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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access To evaluate the compatibility and efficacy of post-emergence herbicidal combinations tank mixed with zinc and iron sulphate against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Jitender; AmarjeetWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major cereal food crops of the world. Weeds are one of major biotic factors affecting wheat production significantly and now a days, micronutrients deficiency is also being observed in mostly wheat growing areas. Very less information is available regarding compatibility of herbicides with micronutrients. Field experiment was conducted at RRS, Bawal during Rabiseason of 2018-19 to evaluate the compatibility of post-emergence herbicidal combinations with Zn or/and Fe. Experiment consisted of 18 treatments replicated thrice, was laid outin Randomized Block Design. Four herbicidal combinations viz. clodinafop + metsulfuron@ 60 g/ha, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron @ 32g/ha, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron @ 14.4 g/ha, pinoxaden + carfentrazone @ (50 + 20g/ha) were evaluated for compatibility with Zn {ZnSO4(0.5%) + urea (2.5%)}, Fe {FeSO4 (0.5%)} and with both Zn as well as Fe {ZnSO4 (0.5 %) + urea (2.5 %) + FeSO4 (0.5 %)}. The results of experiment revealed that all four herbicidal combinations studied were found compatible with Zn and Fe as well. Tank mixing of herbicidal combinations with Zn or Fe exhibited a bit improvement in growth and yield of wheat. While, tank mixing of both Zn and Fe with herbicidal combinations showed significant increase in growth parameters and subsequently grain as well as biological yield of wheat as compared to sole application of respective herbicidal combination. Among all the treatments, application of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (14.4 g/ha) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + urea (2.5%) + FeSO4 (0.5%) was observed as most productive with highest grain yield (5655 kg/ha) and profitable with highest net returns (Rs. 60973/ha) and B:C (1.88).Satisfactory weed control was observed with all the treatments of herbicidal combinations Tank mixing of Zn and Fe improved the efficacy of herbicidal combinations by improving competitive ability of wheat through better growth resulting into higher weed control efficiency. The uncontrolled weeds caused 34 per cent loss in grain yield.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of seed rate for late sown wheat genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-07) Nasrullah; Dhaka, A. KA field experiment entitled “Optimization of seed rate for late sown wheat genotypes” was conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was comprised of three wheat genotypes viz. WH 1124, HD 3059 and DBW 90 as main plot treatments and five seed rates viz. 100.0 kg/ha, 112.5 kg/ha, 125.0 kg/ha, 137.5 kg/ha and 150.0 kg/ha as sub plot treatments. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Based on the one year research investigation it was concluded that genotypes and seed rates significantly affected growth, yield attributes and yield of late sown wheat. Among genotypes, WH 1124 was found most suitable and economical wheat genotype for late sown condition, which was recorded with significantly higher biological yield (11858 kg/ha), grain yield (4843 kg/ha), effective tillers/mrl (85.2), grains per spike (53.5), boldest grain (38.7 g), LAI at 90 DAS (4.54), dry matter accumulation/mrl (153.4 g), plant height (98.2 cm), net returns (Rs. 52735/ha) and B: C (1.68) at harvest. Among seed rates, highest seed rate of 150 kg/ha was found optimum to obtain higher yield and economical performance for late sown wheat. Yield attributes except effective tillers/mrl were reduced significantly with increase of seed rate from 100 – 150 kg/ha. Seed rate of 150 kg/ha being statistically at par with 125 and 137.5 kg/ha was recorded with significantly higher biological yield (11900 kg/ha), grain yield (4909 kg/ha), effective tillers/mrl (86.5), LAI at 90 DAS (4.50), dry matter accumulation/mrl (153.6 g), plant height (98.4 cm), net returns (Rs. 52906/ha) and B: C (1.68) at harvest, which were 6.2, 9.7, 9.1, 23.0, 8.8, 3.6, 18.9 and 6.3 per cent higher over 100 kg/ha seed rate, respectively. So, wheat genotype WH 1124 should be sown with a seed rate of 150 kg/ha to obtain maximum yield and economics in late sown condition.ThesisItem Open Access Status and evaluation of herbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus L. and its management in wheat(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-12) Dahiya, Seema; Sewhag, MeenaHerbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus in wheat could be a major sustainability issue, which can put the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in IGP under serious threat. The investigation entitled “Status and evaluation of herbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus L. and its management in wheat” comprising of a wellstructured survey carried out during rabi season of 2018-19 (end of January to February 2019), a pot bioassay study conducted at screen house, CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Karnal during rabi season of 2018-19 and a two year field experiment, carried out during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at KVK, Panipat. The survey was conducted in three districts (Panipat, Karnal and Kurukshetra) of Haryana. Two blocks were selected from each district and two villages from each block and a total number of 120 farmers were covered from 12 villages involving 10 farmers from each village. The diagnostic survey in three districts of Haryana indicating that the use of metsulfuron-methyl is decreasing over the years from 61.1% in 2016-17 to 23.8% in 2018-19 and that of metribuzin is increasing from 6.49% in 2016-17 to 41.27% in 2018-19. Majority of farmers apply herbicide for control of R. dentatus during 35- 35 DAS. More than 80% farmers use flood jet/ cut nozzle instead of using recommended flat fan nozzle by only 19% of total farmers. Almost all farmers have heard about herbicide resistance (99.9%) and they follow herbicide rotation (85.8%) after an average of 2.04 years. Spraying was done mostly by hired labor (70.3%) but in the presence of farmers. Around 75% farmers do not follow crop rotation. Farmers perceptions about poor efficacy of herbicide were mainly poor quality of herbicide and herbicide resistance. Overall farmers assign first rank to 2,4-D with 1.36 rating and after 2,4-D, metribuzin was the second choice of farmers and assign 1.45 rating. Farmers have assigned 3rd position to clodinafop+ metribuzin with 2.07 rating. Metsulfuron-methyl was reported for not showing any control, so it was placed at last position by farmers with overall 2.96 rating. The numbers of farmers going for second spray was increased from 15.9% in 2016-17 to 55.6% in 2018-19 similarly numbers of farmers going for herbicide > 1 to 2 X dose of herbicide has been increased from 5.6% in 2016-17 to 53.0% in 2018-19. It may be concluded that there is problem with control of R. dentatus particularly by use of metsulfuron-methyl in Haryana. From pot bioassay study, it can be concluded that three biotype of R. dentatus viz.Ujha, Bhagwanpur and Gudha have been found resistance to metsulfuron-methyl at graded doses. None of the biotype was found resistance of carfentrazone-ethyl and 2,4-D. The findings of the study established that problem of resistance in R. dentatus in Haryana. From the field experiment, it can be concluded that pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1), 2,4-D ester (600 g ha-1), 2,4-D Na (1000 g ha-1), carfentrazone+ metsulfuron (25 g ha-1) were found at par to weed free treatment and also found as best treatments for controlling resistance population of R. dentatus and beside these carfentrazone-ethyl (20 g ha-1), 2,4-D amine (750 g ha-1) and metribuzin (210 g ha-1) were also found effective for controlling resistance population of R. dentatus. In nutshell, based on this study it may be concluded that resistance has started developing in R. dentatus against metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D, carfentrazone-ethyl, pendimethalin, carfentrazone+ metsulfuron and metribuzin could be used as alternate herbicide with proper spray techniques.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of herbicides for control of broad-leaf weeds in wheat(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Ahmad Farhad Nekhat; Dhaka, Anil KumarA field experiment entitled “Evaluation of herbicides for control of broad-leaf weeds in wheat” was conducted during Rabi season of 2018-19 at Research Farm area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. The experiment was comprised of twelve post emergence herbicides (sole and their mixture) treatment i.e (Halauxifen-methyl ester + florasulam 40.85%WG + polyglycol 26-2N (0.25% v/v), metsulfuron-methyl 20 WP + 0.25% NIS surfactant, carfentrazone ethyl 40DF, 2, 4-D Na (80WP), 2, 4-D Ester (38 EC), metsulfurone-methyl 10% WP + carfentrazone 40DF + 0.2% surfactant, 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone, 2, 4-D Ester + carfentrazone, halauxifen-methyl + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant, aclonifen 500 SC, diflufenican 100 SC and aclonifen 500 + diflufenican 100 SC) with different doses applied at 35 DAS, one weed free and weedy check on wheat variety WH 1105. Experiment was laid out in randomised block design with three replications. The major broad-leaf weeds infested wheat field were Chenopodium album, Convulvolus arvensis, Rumex dentatus, Anagallis arvensis and Melitotus indicus. Among all the herbicides and their mixtures tested, application of aclonifen 500 + diflufenican 100 SC @ 1750 + 1750 g/ha closely followed by application of Halauxifen-methyl + Florasulam + Carfentrazone + surfactant @ 24.99 + 50 + 750 g/ha at 35 DAS was found most effective against broad-leaf weeds except Convolvulus arevensis in wheat. Application of aclonifen 500 + diflufenican 100 SC @ 1750 + 1750 g/ha at 35 DAS was recorded with significantly higher plant height (110.7 cm), dry matter accumulation (346.3 g/mrl), effective tillers (107.7 /mrl), grains per spike (54.7), grain yield (6282 kg/ha), weed control efficiency (71.7%), net returns (65,733 Rs./ha) and B:C (1.82) at harvesting, which were 15.3, 18.3, 17.4, 21.6, 50.9, 71.1, 193.7 and 41.1 percent higher than weedy check plot, respectively. Based on study it is concluded that application of aclonifen 500 + diflufenican 100 SC @ (1750 + 1750 g/ha) at 35 days after sowing may be the most effective and economical to control the broad-leaf weeds and to obtain higher yield of wheatThesisItem Open Access Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus requirement of timely sown bed planted wheat under varying irrigation levels(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Zabihullah; Suresh KumarA field experiment entitled, “Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus requirement of timely sown bed planted wheat under varying irrigation levels” was conducted during Rabi 2018-19 at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India situated in the sub-tropical region at 29° 10' N latitude and 75° 46' E longitude at an elevation of 215.2 m above mean sea level in a semi-arid climate. The experiment soil loamy sand in texture, normal in reaction, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, high in available potassium. The experiment comprised of four irrigation levels viz., two, three, four and five irrigations as main plot treatments and four fertilizer levels viz., 80%, 90%, 100% and 110% recommended NP as sub-plot treatments laid out in split-plot design with three replications. Based on the research investigation, it was found that irrigation and fertilizer levels both significantly influenced the phenology, growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of bed planted wheat crop. The increase in irrigation levels from two to five as well as fertilizer levels from 80% NP to 110% NP increased the crop duration, growth parameters (plant height, number of tillers, LAI and dry matter accumulation), yield attributes and grain and straw. Five irrigations in bed planted wheat recorded significantly higher grain yield (5022kg ha-1), straw yield (8578kg ha-1), effective tillers/m2 (534.0), grains/spike (64.0), 1000-grain weight (43.8 g), return on variable cost (77432Rs/ha), and B:C (2.43) compared to other irrigation levels. Water productivity of irrigation water was maximum (31.83 kg/ha-mm) with two irrigations, while that of total water was maximum with three irrigations (15.97 kg/ha-mm) and it decreased with increase in irrigation levels. Among the fertilizer levels, application of 110% NP recorded significantly higher grain yield (4765 kg ha-1), straw yield (8134 kg ha-1), effective tillers/m2 (526.9), grains/spike (64.0), test weight (43.6 g), return on variable cost (73024 Rs/ha), and B:C (2.40), but the increase in beyond 100% NP was non-significant. The water productivity increased with increase in fertilizer levels. The interaction effects between irrigation and fertilizer levels for different parameters were not found significant.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of dual purpose wheat under different cutting and nitrogen schedule(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Abdul Rauf; Bhagat SinghA field experiment entitled “Performance of dual purpose wheat under different cutting and nitrogen schedule” was conducted during Rabi season 2018-19 at wheat section research area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was comprised of three cutting schedules (45 DAS, 55 DAS and 65 DAS) as main plot treatments and six nitrogen schedules (N1- 1/3 basal +1/3 at first irrigation and 1/3 after cut, N2- ½ basal + ½ at first irrigation, N3-½ basal and ½ after cut, N4- ¼ basal +½ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut, N5 - ½ basal +¼ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut. N6 - ¼ basal +¼ at first irrigation and ½ after cut) as sub plot treatments. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Based on the research investigation, it was found that different cutting schedules significantly influenced the growth parameter, yield , yield attributes and economics of dual purpose wheat crop. Among different cutting schedule at maturity maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation (415.0g) and number of tillers per mrl (112.2) were recorded when crop was cut at 45 DAS for green fodder as compared to rest of the cutting schedules. Crop cut at 65 DAS took significantly higher days to 50% heading and maturity as compared to cut at 55 and 45 DAS. Crop cut at 45 DAS for green fodder and left for grain resulted in maximum number of effective tillers per mrl (102.87), grains per ear head (47.61) and 1000 grain weight (42.57g), which were significantly higher than crop cut at 55 DAS and 65 DAS for green fodder. Whereas, crop cut at 65 DAS for green fodder resulted in significantly higher green fodder yield (247.98 qha-1) as compared to crop cut at 45 and 55 DAS. Crop cut at 45 DAS for green fodder produced maximum grain yield (61.36 qha-1), straw yield (98.12 qha-1) and biological yield (159.49 qha-1), which was significantly higher than cut at 55 DAS and 65 DAS. Whereas, minimum grain yield (47.42 kg ha-1) and biological yield (114.04 q ha-1) were recorded when crop cut at 65 DAS for green fodder. When crop was cut for green fodder at 65 DAS resulted in significantly higher gross (`181644 ha-1) and net returns (`79820 ha-1) and B C ratio (1.78). Nitrogen schedules significantly increased growth parameter, yield performance and economics of wheat crop. Among different nitrogen schedule, at maturity N3 resulted in significantly taller plants (65.6 cm), maximum dry matter (364.3 g) and number of tillers (109.0 mrl) as compared N2. Nitrogen schedules did not affect phenology of the crop significantly. Maximum number of effective tillers, grain per ear head and 1000 grain weight were recorded when half nitrogen applied as basal and rest of nitrogen was applied after cut. Maximum green fodder yield (266.25 qha-1) was recorded when full nitrogen dose was applied before cutting i.e. half nitrogen dose was applied as basal and remaining half dose of nitrogen was applied at first irrigation (N2). Whereas, maximum grain yield (56.88 q ha-1) and biological yield were recorded when half nitrogen dose was applied as basal and half dose of nitrogen was applied after cut which was significantly higher than treatment in N2 and N5 but at par with in N1, N4 and N6. Whereas, minimum grain yield (54.09 qha-1) was recorded with N2. Maximum gross return (`179168 ha-1), net return (`77344 ha-1) and B C ratio (1.76) were recorded when nitrogen were applied as ¼ basal + ½ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut. For dual purpose wheat one cut at 65 DAS for green fodder along nitrogen (150kg ha-1) applied in split doses i.e. ¼ as basal + ½ at first irrigation and ¼ after cut or 1/3 basal + 1/3 at first irrigation and 1/3 after cut was found economically better.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties for grain yield and malt quality at various nitrogen levels under saline water irrigation(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Amandeep Kaur; SatyavanThe present investigation entitled, “Performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties for grain yield and malt quality at various nitrogen levels under saline water irrigation” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objective to study the growth, yield, quality and radiation and thermal use efficiency of different barley varieties and to find out the optimum dose of nitrogen under saline water irrigation. The experiment was laid out in split plot design by keeping four varieties (BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and DWRB 101) in main plots and four nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 ) in sub plots with four replications. The crop was irrigated with saline water of ECiw 8.0 dS m -1 . Both 6-row barley varieties BH 902 and BH 946 recorded significantly higher growth attributes, number of grains spike-1 , straw yield and biological yield, while 2-row barley varieties BH 885 and DWRB 101 produced significantly higher number of effective tillers m-1 row length, spike length and 1000-grain weight. Maximum grain yield was produced by variety BH 946 which was statistically at par with variety DWRB 101 but was significantly higher than variety BH 902 and BH 885. On an average, variety BH 946 recorded highest grain yield of 51.51q ha-1 which was 5.1, 7.3 and 14.7% higher as compared to DWRB 101, BH 902 and BH 885, respectively. Both 2 rowed barley varieties BH 885 and DWRB 101 recorded significantly higher hectolitre weight, starch content and malt recovery as compared to BH 902 and BH 946, whereas protein content, diastatic power, α-amylase activity and Na: K in plants at spike initiation stage were significantly higher in 6-row barley varieties BH 902 and BH 946. Maximum radiation use efficiency and thermal use efficiency was recorded by variety BH 946 which was statistical at par with DWRB 101 and significantly higher than BH 902 and BH 885. Nitrogen application significantly increased all the growth and yield attributes of barley varieties. Each increment of nitrogen dose produced significantly higher grain yield up to 60 kg ha-1 and further increasing the nitrogen dose up to 90 kg ha-1 did not significantly influence the grain yield under saline irrigation water. Nitrogen application at 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 enhanced the grain yield by 25.3, 34.0 and 34.7%, respectively over control. Based on the regression equations and regression coefficients, the optimum dose of nitrogen for variety BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and DWRB 101 was found as 74.5, 74.9, 71.8, 69.2 kg ha-1 , respectively. Nitrogen application significantly enhanced the hectolitre weight, protein content in grains, α-amylase activity and diastatic power, while starch content, malt recovery and Na: K at spike initiation stage were significantly decreased.ThesisItem Open Access Temporal and spatial management for higher productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under changing climate scenario(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-10) Abhinaw Kumar Singh; Bikram SinghThe study entitle “Temporal and spatial management for higher productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under changing climate scenario”. was conducted with the following objectives: (i) To find out the optimum seed rate and row spacing for barley under different sowing dates. (ii) To study the growth, yield and quality of barley under different agronomic practices. (iii) To study the nutrient and soil moisture extraction by barley under different agronomic management practices. (iv) To work out the economics of different treatments. The present study was conducted at the Regional Research Station (Bawal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four dates of sowing viz., D1 (last week of October), D2 (1st week of November), D3 (2nd week of November) and D4 (3rd week of November) and two seed rates viz., recommended and 110 % of recommended were kept as main plot and three row spacings viz., 17.5 cm, 20 cm and 22.5 cm (recommended) as sub plot. The results of study revealed that all the Phenological, Growth and Physiological parameters; Yield and its attributes; Quality and Nutrient parameters, Water Use Efficiency and Net returns were significantly superior under D1 (last week of October), followed by D2, D3 and D4 in descending order except malt content sown crop under changing agro-climatic conditions of Haryana. Increasing seed rate from S1 @ 87.5 kg/ha to S2 @ 96.5 kg/ha had no significant effect on the above cited parameters under study. Row spacing 20 cm (R2) was found optimum than other spacings 17.5 cm (R1) and 22.5 cm (R3) and R2 had higher values of all the parameters. For achieving consistently higher grain yield and net returns from barley under changing climate, it should be sown between last week of October to 1st week of November with seed rate of 87.5 kg/ha and at a row spacing of 20 cm.ThesisItem Open Access Schedule of nitrogen application in rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by planting time(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Kavinder; Mangat RamA field experiment on rice crop was conducted during Kharif season of 2017 and 2018 at Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to find out optimum schedule of nitrogen application in rice under timely and late transplanting for getting higher yield. Soil of the experimental field was loamy in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.0), low in organic carbon (0.42%) and available nitrogen (103 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (26 kg/ha) and high in available potash (552 kg K/ha). The experiment consisted of three transplanting dates (P1: 3rd week of June, P2: 1st week of July, P3: 3rd week of July), four levels of N application (90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N/ha) and four timings of N application (T1: ½ at transplanting + ½ at 21 DAT, T2: ½ at 21 DAT + ½ at 42 DAT, T3: 1/3 at transplanting + 1/3 at 21 DAT + 1/3 at 42 DAT and T4: LCC based) laid out in split-plot design with transplanting dates and N levels in main plots and time of N application in sub-plots. The crop growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation were reduced significantly under late planting (P3) but grain quality parameters viz. hulling, milling and head rice recovery improved significantly under the late planting. The crop yield attributes (number of panicles/m2 and grains/panicle) and grain yield of rice crop were at par under earlier planting (P1 and P2) but reduced significantly under late transplanting (P3). Uptake of NPK by grain and straw and nitrogen use efficiency was higher with early planting. The yield attributes and yield (grain and straw) of the crop increased with every increase in N application rates but the response was significant up to 150 kg N/ha. Uptake of NPK increased but nitrogen use efficiency decreased with higher N levels. Application of N in three equal splits at 0 (transplanting), 21 and 42 days after transplanting (DAT) or as per LCC was found optimum as it gave the highest yield as well as nitrogen use efficiency. Interaction between transplanting time and N application levels was found significant in respect of grain yield/ha which revealed that a dose of 150 kg N/ha was sufficient in rice transplanted early (up to 1st week of July) whereas the late transplanted (3rd week of July) crop may be supplied with higher dose of N (180 kg/ha) to get higher yield. The highest yield was, however, obtained with the crop transplanted early (up to 1st week of July) and supplied with 150 kg N/ha.
