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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic diversity and combining ability in guava (Psidium guajava L.)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Rajput, Pushpendra; Kumar, RajeshThe investigation entitled ‘Studies on genetic diversity and combining ability in guava (Psidium guajava L.)’ was conducted at Horticulture Research Center, Patharchatta of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2019 and 2020. The major objectives of the study were to estimate the extent of genetic diversity, variability, correlation, manifestation of heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects. The experiment was laid down in randomized block design with three replications., 26 guava genotypes were evaluated for morphological characters on the basis of UPOV descriptor and 20 crosses were evolved in line × tester mating design with five lines and four testers. The analysis of variance revealed highly statistically significant difference in all attributes that were observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variability of genotypes, high heritability was obtained for fruit weight (99.71 and 99.77 %) and genetic advance as percentage of mean in flesh core diameter (59.43 and 59.34 %) was estimated during rainy as well winter season crops. Genetic divergence through D2 analysis revealed that during rainy season maximum intercluster distance between clusters VII and V (222.86) and during winter in cluster IX and VIII (197.09) exhibited maximum divergence. The results of F1 hybrids represent that highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were recorded in leaf area (15.88 and 17.19 %) and leaf number (15.46 and 15.91 %), respectively. The high magnitude of heritability coupled with genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for leaf numbers (94.46 and 30.96 %). Parents KG-1 Guava among lines and Local Germplasm among testers have good GCA effect for all characters except that ratio of leaf blade length to width. Crosses KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49, KG-1 Guava × Lalit, Hisar Surkha × Pant Prabhat, Sangareddy × Pant Prabhat and Hisar Safeda × Local Germplasm were noted to be consistently good specific combiner for most of the traits. In the case of both relative and better parent heterosis, the F1 crosses namely KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49 and KG-1 Guava × Lalit were the best heterotic combination for the traits plant height, leaf number, number of internode, plant girth, leaf blade length and width, leaf area and SPAD units. The findings of investigation revealed that the parent KG-1 guava and local germplasm (plant height, leaf number, number of internode, plant girth, leaf blade length and width, leaf area, petiole length, internodal length and SPAD units), Lalit (leaf number, number of internodes and ratio of leaf blade length to width) and Hisar Surkha (leaf number and ratio of leaf blade length to width) were promising donor based on the general combining ability. The crosses KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49, KG-1 Guava × Lalit, Hisar Surkha × Pant Prabhat showed the maximum SCA effects. Hence, these crosses may be advanced to recover desirable segregants for the improvement of yield and its contributing charactersThesisItem Open Access Study on heterosis and combining ability in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-05) Thapliyal, Vivek; Bhatt, LalitThe present investigation entitled „Study on heterosis and combining ability in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)‟ was conducted at Vegetable Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during cropping season of 2019 and 2020. The major objectives of the study were to estimate heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for yield and component characters, combining abilities of parents and crosses and to determine the correlation as well as the gene action involved in the expression of traits. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Thirty cross combinations were evolved from 13 cauliflower genotypes by following line × tester mating design with 10 lines and 3 testers. The parents and crosses were evaluated for 15 metric and 8 visual/quality characters. Analysis of variance for all the traits revealed highly significant differences indicating that there was considerable variability for these traits among the genotypes. Cross combinations namely COMP-3 × Pant Gobhi-3, PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna, INB-9-2 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-120 × Pusa Meghna exhibited significant heterobeltiosis for curd yield along with most of the yield attributing characters. PC-100 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-65 × Pusa Meghna also exhibited significant desirable heterobeltiosis for a number of traits like plant height, lamina length, leaf length, leaf width, etc. In case of standard heterosis, cross combination COMP-3 × Pant Gobhi-3 exhibited high significant value for almost all the characters except plant spread, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, stalk length and days to harvest. Other cross combinations exhibiting significant standard heterosis for curd yield along with other yield attributing traits were COMP-3 × Sabour Agrim, INB- 9-2 × Pusa Meghna, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3. Lines namely COMP-3, DC-54-15 and INB-9-2 were found as the best general combiners for most of the traits. Among testers, Pant Gobhi-3 was found to best general combiner for most of the traits followed by Pusa Meghna whereas Sabour Agrim was observed to be poor general combiner for all the traits. Cross combination PC-77 × Pusa Meghna exhibited significant high SCA effect for all the characters except days to harvest, whereas PC-98 × Sabour Agrim exhibited highly significant SCA effect for curd yield along with most of the yield attributing traits. The cross combinations showing high heterosis coupled with high SCA effects for curd yield were PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna and INB-9-2 × Pusa Meghna and can be further used in crop improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of the genomic regions contributing for heat stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) under multi environmental conditions(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Patil, Meghashri S; Jaiswal, J. P.Wheat is the third most important cereal crop grown worldwide which provides 25% - 50% calorific needs of growing human population and is the staple source of diet for millions of people all over the world. With the ever increasing global average temperature, wheat is considerably subjected to heat stress. Heat stress tolerance is a stage-specific and developmentally regulated quantitative trait. Hence genetic dissection of this quantitative trait through QTL mapping Mendelizes trait behaviour thus easing the selection and improvement for heat stress tolerance. In the present investigation, 192 Recombinant Inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between PBN51 and Raj4014 were evaluated under multi environmental conditions (GBPUAT, Pantnagar, BHU, Varanasi and SKUAST, Jammu) for QTL mapping for different morpho-physiological and yield traits viz days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), grain filling duration (GFD), plant height (PH), spike length (SL), number of spikelets per spike (SPS), number of grains per spike (GPS), number of productive tillers per meter (TPM), grain weight per spike (GWPS), thousand grain weight (TGW), grain yield per plot (YPP), canopy temperature depression (CTD), Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and relative chlorophyll content. In correlation studies, grain yield per plot showed significant positive correlation with TGW, GWPS, TPM, SPAD (at pre booting stage), GPS, CTD (at heading stage), GFD, PH and was found to be negatively correlated with DH. Genotype and Genotype x Environment interaction analysis by GGE biplots revealed that the lines 143, 5, 132, 97 and 156 were ideal as they had higher mean grain yield per plot as well as stable across environments. Among the environments, Jammu_2017-18_LS was found to be more representative of the genotypes for YPP. For QTL mapping, the RILs were genotyped with 83 polymorphic SSR markers and genetic linkage map was created using ICIM v4.2 software. Through Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping, a total of 31 QTLs with LOD scores more than 3.0 were identified on 21 genomic regions across 14 chromosomes with chromosome 1A harbouring 4 QTLs. Among these, 6 QTLs were found to be major, explaining PVE of more than 9%. These QTLs are designated as QGfd.pant_5B, QGps.pant_1A, QGps.pant_3A, QGwps.pant_1A, QTgw.pant_7A-1 and QTgw.pant_7D. Under multi-environmental evaluation, 10 QTLs were found to be consistent across two or more environments and 4 genomic regions on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 5B and 7D were found to be associated with two or more traits. The QTLs thus identified can be used in marker assisted selection after fine mapping and validation.ThesisItem Open Access A Study on Value Chain of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops in Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Paliwal, Swarnima; Jadoun, R. S.A study on value chain of medicinal and aromatic crops in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand was conducted for determining the contribution of stakeholders in terms of value addition on different steps of MAPs value chain, comparing market efficiency and examining entrepreneurial opportunities and suggesting policy for efficient entrepreneurial ventures. Tehri Garhwal district, four MAPs (Rosemary, Dandelion, Lemon Grass and Lavender), five pattis, ten contractors, three each of processor and wholesalers, five retailers, fifty consumers and three hundred MAPs farmers were selected for the study. Simple statistical tool like average, percentage, standard deviation, Chi-square test, independent T-test, paired T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the factors affecting production and marketing practices. Whereas, various formulas were used like Conventional method, Acharya’s approach, Shepherd approach to measure the market efficiency of the MAPs value chain. Apart from this, factor analysis and GRT technique was carried out to examine the factor influencing value chain performance. The study revealed that farmers received higher price from MAPs cultivation along with safety from the loss incurred due to wild animals besides lack of information regarding MAPs varieties and non-availability of transportation facilities. The low support by government and high labour cost in hills adds to the transportation costs for market intermediaries. It was observed that two primary value chains operate for Rosemary, Lavender and Nursery while a single value chain operate for Dandelion and Lemon Grass in the selected five pattis of Tehri Garhwal. It was noted that value chain II had lowest cost for Rosemary dry leaves, Lavender bulbs and Nursery of MAPs with lowest marketing margin presenting a higher share of farmer’s share in consumer’s rupee, resulting in higher marking efficiency at pre-, during- and post-pandemic. It was also noted that less number of intermediaries results in more profit to the farmers. Thus, the value chain II was evolved as the most efficient chain for procurement to the firms and farmers. MAPs have large potential to improve the livelihood of small and marginal farmers. It was experienced that during the pandemic period, reverse migration promoted the engagement of unemployed rural youth for production of MAPs and generation of self-employment. As overall an increment of 500% in self-employment was observed over the period of five years. Value chain is found as the best measure to understand the socio-economic status of farmers in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants. Thus, the agricultural marketing integrated with existing services helps the farmers in market linkage with global market which provide transparency to the buyers.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on the viability of using Biocomposite materials for the construction of cost-effective Biogas plant(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Gayathri, Gorla; Singh, JayantUtilizing natural fiber-reinforced composite materials in the construction of biogas plants was the primary focus of the current investigation. This was accomplished with the objective of enhancing the thermal stability of biogas plants and allowing them to operate continuously throughout the year. Additionally, the investigation aimed to reduce the environmental dumping problems that are caused by synthetic fiber-reinforced biogas digesters and plastic digesters over the course of their lifetimes. The surface roughness of selected natural fibers improved by the alkaline treatment. According to an ultimate analysis, physically activated biochar (PAC) at 600 °C and chemically activated biochar (CAC) at H2SO4 impregnated 450 °C both have high carbon contents, but PAC has 82.16 percent and CAC 57.40 percent. As the fiber content increases by 3 to 9 percent in the loose fiber-reinforced biocomposites, the density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity decrease with fiber content whereas the percentage of water absorption, tensile strength, and flexural strength increase with the increased fiber content (3 to 9 percent). In contrast to the loose fiber reinforced composites, the weaved bamboo fiber sheet laminated composites’ density and thermal properties increase with the increase of the number of layers of sheets whereas the tensile strength and flexural strength decreased by increasing the number of layers (2, 4 and 6 layers). A significant difference was observed in each treatment for strength parameters and thermal parameters at 5 percent level significance and a p-value less than 0.05 was achieved in all cases of pair-wise comparison, suggesting that at a 95 percent confidence level, the reinforced fiber and reinforced charcoal composites exhibited good mechanical and thermal properties. Composite resistance test at 3600 h for biocomposites shows a beneficial impact by ecological zones (digested slurry, water, and soil) and no surface degradation for all selected biocomposites. The resistance test (3600 h) increased biocomposites' compressive strength. Thermal degradation tests show that polyester fiber-reinforced biocomposites are more stable than epoxy ones. PR/Bm/9 (374 °C) was the most stable. At finite element analysis, the 5mm thickness digester exhibits good thermal and stress distribution. The polyester resin reinforced with 4 layers of weaved bamboo fiber sheet laminated composite was optimized for biogas digester construction and with the following optimal properties: 5 mm thickness, 1.22 g/cc density, 48.54 MPa tensile strength, 10.98 MPa flexural strength, 0.11 w/mk thermal conductivity, and 646 j/kg.k specific heat. Biocomposite cylindrical biogas digester designed for 0.1 m3 capacity with a total volume of the digester was 0.372 m3, height: diameter ratio of 714 mm, and 5 mm thickness. The inlet and outlet angles were 45 and 60 degrees. The hydrostatic pressure inside the digester was 0.0147 MPa and the earth pressure on the digester was 0.001152 MPa at saturated clay soil conditions. The biogas digester was evaluated in the winter season at the psychrophilic range (10 to 29 °C) by dairy cattle manure, and the findings showed that the internal temperature was steady compared to the ambient temperatures, producing an average of 0.00223 m3 of biogas per day at a gas pressure of 12 cm of the water column. During the 55-day digestion period, a total of 0.12 m3 of biogas was produced. The optimized biocomposite material act as an insulation material for the biogas digester. The total cost of metal mold was Rs.5767.68 /- and the total cost of biocomposite biogas digester was Rs.16465.89 /-. However, before being recommended, the long-term performance of the proposed biocomposite biogas plant mustThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON CONTRACT FARMING IN KUMAON DIVISION OF UTTARAKHAND(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Paliwal, Gargi; AmardeepAgriculture is the backbone of Indian economy as 54.6 per cent of Indian population depends directly on agriculture and allied activities.(Census 2011). Agriculture has been an integral part of different phases of human civilization but its form and approaches have change over period. Like primitive agriculture that was basically dependent on natural resources, gradually converted into modern agriculture as per the demand of changing scenario. Subsistence agriculture now become an enterprise and moving towards business mode. Over the time innovative approach is adopted in agriculture sector also, and contract farming was introduced that became blessing for those farmers who were vulnerable to uncertainty and risk related to fluctuation in price, market risk, unavailability of proper extension service and inappropriate and timely supply of farm inputs. A contract-farming is seen as a promising alternative that obliges a firm to supply inputs, credit, or extension in exchange for an agreement that fixes a price for the product and binds the farmer to follow a particular input and production method. Contract farming is defined as a form of vertical coordination between producers and the contract farming companies where the company directly influences the production decisions and exercises some control at the production point under the obligation of purchasing certain quantity of produce at specific price from the producers. The quantity and price relate to delivery of specific quality produce at designated location and for a period of time is pre-determined. Contract farming is a viable option for farming as this state is facing problem of erratic climatic conditions, lack of local market, limited input supply and improper transport facility add additional risk in produce supply and sale of produce at reasonable price. Inappropriate infrastructural problem persists in hilly terrain without which it becomes tough to carry out agricultural production and marketing in a profitable manner. The present investigation entitled “A study on Contract farming in Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand” was undertaken to study the socio-personal, economic, psychological, and communication characteristics of contract farmers, attitude of farmers towards contract farming, satisfaction level of farmers towards extension services, impact of contract farming, relationship between selected characteristics of contract farmers with impact of contract farming, and constraints faced by farmers engaged in contract farming system. The study was conducted in Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand.Two districts i.e.Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital were purposively selected. 200 farmers engaged in contract farming in four blocks (two blocks from each district) were selected using Simple random sampling method. The descriptive research design was used to meet the objectives of the study and data was collected through Pre-tested interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that, maximum number of contract farmers belonged to middle aged group(48.00%), majority of them were male (64.50%), had education up to intermediate level(43.50%). It was also reported that majority of farmers had marginal land holding (64.50%), belonged tosmall area under contract farming category (80.50%), and lower income group (91.50%), had medium information seeking behaviour (64.50%), low mass media exposure (50.00%), and low level of social participation (91.00%), had medium level of scientific orientation (77.50%), medium level of economic motivation (66.00%), had medium level of risk orientation (53.50%), and medium decision making ability (88.00%), had more favourable attitude towards contract farming (52.50%), were satisfied with the extension services provided under contract farming system (71.50%), and had medium level of innovativeness (43.00%). The results revealed that there was significant increase in production of crops such as Rice, Chicory, Turmeric, Chilli, Ginger and Lemongrass after contract farming. Sold quantity of crops such as Rice, Chicory, Turmeric, Chilli, Coriander, Garlic, Ginger and Lemongrass increased significantly after contract farming. It was also found that farm income, net farm income, crop insurance, KCC, market information, subsidy availed, engagement in agri-business activities, use of cold storage facility, health care, technical advice availed and training attended had significantly increased after contract farming. Regarding relationship of selected socio-economic, communication and psychological characteristics of contract farmers with impact of contract farming, it was found social participation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, and decision making ability were significantly associated with impact of contact farming. Major constraints faced by the farmers under contract farming system were problem of insect, pest and diseases (71.00%), scarcity of water for irrigation (67.50%) and scarcity of labour during peak periods (61.50%).ThesisItem Open Access Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using starchassisted pure and doped WO3 nanoparticles(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2024-07) Tiwari, Manjula; Joshi, G. C.The present study deals with pure and starch-assisted pure and (Mn, Co, and Mo) doped WO3 nanoparticles for the degradation of dyes in the presence of sunlight. The natural polymer (starch) has been used as stabilizing agent to synthesize pure and (Mn, Co, and Mo) doped WO3 nanoparticles by co-precipitation process. XRD, FESEM, FTIR, UV-VIS and PL spectroscopy have been used to study the attributes of synthesized WO3 nanoparticles. XRD analysis demonstrated that the WO3 nanoparticles prepared in starch media show a small average crystallite size compared to WO3 nanoparticles prepared without starch. It was observed that starch acts as a growth-regulating agent as well as dopants (Mn, Co, and Mo) do not affect the crystal structure of WO3. FESEM analysis shows that starch-assisted pure and doped nanoparticles show a more homogeneous and porous structure than WO3 nanoparticles synthesized without starch. On increasing the concentration of the dopant, the average diameter of doped nanoparticles decreases. The inclusion of Mn and Co dopants does not affect the morphology of WO3, while Mo doping produced a change in the morphology of WO3. With the help of UV-VIS technique, it has been observed that the increase in dopant concentration narrows the bandgap energy. The defects generated on the surface of the synthesized samples were analyzed by PL spectroscopy technique. Starch produced large crystallographic defects on the WO3 nanoparticle surfaces, which increased the rate of charge carrier separation. A comparison of starch-assisted pure and (Mn, Co, and Mo) doped-WO3 for the degradation of organic dyes (Rhodamine-B and Crystal Violet) from the wastewater in the presence of sunlight revealed that Modoped WO3 nanoparticles show the highest photocatalytic activity as compared to the pure, Mn, and Co-doped WO3 nanoparticles. From the present study, it is observed that starch can be used as a suitable stabilizer for the synthesis of pure and doped WO3 nanoparticles. Also, it has been observed that doping is an effective strategy for modifying the properties of WO3 nanoparticles and enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED HYBRID DEEP LEARNING IN IMAGE CLASSIFICATION(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Pandey, Ankita; Kumar, ArunArtificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving. Deep learning drives many artificial intelligence applications and services that improve automation, performing analytical and physical tasks without human intervention. Real-world deep learning applications are a part of our daily lives, but in most cases, they are so well-integrated into products and services that users are unaware of the complex data processing that is taking place in the background. The applications for artificial intelligence are endless. In light of the foregoing facts, the present research is centered to propose a comprehensive application of hybrid deep learning models based on artificial intelligence techniques which include transfer learning, deep learning, machine learning, and fuzzy inference system. In this study, six models are introduced. Model [1] presents an effective facial emotion intensity classifier by fusion of the pre-trained deep architecture and fuzzy inference system. The pre-trained architecture VGG16 is used for basic emotion classification and it predicts emotion class with the class index value. By class index value, images are sent to the corresponding Fuzzy inference system for estimating the intensity level of detected emotion. This fusion model effectively identifies the facial emotions (happy, sad, surprise, and angry) and also predict the 13 categories of emotion intensity. Model [2] proposes a casting fault detector to automate the inspection process in casting production. two transfer learning-based convolution neural networks and one lightly structured convolution neural network are created and verified for detecting manufacturing flaws in submersible pump impellers. Model [3] investigate various fusion of deep learning-based feature extractors and machine learningbased classifiers for differentiating two subtypes Adenocarcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma of nonsmall cell lung cancer. This research generates seven automated integrated models by using five deep feature extractors: InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, Xception, VGG16 and, VGG19 and three classifiers: Support vector machine, XGBoost, and Fully connected neural network. Then the most effective optimal model is selected via comparative study and performance. Model [4] construct three transfer learning-based classifiers Binary, Benign, and Malignant. The Binary classifier classifies breast cancer as benign and malignant, the Benign classifier classifies four sub-classes of benign cancer and the Malignant classifier classifies four sub-classes of malignant cancer. All three classifiers are individually trained for their corresponding classification task and then integrated to give the outcome of the combined proposed system. As a result, the proposed system automatically classifies cancer into its major class and then sub-class with greater accuracy. The proposed breast cancer classification is performed on BreaKHis and BACH data. Model [5] develop an automated optimal novel model for knee osteoporosis classification through a comprehensive examination held on various deep learning architectures. This examination starts with the transfer learning model (ResNet50, MobileNet, ResNet50V2, and Xception) and then extended to a concatenated version of the top two models MobileNet and ResNet50V2 based on performance. Finally, on the basis of critical examination, an optimal novel CNN inspired by MobileNet and ResNet50V2 is invented. For classification, FCNN optimized by random search technique is employed. Model [6] develop the Cascade network to identify diabetic retinopathy on the most challenging data IDRiD in literature. The Cascade network extracts the multiscale dense features through the task specific novel CNN and Of-the-self CNN Xception. The proposed model first time in literature construct an architecture to perform combinedly binary and multigrading of DR and DME in a single input. The present study implements a limited data merging strategy with the most relevant DDR data images. To find the optimal network, this research also investigates the various network architectures and Cascade networks with different Of-the-self CNN.ThesisItem Open Access A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL CONNECTED INVERTERS IN AUTONOMOUS AC MICROGRID(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2022-09) Bhatt, Neha; Arora, SudhaIn the past few years, a conventional centralized grid structure has been shifting towards a decentralized structure due to the availability of renewable energy-based Distributed Generation (DG) units. But the management of these DG sources in the distribution network is not an easy task due to the problems associated with the operation and control. The control structure should be able to provide coordinated control with all parallel connected DG units and achieve stable operation of the whole network. Especially during autonomous mode, the control structure has to maintain and regulate the voltage and frequency of the whole network and has to decide power sharing between parallel connected DG units. The droop-based control schemes measure locally available parameters and process them to generate control signals. Based on load demand, droops are introduced in operating voltage and frequency and operating set points are decided. Each DG unit regulates its control parameter at local level. The advantage of this control is that by establishing stability of a single unit at local level we can expect stability of the whole system at global level. The concept of droop control for converter-based DG sources was derived from the inherent property of the governor of synchronous generators. These synchronous generators supply power to the load through transmission lines and the whole network is highly inductive in nature. But DG based network is resistive in nature and due to the presence of power electronic interface (e.g. converters etc.), these have low or no inertia. The implementation of conventional droop controller in such a network leads to poor network performance and slow response. High transients may occur in the system during disturbances which might be high enough to damage or may cause mal-operation of equipments and might make whole network unstable. To address drawbacks associated with conventional droop control technique, this thesis presents a modified control scheme. The drawback associated with conventional droop control strategy are identified through intensive analysis in MATLAB/Simulink environment and an improved control strategy is proposed. Performance is analyzed under varying loading conditions and integrating DG sources at different time instants. Simulation results show that proposed control strategy is capable of regulating voltage and frequency of the network according to the load demand. It improves transient response of the system and provides a faster and more damped response to maintain stable operation of the network.
