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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CANINE OTITIS AND ITS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY IN UTTARAKHAND(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-06) Uniyal, Vartika; Prasad, AmitThe present research work “Clinico-diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of canine otitis and its epidemiological study in Uttarkhand” was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Dr. I. P. Singh Veterinary Clinical Complex and Trauma Centre, C.V.A.Sc., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand between September 2022 and June 2023 for a period of 10 months. In addition, an epidemiological study of otitis in Tarai-Bhabar region of Uttarakhand was performed between June, 2022 and May, 2023 for a period of one year. The prevalence study comprised 20824 cases of the total canine affections out of which 1283 animals (6.16%) had otitis. The prevalence of otitis was found to be highest in German Shepherds (26.96%). Males were more affected as compared to the females. Majority of cases were seen in the age group 3-5 years (35.15%) and in summer season (43.58%). Among the clinical cases of otitis (n=273) presented to Pantnagar almost all animals has aural pruritis and pain. Most of the dogs presented had acute onset, unilateral infection and erect ears. In the 18 cases selected for otoscopic examination tympanic membrane was visible in all ears, with debris and erythema in some. All the cases were mild in nature according to OTIS 3 score. Cytological and microbiological examination of otic exudate revealed majority of microbiota consisting of coagulase positive Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species and Malessezia species. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test revealed most of the isolates to be sensitive to gentamicin followed by ceftriaxone and most of them to be resistant to streptomycin. From the comparative management of canine otitis externa, it was established that, the group treated with topical gentamicin and clotrimazole showed remarkable recovery in terms of improvement of OTIS 3 scores within 7 days of treatment in mixed infection of canine otitis externa.ThesisItem Open Access SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AVIAN WING INJURIES FOR REINSTATEMENT OF AERODYNAMICS(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-05) Bora, Mony; Das, Arup KumarIn the present study, 548 injured birds with wing injuries were included, irrespective of the species that were rescued by Raksha (Wildlife Rescue Centre), based in Jaipur, Rajasthan. All rescued birds were placed in pre-heated rooms and stabilized with pre-medication: clindamycin at a dose rate of 100 mg/Kg intramuscularly, meloxicam at a dose rate of 0.5 mg/Kg intramuscularly and in cases of fracture, butorphanol at a dosage of 0.1 mg/Kg intramuscularly. All patients received subcutaneous fluid at a dosage of 20 ml/Kg body weight. All procedures, from feather plucking to surgical site scrubbing, were performed under general anaesthesia to minimize stress in birds. The birds were anaesthetized using isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia delivered through a non-rebreathing circuit. Fractured pectoral limb cases were treated by intra-medullary pinning using K-wire, while lacerated patagium cases were repaired by suturing the patagial ligament using the Bunnell-Mayer suture pattern. The injured wings of all cases were then immobilized in the normal flexed position using ‘Figure-of-eight’ bandaging technique with Vetrap. Each bird received post-operative medication and care throughout the surgical recovery period. Clinical parameters, such as the healing of surgical wounds and body weight of birds, were recorded every other day after surgery. For fractured cases, radiography was performed as needed to assess callus formation. After the bandage was removed seven days post-surgery, the birds were assessed for their flight ability. The patagial lacerations took 7-10 days to heal and fracture cases showed radiological union within ten days. The average time taken for patagial laceration cases to restore flight was 15 days. For radiusulnar fractures, the time period was 44 days and for humerus fractures the time period was 62 days. The results of the study indicated that 48 percent (265) of birds were released, 16.4 percent (90) received lifelong rehabilitation and 35 percent (193) experienced mortality. Based on the observed parameters, it was concluded that the use of K-wire in the intra-medullary pinning technique is applicable, approachable and easy to perform, yielding good results in the restoration of flight. In addition to this, the Bunnell-Mayer suture pattern proved effective in achieving proper alignment and apposition of the patagial ligament. Also, the application of post-surgery physical therapy has been beneficial in preserving and rehabilitating limb function, particularly by improving joint mobility, muscle tone and strength. Hence, use of strategic avian management techniques, which entail proficient handling procedures, meticulous pre- and post-operative care and tailored housing solutions that cater to the specific needs of each species and their dietary habits, have been found to be highly effective in reducing stress levels and promoting recovery of birds.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TILETAMINEZOLAZEPAM AND KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN ATROPINE, DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL PREMEDICATED DOGS(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2022-07) Goswami, Arti; Kandpal, ManjulThe present study involved 12 client-owned dogs that were brought to Dr. I.P. Singh Veterinary Clinical Complex & Trauma Centre of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pantnagar for surgical correction of various disease conditions. These 12 dogs were randomly divided into group A and group B, with six animals in each group. All the animals were pre-administered with atropine sulphate @ 0.03 mg/kg subcutaneously followed 10 minutes later by intramuscular dexmedetomidine @ 7.5 ug/kg and 10 minutes later, butorphanol was administered intramuscularly @ 0.2 mg/kg. Animals of group A were induced by tiletamine-zolazepam while animals of group B were induced by ketamine intravenously with a mean induction dose of 3.5± 0.18 mg/kg and 4.2± 0.1 mg/kg respectively and the effects of these anaesthetic regimens on clinico-physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters of animals were studied. Induction was smooth and quick in both the groups A and B. However, group A containing atropine-dexmedetomidine-butorphanol and tiletamine-zolazepam was found to be a better choice than group B containing atropine-dexmedetomidine-butorphanol and ketamine considering the facts that induction dose was significantly less, duration of anesthesia was longer and muscle relaxation was excellent in group A. Supplementation with maintenance doses was less required with the use of tiletamine-zolazepam as an induction agent in group A. Animals of group B with ketamine as the induction agent required a significantly higher amount of supplementation of anaesthetic agent at regular intervals to complete the surgical procedures as compared to group A with tiletaminezolazepam as the induction agent. Atropine, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol worked well as preanesthetic agents and were found effective in facilitating smooth induction of anaesthesia. Variations in the physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters were transient and within the normal limits. The recovery in animals of both the groups A and B of the present study was smooth and uneventful. Anaesthetic regimen of group A using tiletamine-zolazepam as the induction agent can be safely and effectively used for superficial and visceral soft tissue surgeries in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Badri Bull Urine Induced Immunomodulation In Wistar Rats(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-05) Chauhan, Divya; Chauhan, R. S.The current study looked at the immunomodulatory effects of Badri bull urine distillate at 0.25ml/rat/day in Wistar rats for 90 days. A total of 35 of 6-month-old rats were randomly assigned to groups I (control group) and II (treatment group). From day 0 to day 90 of the experiment, the control group received standard feed and RO water, whereas the test group received standard feed and RO water, as well as Badri bull urine distillate with drinking water at a rate of 0.25ml/rat/day. All of the rats were checked on a regular basis for any changes in behaviour or other aberrant clinical signs. Several immunological, haematological, and biochemical markers, as well as pathomorphological alterations, were investigated in rats at 0, 30, 60, and 90 DPT. Neither the control nor the treated rats had any aberrant behaviour or clinical signs during the investigation. There was a 3.82% difference in body weight gain at 90 DPT between treated and control rats, but it was not statistically significant. Throughout the trial, the effect of Badri bull urine distillate on numerous immunological parameters was investigated. At 90 DPT, there was a significant increase in the titer of HI antibodies (41.55%) and ELISA test values (25.64%) in humoral immunity. Serum gamma globulin levels at 90 DPT were significantly higher (19.04%) than in controls. The lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) performed in splenocytes of test and control rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mitogen shown immuno-enhancement (26.82% and 46.29%) impact of B- lymphocyte at 60 and 90 DPT. Cell mediated immunity was also evaluated on splenic cells at days 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the experiment employing LPA with mitogens Con A and PHA-M. At 60 and 90 DPT, there was a significant increase in Δ OD of test samples utilising Con-A (17.85% and 40.00%) and PHA-M (22.10% and 31.30%) mitogens, indicating an immune-potentiating impact on both immature and mature T-lymphocytes in treated rats compared to controls. Significant increases in thickness (27.35% and 31.29%) of DNFB sensitised skin in delayed type hypersensitivity reaction at 24 and 48 hours post challenge, as well as NBT positive cells in macrophage function test (37.99%) in test rats, indicated that the Badri cow urine distillate stimulated cell mediated immunity. At 60, 90, and 90 DPT, total leucocyte count (TLC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) increased significantly by 17.94%, 38.50%, and 21.67%, and 35%, respectively, in the treated group compared to controls. Natural Killer (NK) cell counts in the treated group increased significantly (12.5%, and 45%) when compared to the control group at 60, and 90 days. Blood parameters showed a significant increase in haemoglobin (18.18%) at 90th, packed cell volume (14.60, 16.75%), at 60th and 90th DPT and total erythrocyte count ( 17.87%) at 90th DPT in treated rats compared to controls . Erythrocytic indices such as MCH, MCV, and MCHC values differed from controls by 7.14%, 8.79%, and 0.74%, respectively. Total serum protein (18.15%) and Serum globulin (37.26%), were found to be significantly higher in serum biochemical profiles whereas cholesterol (8.05%) levels was significantly lower in the treated group compared to the control group. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels were reduced by 2.24% and 3.34%, respectively, in the treated group compared to controls. In the current study, no significant gross pathological lesion was observed in any vital organ in either the control or treated rats. However, microscopic examination of the spleen revealed lymphoproliferative changes. Other organs such as the liver, kidneys, intestines, heart and lungs showed no significant pathological change.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TILETAMINEZOLAZEPAM AND KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN ATROPINE, DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL PREMEDICATED DOGS(2022-07) Goswami, Arti; Kandpal, ManjulThe present study involved 12 client-owned dogs that were brought to Dr. I.P. Singh Veterinary Clinical Complex & Trauma Centre of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pantnagar for surgical correction of various disease conditions. These 12 dogs were randomly divided into group A and group B, with six animals in each group. All the animals were pre-administered with atropine sulphate @ 0.03 mg/kg subcutaneously followed 10 minutes later by intramuscular dexmedetomidine @ 7.5 ug/kg and 10 minutes later, butorphanol was administered intramuscularly @ 0.2 mg/kg. Animals of group A were induced by tiletamine-zolazepam while animals of group B were induced by ketamine intravenously with a mean induction dose of 3.5± 0.18 mg/kg and 4.2± 0.1 mg/kg respectively and the effects of these anaesthetic regimens on clinico-physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters of animals were studied. Induction was smooth and quick in both the groups A and B. However, group A containing atropine-dexmedetomidine-butorphanol and tiletamine-zolazepam was found to be a better choice than group B containing atropine-dexmedetomidine-butorphanol and ketamine considering the facts that induction dose was significantly less, duration of anesthesia was longer and muscle relaxation was excellent in group A. Supplementation with maintenance doses was less required with the use of tiletamine-zolazepam as an induction agent in group A. Animals of group B with ketamine as the induction agent required a significantly higher amount of supplementation of anaesthetic agent at regular intervals to complete the surgical procedures as compared to group A with tiletaminezolazepam as the induction agent. Atropine, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol worked well as preanesthetic agents and were found effective in facilitating smooth induction of anaesthesia. Variations in the physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters were transient and within the normal limits. The recovery in animals of both the groups A and B of the present study was smooth and uneventful. Anaesthetic regimen of group A using tiletamine-zolazepam as the induction agent can be safely and effectively used for superficial and visceral soft tissue surgeries in dogs. (ThesisItem Open Access Osteosynthesis in induced tibial segmental defect using co-precipitated hydroxyapatite gel and titanium mesh cage in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Karki, Nikita; Karki, Nikita; Das, Arup Kumar; Das, Arup KumarThe present study was conducted in (12) clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits (1.5-2.0 years old), of either sex weighing 1.5-2.0 kg and they were subjected to induction of segmental defect in tibia under general anaesthesia. Thereafter, insertion of intramedullary titanium pin along with cylindrical titanium mesh cage and injectable co-precipitated HA gel used for reconstruction of segmental defect in tibia. All rabbits were divided randomly in two groups (A and B) with 6 animals in each group. In rabbits of Group A fracture fragments were stabilized with titanium mesh and titanium screws. While in rabbits of Group B, fracture fragments were stabilized with titanium mesh cage, reinforced with intramedullary pin and injectable co- precipitated HA ladened Mg-gelatin-collagen gel was used. The common features included in each rabbits of both the groups were anaesthetic regimen – premedication with glycopyrrolate, xylazine and induction of ketamine anaesthesia was pursued. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done with Isoflurane @ 1-1.5 percent concentration of with 100 percent oxygen saturation. On the basis of evaluation of parameters, better wound healing was observed in animals of Group B as compared to animals of Group A. On the basis of biochemical parameters, faster and better wound healing was observed in rabbits of Group B. Estimation of haematological and biochemical parameters were done at day 0, 7, 15, 30 and 60. There was a significant increase in serum values of ALP, calcium, phosphorus, blood glucose and decrease in magnesium, total protein. Radiological findings showed faster rate of healing and earlier reduction in gap (1.00 cm) and moderately higher radio-denser area at induced segmental defect in tibia of animals of Group B. On gross observation of test bones, negligible gap was observed at induced segmental defect in animals of Group B depicting faster healing, mineralization of developed callus and bridging of segmental defect as compared to animals of Group A. There was new bone formation found around the external circumference of the cage which was bridging the proximal and distal bone cage junction. Exuberant callus formation was found around the cage in animals of Group B. The implant remained completely stable, in correct alignment and found in pre-experimental state in animals of Group B. Titanium mesh cage used here act as scaffold for bony restoration, allows vascular supply both to the mucosa and bone during regeneration phase. The construct used here for osteosynthesis of induced segmental defect at tibia provided adequate mechanical strength, augment limb stability and early bone continuity. Conclusively a better fracture healing was observed in rabbits of Group B as compared to rabbits of Group A and it reveals that the co-precipitated HA gel used act as scaffold for bony restoration and hence it possess attributes of biodegradability, biocompatibility. The above mentioned technique can be use for treatment of long bone segmental defect as it has got wide scope to be used in clinical veterinary practice. In the present study the outcome of surgical management of large segmental defects in tibia using cylindrical titanium mesh cage was found to be effective for treatment of LBSD.ThesisItem Open Access Study on veterinary education (undergraduate) during covid-19 pandemic(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Mishra, Priyanshi; Tripathi, S.C.A study on the impact of Covid-19 on UG veterinary education was undertaken on 336 students and 180 teachers from various veterinary college/universities of the country. The study indicated that majority of teachers 53.89% were over 45 years and 55.06% students of 21-23 years. Only 46.43% students and 31.67% teachers used ICT before pandemic whereas 24.11% students and 22.20% teachers received institutional training to operate softwares. No significant association between training and residential area existed as χ2 3.09 and 0.42 respectively. Network type and software, network providers were significantly associated to area (p ≤ 0.05) whereas no significant association existed between network provider and devices. Major constraints included poor network connectivity, issues related to audio-video and internet-glitch where network connectivity identified as major constraint with no significant association with residential areas. Online classrelated constraints viz. punctuality of class, availability of recorded video and study material affected learning ability. Basic group ranked at I, Para-clinical at II position, Production group at III and Clinical group at IV were easiest to learn. Only 15.97% students and 30.55% teachers were satisfied with practical class for clinical subjects. For examinations majority of students 38.69% were satisfied whereas 43.33% teachers were not satisfied with theory exams. Also, 59.22% students and only 35.55% teachers were satisfied with online practical exams. Satisfaction level with online viva voice indicated 48.21% students were happy and satisfied with this mode. Technical constraints related to examinations included problem in uploading question papers faced by 70.83% teachers and answer-sheets by 70% students. For evaluation pattern only 25.55% teachers whereas 46.43% students were satisfied. Impact of online education on social health included interaction, isolation, enthusiasm and disturbance experienced during class where students ranked enthusiasm as 1st while teachers ranked isolation as the most affected parameters. Students 45.83% and teachers 40.55% suffered from vision issues followed by headache with other severe condition like spondylitis were also faced by teachers 25%. Impact analysis of online class on student’s attitude showed that frequency of class was positively to retention, concentration and motivation level whereas negatively correlated to understanding, comfort and satisfaction. Duration of class was negatively correlated to retention, motivation and satisfaction while positive with understanding, concentration and comfort. Network connectivity was positively correlated to retention and concentration whereas negative correlation with understanding, motivation and comfort.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on application of machine learning techniques for prediction of milk yield in crossbred cattle(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Nayla Fraz; Shahi, B. N.The present study was undertaken utilizing the records of 567 daughter progeny of 55 sires, distributed over a period of 30 years from 1990 to 2019 in crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the inheritance pattern of different economic traits and for the prediction of first lactation 305 days milk yield. The Least squares mean (LSM) along with their standard errors of age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP), first lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation peak yield (FLPY), days to attend peak yield (DPY), first lactation milk yield (FLMY) and first lactation 305-day milk yield (FL305DMY) were observed as 1268.85 ±16.75 days, 267.51 ± 1.93 days, 91.56 ± 1.86 days, 369.41 ± 6.68 days, 465.80 ± 6.64 days, 13.88 ± 0.17 kg, 39.76 ± 0.78 days, 3294.64 ± 77.93 kg and 2570.74 ± 38.30 kg, respectively.Significant effects of sire were found on AFC, FLPY, DPY, FLMY and FL305DMY. Significant effect of period of calving was observed on AFC, FSP, DPY, FLMY, and FL305DMY while non-significant effect was found on FDP, FLL, and FCI. The effect of season of calving was found non-significant for all the first lactation traits under study. The heritability estimates for the traits under study AFC, FSP, FDP, FLL, FCI, FLPY, DPY, FLMY and FL305DMY were observed as 0.34 ± 0.21, 0.10 ± 0.1, 0.12 ± 0.11, 0.45 ± 0.16, 0.32 ± 0.17, 0.42 ± 0.22, 0.40 ± 0.20, 0.54±0.19 and 0.59±0.20,respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between first lactation traits were found to vary from range low to high. The ranking of sires for estimated breeding values (EBV) was compared for all animals using Pearson's correlations or Spearman's rank order correlations. Spearman's rank correlations between sire estimated breeding valuesranged between 0.05 and 0.78. For prediction of first lactation 305 days milk yield different machine learning models were used viz., multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression (GBR), extreme gradient boosting (xgboost) and light gradient boosting (light GBM) and their comparative evaluation was done on the basis of root mean square errors (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) values suggesting that accuracy and precision of RF, GBR, light GBM and xgboost models were adequate in predicting first lactation 305 days milk yield, but the best results were obtained by RF in both training and testing data, it outperformed other regression models in predicting first lactation 305 days milk yield. Machine learning models can be used in dairy industries for the prediction of milk yield in dairy cattle to increase the efficiency of dairy farms and early culling of animals based on 305 days milk yield.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of healing efficacy of topical herbal formulations on experimental goat model(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Ghalaut, Bharat; Das, Arup KumarThe present study was conducted on six male goats. Six full thickness incisional wound of 1 inch length and six excisional wounds of 1 inch × 1 inch dimension were created on both side of the back with an objective to evaluate the healing efficacy of four different topical polyherbal formulations. One positive control was treated with Soframycin ointment from day of wound creation till recovery. The other four test sites were treated with Charmil Plus gel, Charmil Spray, AV/CPS/23 lotion and Brand A respectively. One wound site was left untreated as negative control. The wounds were evaluated on the basis of clinical, macroscopical and haematobiochemical studies. Clinical and haematobiochemical parameters did not reveal any significant change between the different treatments and were variable within normal physiological limits. For clinical evaluation- quantity of exudation, wound contraction and rate of wound healing was observed. The result revealed less exudation with better healing rate and wound contraction in test product Brand A followed by Charmil spray, AV/CPS/23, and Charmil ointment in decreasing order; and all the wounds that got treatment were found to have better healing than the negative control wound