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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Production efficiency of mungbeanwheat (Desi) system under different inorganic and organic sources of nutrients(CCSHAU, 2013) Neelam; Nanwal, R.K.The field experiment entitled “Production efficiency of Mungbean-wheat (Desi) system under different inorganic and organic sources of nutrients” was conducted during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Agronomy Research Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar (India). The experiment consisting of seven treatments was laid out in randomized block Design with five replications. In mungbean crop treatment T7 (100% RDF) exhibited highest growth character. Yield contributing characters were recorded highest in T5 and/or T7 (T2+75% RDF and 100% RDF). Seed, straw and biological yield of mungbean increased with progressive increase in fertilizer dose. The pooled grain yield was recorded highest in T5 (1291 kg ha-1). In mungbean-wheat cropping sequence N and P uptake by mungbean seed and straw was higher in integrated nutrient management treatment (T5) as compared to inorganic fertilizer. In wheat crop, treatments T5 recorded highest value in most of the growth characters during both the years. Yield contributing characters were recorded highest in T5 during both the years of study except number of spikes per metre row length during second year which was found highest in treatment T4. Similarly, highest grain, straw as well as biological yield was recorded in T5 during both the years. Pooled grain yield was recorded highest in T5 (2950 kg ha-1), at par with T7 (2906 kg ha-1) and T4 (2896 kg ha-1) and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Protein content was found highest in treatment T7 (100% RDF) with the value of 11.7% during both the years of experimentation. Maximum net returns were obtained in T7 during first and second year, respectively. The available N and K in soil increased due to the application of T2+75% RDF (T5), during both the years of study.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on irrigation scheduling in wheatcluster bean sequence under different crop establishment techniques(CCSHAU, 2014) G A, Rajanna; Dhindwal, A.S.A field experiment entitled, “Studies on irrigation scheduling in wheat-cluster bean sequence under different crop establishment techniques” was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14 and kharif 2013 and 2014. There were 12 treatment combinations with Four main plot treatments viz. conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), zero tillage (ZT) and FIRBS; and three sub plot treatments i.e., I1: CRI+IW:CPE=0.90, I2: CRI+IW:CPE=0.75 and I3: CRI+IW:CPE=0.60 for wheat and I1: IW:CPE=0.80, I2: IW:CPE=0.70 and I3: IW:CPE=0.60 for cluster bean. FIRBS (bed) planting wheat resulted in significantly higher growth and yield parameters during 2012- 13 and 2013-14 crop seasons compared to CT and MT but the difference between FIRBS and ZT was not marked. Irrigation applied at CRI+IW/CPE=0.90 produced significantly higher growth parameters and yield parameters during both the crop seasons as compared to other irrigation schedules. FIRBS (bed) planted wheat produced significantly higher grain yield of wheat i.e., 5165 kg ha-1 during 2012-13 and 5508 kg ha-1 during 2013-14 as well as pooled grain yield of 5337 kg ha-1 as compared to CT and MT but the difference between FIRBS and ZT was at par with each other. Application of irrigation at CRI+IW/CPE=0.90 (4945 kg ha-1) during 2012-13 and during 2013-14 (5299 kg ha-1) as well as on pooled basis (5122 kg ha-1) as compared to other irrigation schedules. In the year, net returns (` 40452 ha-1 during 2012-13 and ` 49668 ha- 1 during 2013-14) and B:C (1.92 and 2.06, respectively) were significantly higher with ZT compared to other techniques. The total consumptive water by the wheat crop was 12% and 9% lower under FIRBS during 2012-13 and 2013-14 compared to CT. The total water use was around 8% and 9% lower under CRI+IW/CPE=0.75 compared to CRI+IW/CPE=0.90 during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. Highest WUE was obtained with FIRBS (144.6 and 155.4 kg ha-cm-1) compared to other crop establishment techniques during both the crop seasons, respectively. Growth and yield parameters of cluster bean were significantly highest with FIRBS than ZT and MT during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Seed yield of cluster bean was significantly higher in FIRBS i.e., 900 and 471 kg ha-1 during 2013 and 2014, respectively compared to ZT, MT and CT. Net returns were significantly higher with FIRBS planting i.e., ` 20148 ha-1 during 2013 and ` 3183 ha-1 during 2014 as well as B:C i.e., 1.85 in 2013 and 1.13 in 2014 compared to other crop establishment. FIRBS (bed) planted wheat-cluster bean produced significantly higher WEY of 8233 and 7356 kg ha-1 as well as system net returns i.e., ` 60353 and ` 49741 ha-1 during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively compared to other crop establishment techniques. The WUE of wheat-cluster bean system was found to be highest (88.3 and 81.3 kg ha-cm-1) with FIRBS (bed) planting during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively than other crop establishment techniques.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on green house gas emissions and carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture in maize based cropping systems(CCSHAU, 2014) Parihar, Muli Devi; Nanwal, R.K.The experiment was carried out at the Research Farm, Directorate of Maize Research Pusa New Delhi for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14. The field was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Six conservation tillage practices viz. PB-WR, PB-WOR, ZT-WR, ZTWOR, CT-WR and CT-WOR were taken in the main plots and two cropping system viz. maize-wheat and maize-chickpea in subplots. All growth parameters viz. Plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR were significantly affected by conservation tillage practices. The growth parameters of maize did not influenced due to cropping system. Yield attributes of maize such as cobs/m2 and grains/cob were significantly influenced by conservation tillage practices. Similarly, yield attributes of wheat and chickpea were also significantly influenced. ZT-WR registered 22.4, 20.0 and 18.5 %; 24.3, 12.8 and 14.4% increase in grain, stover and biological yields during 2012 and 2013, respectively. The highest system productivity was realized under ZT-WR (9.97 and 11.13 t/ha) followed by PB-WR (9.65 and 10.65 t/ha) during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. Cropping system did not have a significant effect on growth, yield and soil properties. The maximum gross (132.39 x 103 and 165.14 x 103 /ha) and net returns (87.19 x 103 and 117.03 x 103 /ha) were recorded under ZT-WR practice while, maximum B:C ratio was recorded under ZT-WOR (1.98 and 2.53) during both the years. The maximum C input was estimated under CT-WR whereas maximum C-output and CSI were under ZT-WR. Physical properties like BD, hydraulic conductivity, soil aggregation and infiltration rate were optimum under ZT-WR. Minimum GHGs (CO2 and N2O) emission from soil was recorded in maize followed by chickpea and wheat. Significant highest total CO2 emission in maize- wheat/chickpea cropping system was estimated under CT-WR and minimum under ZT-WOR. Whereas, maximum N2O-N emission was under CT-WOR and minimum under PB-WR.ThesisItem Open Access Agro physiological traits for drought tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Yadav, Arvind Kumar; Anil KumarThe present experiment entitled, “Agro physiological traits for drought tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)” was conducted at Research Farm Area of Crop Physiology, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. The performance of four genotypes viz., HHB 67 ‘Improved’, HHB 197, HHB 223 and HHB 234 were tested under two environments (rainfed and irrigated) in factorial randomized block design with three replications. All the phenological events except days taken to emergence and five leaf stages were early under rainfed condition than irrigated situation. Among the genotypes, HHB 67 ‘Improved’ was earliest to reach various phenophases than all other genotypes. The growth parameters i.e., plant height (cm), total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation (g plant-1), leaf area and crop growth indices (LAI, LAD, NAR and CGR) were significantly higher in the irrigated condition than rainfed environment. All the growth parameters (plant height, total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation plant-1 and leaf area) were significantly higher in genotype HHB 223 under irrigated condition, whereas under rainfed environment these values were better in the genotype HHB 234. Root length was observed deeper under rainfed environment, whereas root biomass was more under irrigated condition. The longer root and higher biomass were noticed in the genotype HHB 234 under rain fed environment whereas under irrigated condition these were more in the HHB 223 and HHB 197. Plant water relation studies showed more values of leaf water potential and relative water content (%), thereby resulting in cooler canopy under irrigated condition than rainfed situation and genotype HHB 234 had reflected more values of these traits and proved to be best yielder under the rainfed environment. Under irrigated condition, genotype HHB 223 had exhibited better plant water status and it was ultimately reflected in terms of yield also. Grain yield and its attributes (earhead bearing tillers, earhead length, earhead girth and test weight) were significantly better under irrigated condition than rain fed situation. The genotype HHB 223 recorded higher number of tillers, earhead length, earhead girth, test weight and grain chaff ratio, grain, stover and biological yields under irrigated condition whereas under rainfed condition, these were higher in genotype HHB 234 as compared to other genotypes. Zinc and iron content were significantly more under rainfed situation than the irrigated condition and genotype HHB 67 ‘Improved’ had the maximum zinc and iron content in the grain to other tested genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Moisture stress management in wheat(CCSHAU, 2013) Patil, Mahesh; Dhindwal, A.S.The field experiment entitled, “Moisture stress management in wheat” was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12. The treatment consisted of four moisture regimes in main plots viz., irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) + 100 mm cumulative pan evapotranspiration (CPE), CRI + 150 mm CPE, CRI + 200 mm CPE and CRI only, and six moisture stress management practices in sub plot viz., No moisture stress management, seed hardening (SH) by CaCl2, SH + KCl spray at 90 days after sowing (DAS), SH + mycorrhizae application at sowing + KCl spray, SH + mycorrhizae + KCl spray + kaolin spray at 115 DAS and pusa hydrogel application at sowing. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications in sandy loam soil. The morpho-physiological parameters namely, plant height, numbers of tillers, leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, seed vigour index, relative water content, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content and canopy temperature depression during both the season were found to be highest with irrigation at CRI + 100 mm CPE closely followed by CRI + 150 mm CPE, CRI + 200 CPE and lowest with irrigation at CRI only. Similar trend was recorded in terms of grain, straw and biological yields, harvest index, number of spikes per m2, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and test weight, and gross income, net return and B: C ratio. Moisture stress management practices of SH + mycorrhizae + KCl spray + kaolin spray had favorable impact on morphological parameters viz., plant height, numbers of tillers, leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, physiological parameters viz., relative water content, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature depression and yield parameters viz., number of spikes per m2, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and test weight. This practice of moisture stress management produced higher grain and straw yield as well as net returns. Reduction in cumulative yield as simulated by CROPWAT model was highest in S4 moisture regime.ThesisItem Open Access Response of late sown wheat to irrigation and nitrogen levels and validation of DSSAT model(CCSHAU, 2014) Mukesh; Pannu, R.K.The investigation entitled “Response of late sown wheat to irrigation and nitrogen levels and validation of DSSAT model” was carried out at the Research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12. The experiment consisting of three irrigation levels viz. one irrigation at CRI (I1), two irrigations at CRI and heading (I2) and four irrigations at CRI, late tillering, heading and milking (I3) in main plots and five nitrogen levels viz. control i.e. 0 kg N/ha (F0), 50 kg N/ha (F1), 100 kg N/ha (F2), recommended dose of nitrogen i.e. 150 kg N/ha (F3) and 200kg N/ha (F4) in sub-plots was laid out in strip plot design with four replications. The plant height, dry matter accumulation, CGR, LAI and LAD increased with increase in irrigation frequency. Among the yield attributes number of effective tillers per mrl, number of grains/spike, test weight, spike length and number of spikelets/spike increased significantly with increase in irrigation frequency. The grain yield increased by 50.6 and 47.5% over I1 and 20.4 and 21.9% over I2 in I3 (3832 and 3989 kg/ha) during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. The increase in irrigation frequency increased the N (33.4 and 31.3 %), P (42.2 and 42.3 %) and K (26.7 and 25.1 %) over I1 and N (16.0 and 15.9 %), P (19.4 and 20.7 %) and K (11.2 and 13.5 %) over I2 in I3 treatment during two years of study, respectively. The NUE also increased by 48.7 and 45.6 % over I1 and 19.8 and 21.2 % over I2 in I3 treatment during both the year of experimentation, respectively. The increased doses of nitrogen application also increased the plant height, dry matter accumulation, CGR, LAI, LAD and the yield attributes number of effective tillers per mrl, number of grain/spike, test weight, spike length and number of spikelets/spike significantly. Nitrogen application responded yields significantly upto 150 kg N/ha. The maximum total N (100.1 and 105.1 kg/ha), P (10 and 10.4 kg/ha) and K (93.9 and 99.4 kg/ha) uptake was recorded with the application of 200 kg N/ha during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively and decreased with decreasing dose of nitrogen.The economic optimum dose for late sown wheat computed was 122.1 kg N/ha for one irrigation, 167.4 kg N/ha for two irrigation and 174.3 kg N/ha for four irrigation, respectively. The DSSAT modelv4.5 validated for Hisar condition to estimate the yield, LAI and nitrogen uptake. The simulated results were within the permissible limit of the error. Maximum net profit (`25600 and ` 24171) and BC ratio (1.55 and 1.46) was recorded with the application of four irrigation with 200 kg N/ha (I3F4) during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Growth, yield and quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as influenced by nitrogen levels(CCSHAU, 2013) Namoobe, Cleto; Nanwal, R.K.The experiment was carried out at the Student Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. The field was laid out in a split plot design following the block randomization system with three replications. Four sorghum varieties (HC 541, HC 308, HC 171 and HJ 513) and five nitrogen levels (0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N ha-1) were taken in the main plots and subplots, respectively. All varieties did not have a significant influence on the phenological growth (Germination, complete tillering, 50% flowering, seed setting and physiological maturity). However, nitrogen application had a significant effect on the phenological growth. All growth parameters viz. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate, were significantly affected by variety and nitrogen application. The growth parameters increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen. Similarly, yield attributes such as number of tillers plant-1, number of panicles plant-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000 grain weight as well as grain, straw, and biological yield were significantly influenced by variety and nitrogen application. Increasing levels of nitrogen led to an increase in all the yield attributes and yield. Application of 100 kg N ha-1 gave the highest grain (1973 and 1950 kg ha-1), straw (18086 and 19347 kg ha-1) and biological (20060 and 21298 kg ha-1) yield in both years, respectively. Varieties did not have a significant effect on harvest index whereas the application of nitrogen had significant effect among nitrogen rates. The application of 100 kg N ha-1 gave better results among all the nitrogen levels. The application of nitrogen had a significant effect on the quality parameters. NPK content and uptake both in grain and straw and total uptake and crude protein content increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. The agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR) and economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) were found to be more than 100 kg N ha-1. The EONR was 143.1, 144.4, 139.3 and 131.5 kg N ha-1 for HJ 541, HC 308, HC 171 and HJ 513, respectively. The nitrogen rate 100 kg ha-1 resulted into the highest net returns and BC ratio. Variety HJ 513 produced the highest yield, net returns and BC ratio with application of 100 kg N ha-1.