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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of drought stress on starch metabolism in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain development(CCSHAU, 2013) Mahla, Reena; Madan, ShashiThe present investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on starch metabolism in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain development. The four genotypes i.e. two tolerant (WH 1021 and WH 1080) and two susceptible (WH 711 and HD 2687) were raised in late sown conditions under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Drought stress was created by withholding the irrigation at anthesis stage. Analysis of data reavealed that during grain development, starch metabolising enzymes i.e. sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, starch branching and starch debranching enzyme increased in all genotypes and reached their peaks but their maximum peak values and time at which they reached were different in different genotypes. Increase in sugar content was found under drought stress conditions in comparison to irrigated conditions at different days after anthesis. Water stress caused a marked reduction in starch content of grains. In all genotypes level of ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose increased up to 21st DAA and then declined. Physiological parameters like relative water content, osmotic potential, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, cell membrane thermostability and canopy temperature depression declined under drought stress conditions over irrigated conditions. Quality parameters like moisture content and crude fibre decreased whereas, sedimentation value, gluten, protein content and grain hardness increased under drought stress condition over irrigated conditions. Yield parameters like grain number per spike, grain weight, number of productive tillers, biomass per plot and grain yield decreased under drought stress. The reduction in physiological, biochemical, yield and grain quality traits was found to more pronounced in the susceptible genotypes in comparison to the tolerant ones. WH 1021 was adjudged to be most tolerant genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical studies on amelioration of phytotoxic effects of chromium (VI) in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.](CCSHAU, 2013) Punesh; Joshi, U.N.Heavy metals are the intrinsic component of the environment with both essential and non essential types. Their excessive levels pose a threat to plant growth and yield. Also, some heavy metals are toxic to plants even at very low concentrations. The present investigation had been done to study the effect of amelioration of toxic effect of Cr (VI) on morphological and biochemical parameters of clusterbean plants. The crop was raised in pots filled with sandy loam soil in naturally lit net house. The soil in each pot treated with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg Cr (VI) kg-1 soil. Morphological parameters like plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem and root decreased with an increase in the chromium concentration. Growth of clusterbean plants was reduced very significantly in presence of 2 mg Cr (VI) kg-1 soil. The chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll, carotenoids content, non-structural carbohydrates, crude protein content and IVDMD decreased, whereas, structural carbohydrates viz. NDF, ADF, cellulose, lignin and silica significantly increased with increasing chromium concentration. Minerals like sodium, chromium content increased with increase in supply of chromium concentration. The iron, zinc and potassium content decreased with increase in chromium concentration. Chromium treatment adversely affect activity of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism viz. nitrogenase, NR, NiR, GS, GDH and GOGAT.To ameliorate toxic effect of Cr (VI), different sets of plants were treated with salicylic acid and ferrous sulphate–EDTA solution through different modes viz. pre-treatment, soil treatment and foliar spray or both. Loss in growth, biochemical and nutritional parameters of clusterbean plants was recovered to different extent by different treatments with salicylic acid (0.25 and 0.5 mM) and FeSO4-EDTA solution (0.25 mM and 0.5 mM). The recovery in biomass of clusterbean plants was maximum with combined soil pretreatment and foliar application of 0.50 FeSO4-EDTA solution. In current study, salicylic acid application by different modes also emerged as a potential way to ameliorate Cr toxicity from economically important crops or plants.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on osmoprotective role of trehalose in thermotolerance of wheat (triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Yogita; Madan, ShashiThe present investigation was carried out to study the osmoprotective role of trehalose in thermotolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two wheat genotypes viz. WH-730 (thermotolerant) and WH-711 (thermo-sensitive) were grown under control conditions in seed germinator at 25ºC. The 10 days old seedlings were exposed to 35ºC. These seedlings were supplied with Hogland solution containing 1mM and 2mM trehalose. All biochemical (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and physiological parameters were studied in the leaves of control (25ºC), stressed (35ºC) and trehalose (1mM and 2mM) treated seedlings on 15th day of germination. Analysis of data revealed that activity of H2O2 scavenging enzymes such as CAT, POX and APX increased under heat stress in both the genotypes while decreased with the increasing concentration of trehalose from 1mM to 2mM. The LOX activity, MDA and H2O2 content increased under heat stress conditions when compared with controls reflecting the higher lipid peroxidation and free radical production under stressed conditions whereas trehalose helped to recover from damage due to lipid peroxidation and free radical production. The metabolites like ascorbic acid and trehalose were increased under stressed conditions. Upon trehalose treatment, reduction in ascorbic acid content was observed while trehalose content further increased under trehalose treatment. The glucose content reduced under heat stress, but increased in treated seedlings. Physiological parameters like relative water content, osmotic potential, membrane thermo-stability and ratio of chlorophyll a and b were found to be higher in trehalose treated seedlings in comparison to stressed conditions. Excised leaf water loss capacity (ELWL) increased under stress conditions whereas trehalose treatment decreased ELWL.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Studies on amelioration of phytotoxic effect of chromium (VI) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Sweety; Joshi, U.N.The present investigation had been done to study the effect of amelioration of toxic effect of Cr (VI) on morphological and biochemical parametersof sorghum. The plants were grown in plastic pots with four level of chromium concentration [control (0.0, 1.0 mg Cr (VI) kg -1 soil,2.0 mg Cr (VI) kg -1 soiland 4.0mg Cr (VI) kg -1 soil).To ameliorate the toxic effect of Cr (VI) given different treatments of salicylic acid and ferrous sulphate viz. pre-treatment, soil treatment and foliar spray or both. Morphological parameters like plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem and root decreased with an increasein the chromium concentration. The chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll content decreased whereas, structural carbohydrates viz. NDF, ADF, cellulose, lignin and silica significantly increased with increasing chromium concentration. Nonstructural carbohydrate (total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars), crude protein content and IVDMD decreased with an increase in chromium concentration. Minerals like sodium, chromium and zinc content increased with increase in chromium concentration. The iron and potassium content decreased with increase in chromium concentration. Growth of sorghum plant was reduced very significantly in excess chromium. This loss in growth of sorghum plant was recovered partially by different treatments by salicylic acid (0.5 mM) andFeSO 4-EDTA solution (0.25 mM and 0.5 mM). The recovery in biomass of sorghum was maximum when FeSO4-EDTA solution was applied through both the ways i.e. through roots and through foliar spray together.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical characterization of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, 2014) Himani; Madan, ShashiDurum wheat (Triticum durum L.) serves as the main raw material for high quality pasta products and diverse range of foods. Its high protein content, gluten strength, kernel hardness, size, golden amber color, high beta-carotene content and excellent cooking quality makes it most suitable for preparation of wide range of products. Therefore the present investigation was carried out to identify durum wheat genotypes superior in grain quality traits. Thus 36 durum wheat genotypes (NIVT-4) grown during the winter season of 2012-13 in the field of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding were evaluated for various biochemical, physico-chemical, morphological parameters besides micronutrients and grain yield attributes. Leaf samples collected at the heading stage were used for the estimation of morphological parameters. The genotypes viz. HD 4730, PDW 337, WHD 954 and PBND 1625 were found promising for flag leaf area, specific leaf weight and plant height. The genotypes UAS 448, PDW 337 and HD 4728 were out performed with respect to biochemical parameters. Quality parameters viz. protein content, crude fibre and gluten were found higher in three genotypes viz. PDW 337, UAS 448 and WHD 954 while β-carotene content was highest in RKD 255 (6.87 μg/g). Other genotypes viz. NIDW 793 and WHD 953 also had more than 6.5 μg/g β-carotene content. Sedimentation value of 44 ml was found in PDW 337 and DDW 27. Lysine content was found maximum in WHD 954. The genotypes PDW 337 and UAS 448 had better physical characteristics with respect to grain appearance score, grain hardness and hectolitre weight. The genotypes PDW 337 and UAS 448 recorded higher values of Fe and Mn content while genotypes MACS 3931 and PDW 335 recorded higher concentrations of Zn and Cu respectively. The genotypes HD 4730, WHD 954 and PBND1625 showed better performance for most of the yield related traits. Significant and positive correlation among different quality and yield traits were also observed.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical studies in oat (Avena sp.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Monika Rani; Joshi, U.N.Oat (Avena sativa L.), a constitute of family Gramineae ranks sixth in world cereal production. The crop is widely cultivated for use as food, feed and fodder. Being a highly nutritious cereal, especially rich in fat, protein, vit.B1, phosphorous and iron, it is used for human consumption as well as for poultry, dairy cattle and other animals. However, information regarding the regrowth and biochemical constituents in these species is not available. Therefore, present study was done to find out the nutritive value of forage oat during single cut or multicut management, grains of oat and the biochemical parameters responsible for regrowth of oat genotypes. For this, fourteen oat genotypes were grown in field of forage research section of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding following RBD. Plant samples were collected at 75 DAS and 50% flowering for multicut and at 50% flowering for single cut and estimation of various biochemical parameters was done. Considerable increase in fresh weight of the oat genotypes was observed at second cut. Two genotypes viz., HFO865 and HFO873 showed great increase in fresh weight. Macronutrient and fructans concentration decreased progressively by 25-70 per cent with advancement in plant age and is maximum in HJ-8 and minimum in OS-6.The cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF and Cellulose) exhibited upward trend with the plant maturity. The content was found highest in HJ-8 in all the cut management systems. Roots and stubbles of multicut genotype(HJ8) had high content of fructan, macronutrients, micronutrient and carbon content than the single cut genotype (OS6). The study indicates that fructan, micronutrients, macronutrients and carbon content playing an important role in regeneration of multicut genotype (HJ8).ThesisItem Open Access Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water limiting conditions(CCSHAU, 2014) Dalal, Sudha; Jain, VeenaFour indica/Basmati and aerobic rice varieties (HBC19, HKR47, MAS25 and MAS26) were used to study various morpho-physiological, biochemical parameters under water limiting conditions. For this the plants were grown in pots and were subjected to flooded as well as aerobic water conditions and in another experiment PEG induced water stress of -1 and -2 bar was generated in hydroponic conditions. Aerobic rice genotypes performed better than indica/Basmati rice varieties under aerobic as well as water stressed conditions in all aspects of physio-morphological and biochemical attributes. Large deviation was observed in all rice genotypes for shoot length, root length, dry shoot weight and dry root weight in six weeks old seedlings when grown under aerobic conditions and in hydroponic system (at -1 and -2 bar). Relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential reduced significantly under water limiting conditions in all the varieties. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) (viz. .O2 - and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), which is an indicator of cell membrane damage also increased in all the cultivars with higher level of increment in the conventional cultivars than aerobic rice varieties. The total level of ascorbic acid glutathione and proline was higher in aerobic rice varieties under water limiting conditions in both the experiments. Water stress had differential effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots and roots of conventional and aerobic cultivars. Under hydroponic system, SOD activity increased in all the cultivars however, the increase was higher in aerobic rice varieties. Though it declined in all the cultivars under aerobic conditions in pot experiment, yet the total activity in aerobic genotypes under water limiting conditions was higher than that of conventional varieties under control conditions. CAT activity decreased in shoots of all rice cultivars however, in roots the CAT activity remained unchanged and increased in conventional rice varieties and decreased in aerobic rice varieties grown under aerobic conditions. Under hydroponic conditions CAT activity enhanced at -1 bar but declined at -2 bar level of stress in both shoots and roots. Water stress resulted in increased activity of POX and APX in both tissues of all the cultivars in both the experiments but absolute were significantly more in MAS25 and MAS26. Water stress decrease GR activity in shoots but GR activity increase in roots in all the varieties yet the total values were higher in aerobic rice varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Partial purification and characterization of Hexokinase from developing grains of thermotolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)”(CCSHAU, 2013) Fageria, Leena; Singal, H. R.Wheat grain is the dominant grain of world commerce and is the staple food of millions of people worldwide. High temperature beyond 30 0 C, which is usually encountered during later part of grain filling period, affects grain yield (reduction by 20-50 per cent) and grain quality. Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in wheat grains. It is synthesized from sucrose, which is the principal product of leaf photosynthesis and transported to the wheat grain. As this sucrose enters the cell, it is metabolized to produce fructose and glucose. Hexokinase (HXK) is an important enzyme as it catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation of hexoses to hexose-phosphates. The hexose-phosphates produced catalyzes synthesis of starch. Keeping above in view, the present investigations were conducted to purify and characterize hexokinase from developing grains of thermotolerant wheat. Hexokinase was purified to near homogeneity (as revealed by single band on Native-PAGE) from immature grains (21 days after anthesis) of thermotolerant wheat WH-1021 by using conventional protein purification techniques viz. 30-60% ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration through sephadex G-100. The enzyme was purified about 19.27 fold with 48.43 per cent recovery. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration and subunit molecular weight as determined by SDS-PAGE (single band) were found to be 50 kDa, indicating that enzyme is a monomer. The purified enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 8 and 35 0 C. It was thermostable upto 50 0 C. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km value of 2.5 mM and 1.82 mM for Glc and ATP as substrate, respectively. Amongst various nucleotides and metabolites tested AMP, ADP, UDP, CTP and G-6-P were found to be the potent inhibitors of purified hexokinase, inhibiting the enzyme activity by 13, 16, 5, 37 and 13%, respectively. However, GTP, UTP, G-1,6-BP and F-1,6-BP acted as poor inhibitors of the enzyme. The enzyme activity was stimulated by K + and Mg 2+ while Cu 2+ and Co 2+ inhibited the activity at 5 mM concentration. To summarize, higher thermostability of enzyme is suggestive of enzyme’s adaptation to high temperature stress.ThesisItem Open Access Role of biochemical components in Bacterial Blight(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis) resistance in clusterbean(CCSHAU, 2013) Sumanlata; Joshi, U.N.The present investigation had been done to study role of biochemical components in bacterial blight ( Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis ) resistance in clusterbean. Clusterbean crop (cv. HG563, FS277, PNB, C. serrata) was raised in pots filled with 5 kg of sieved sandy soil in a naturally lit net house. Two sets of 15 pots of each genotype were maintained. One set was kept as control and another set was inoculated with Xanthomonas axonopodis bacterial suspension at 30 - 35 days after sowing (DAS) and humidity was maintained before and after inoculation. Morphological parameters like fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoot decreased with infection but increased with advancement stages. Chlorophyll, non- structural carbohydrate and crude protein content decreased in inocul ated leaves as compared to uninoculated one . Oxidative enzymes activity (PPO, POX, PAL and TAL), phenolic content and structural carbohydrates (ADF, Cellulose, Lignin and Silica) increased in inoculated leaves. From the present study it may be concluded th at biochemical constituents - like lignin, total phenols, flavanols, peroxidase, PAL, TAL, PPO and catalase might plays an important role in bacterial blight resistance in clusterbean.