, 2018) Nagesh C.R.; Ajay PalLychee seed, being a biowaste, is an inexpensive source of a variety of polyphenols. However, extraction yield/efficiency of total phenolics from lychee seed powder (LSP) depends on extraction conditions. Hence, in present study, optimum conditions for extraction of phenolics from LSP were deduced using one-factor-at-a-time approach followed by response surface methodology (RSM). The factorial, axial and center point experiments of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of RSM were carried out to investigate the linear, quadratic and interactive effects of three independent variables namely volume of extractant (ml/g), agitation rate (rpm) and extraction time (min) on the yield of phenolics. Regression analysis showed that ~92% of the variation could be explained by the model. Software mediated numerical optimization was done with the constraint of minimum volume of extractant and extraction time separately for maximum yield of TPC. The experimental values were in accordance with the predicted values, indicating the adequacy of model and success of RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions. Lychee seed extract (LSE) was analyzed for profiling of phenols and fatty acids using H-UPLC and GC, respectively. Despite reported phenolic compounds, we found new phenolics namely apigenin, catechol, catechin, chlorogenic acid, diadzein, salicyclic acid, trans-ferulic acid, trans-sinapic acid and vanillin in LSE. Among six different fatty acids identified, oleic acid and linoleic acid were abundant. Further, LSE was assayed for its antioxidant activities using an array of tests including free radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal chelation activity, total antioxidant activity (TAA), total reducing power (TRP), lipid peroxidation inhibition activity (LPIA) and protein oxidation inhibition activity. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA damage protective efficacy of LSE was also observed using pBR322 plasmid and human lymphocytes, respectively. Results of various experiments showed substantial antioxidant activity of LSE and advocate its exploitation as a source of natural antioxidants to counter ROS-induced pathologies or diseases.ThesisItem Open Access A Study of Personality varables of Wale young Adults (15-21 Years) In Three Different Social Climates(I.C College Of Home Science Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1983) Sharma, Ritambhara; Kaur, PraveenThesisItem Open Access Studies on Biochemical Effects of Dimethoate in Albino Rats(Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1984) Vandana; Wagle, D. S
