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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic studies on propofol anaesthesia in sheep(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-06) Raj Kumari; Das, Arup KumarIn this study electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic changes during surgical interventions {viz., placement of central venous catheters (Group-B), docking/ tail amputation (Group-C), bilateral orchiectomy (Group-D) and no surgical stimuli as control (Group-A)} with propofol anaesthesia were assessed in twenty-four (n=24) apparently healthy male sheep. For surgical operations each sheep of this study was premedicated with glycopyrrolate (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight, IM) and, five minutes after, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (@ 4.00 mg/kg body weight, IV). The parameters in this study included clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters. Similarly, qualitative electroencephalographic evaluation was done through spectral analysis to generate total power, SEF-90, MF and PPF over 0-30 frequency band width while relative power of different bandwidths viz., , , and was assessed. Rectal temperature and respiration rate has not shown any significant variability in any of the groups during the entire course of experiment. Haemoglobin concentration reduced and this extent was higher in control group than central venous catheterization, docking and castration groups. PCV reduced in all the groups. TEC depicted reduction in control group; however, this fall was not apparent in other groups. Blood glucose decreased initially followed by an increase in three groups after propofol induction while the castration group exhibited a non-significant increase from very beginning. Total serum protein declined in all the groups. A sudden increase in serum triglyceride (TG) was observed at one minute post-propofol induction in all the groups, which later on declined. Propofol has not been able to induce any significant changes in P-wave, QRS wave and T-wave amplitude as exhibited in control group. However, P-wave amplitude increased significantly in animals performed with central venous catheterization. The T-wave amplitude increased nonsignificantly in CVC group while decrease in docking and castration groups. P-wave and T-wave duration has not exhibited any significant difference throughout the course of experiment. However, QRS wave duration decreased in control group and no significant changes were observed in surgical groups. PR segment length reduced in castration group only and none of the other groups exhibited any significant changes. ST segment length exhibited significant increase in control group, non-significant increase in CVC while exhibiting significant fall in castration and docking groups. RR interval exhibited reduction in all the four groups, non-significantly in control while significantly in the three surgical groups. Heart Rate increased in all the four groups. EEG analysis showed an increase in total power, median frequency, theta frequency, peak power in all group, and after a transient increase reduction in spectral edge frequency and alpha frequency. However delta frequency showed an increase after a transient decrease and a marked decrease in beta frequency after propofol injection. It was concluded that propofol to some extent possess analgesic effect and may be useful in husbandry practices/ day case surgery. However, evaluation of analgesic effects of propofol needs further investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Systematic sampling for milk yield data(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pandey, Tanuj Kumar; Vinod KumarThe present study uses systematic sampling procedures for milk yield data exhibiting some non-linear trends. The data relate to milk yields of four breeds of cows (two brands S16 and S19 of Sahiwal cows and two brands X124 and X205 of crossbred cows) and one breed (Murrah brand no. M125) of buffaloes over one lactation period during 2011-2013. The best fitted mathematical forms of non-linear trend present in the milk yield data are obtained and the expressions of average variances of the estimators of population mean under simple random, usual systematic and modified systematic sampling procedures by taking into account the trend present in the data have been derived from the formulae already derived by Ashutosh (1995) for populations showing general trend. A comparative study is made among these three sampling procedures for five data sets by calculating average variances using best fitted trend equations. Usual systematic sampling is found more precise than simple random and modified systematic sampling procedures for four data sets whereas modified systematic sampling is found better than the other two procedures for one data set. Stratification of milk yield data has resulted in the significant reduction of average variances under all the three sampling schemes. The distribution of milk yield is found to vary from one data set to another. Dagum (4P) distribution is found the best fitted distribution for milk yield of Sahiwal cows, whereas for crossbred cows with brand numbers X124 and X205, it is Gumble Min. and Lognormal respectively. Moreover, the distribution of milk yield of Murrah buffaloes brand number M125 is general extreme values.ThesisItem Open Access Crop diversification in Uttarakhand an economic analysis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Goswami, Swati; Srivastava, S.K.Crop diversification is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate growth rates of different crops, to examine the socio-economic status, to analyze the nature and extent and to identify the factors affecting crop diversification. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data, secondary data was collected for the period of 11 years (2000-01 to 2010-11). For primary data, multistage stratified random sampling technique was followed to select 45 farmers from hill region and 30 farmers from plain region. Exponential growth function was used to estimate the growth rate of different crops, to examine socio economic, simple statistical tools were used, Simpson diversification index had been used to analyze the nature and extent of crop diversification. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the factor affecting crop diversification. Growth rate estimated to know the change in area, production and productivity showed that, paddy recorded a significant decline in area and production except Uttarkashi which rise at the rate of 1.16 (area) and 3.01 (production) per cent per annum, wheat show a significant decline in area, while in production recorded a significant increase. Pulses also shows a significant rise in their area, production and productivity as whole, except in U S Nagar where all the above three, declined very sharply at the rate of 27.59, 27.73 and 3.22 per cent per annum. Oilseeds crops and other crops also show the significant change in their area, production and productivity over the study period. The average operational holding of plain region was more than five times high as compared to hilly region, number of male members has been found slightly higher than the female members, and the family size is comparatively large. More than 40 per cent area to total cropped area was devoted to subsistence foodgrains. Share of cows was highest in total livestock population in both areas. Crop enterprise was the main source of income in plains while service sectors dominates in the hill region. The diversification indices constructed for all the crops groups at districts, divisions and state level showed that the diversification has been found more in hill districts as compared to plain districts. State as a whole registered a significant rise in all the crop groups. Pulses also show the significant high level of diversification, while oilseed show the moderate level of diversification. At farm household level, about 62 per cent farmers comes in the category of very high level of diversification in hill region while in plains same per cent belongs to high level of diversification. Hill region show the higher level of diversification in all the crop groups and also in the varieties, as compared to plain region.The major factors responsible for the change in crop diversification were fertilizer consumption, gross irrigated area, road length, mechanization and certified seeds, at districts, divisions and state level. In case of farm households age of household head, size of farm households, distance to market,off- farm/non- farm income and fertilizer which effects the crop diversification. The creation of basic infrastructural facilities is an essential prerequisite for crop diversification and fostering the process of agricultural development.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on comparative efficacy of some synthetic insecticides, phytoproduct and biopesticides against brinal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. and hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. in brinjal at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Bahuguna, Swati; Srivastava, PoonamTwenty-eight species of insects belonging 10 different orders and 20 families were encountered to know the diversity of insect fauna associated with brinjal crop. Among the various insect pest of brinjal, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) and hadda beetle (E. vigintioctopunctata), have been recorded as the most prevalent species as evidenced by their activity period at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar The relative efficacy of each treatment was assessed on the basis of per cent pest reduction over control where the per cent reduction of larval population over control was recorded and observed to be highest in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt with 54.50 percent which is highest percent in reduction of larval population after 3rd application followed by the lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 1.38, 0.69 and 0.81 ml/lt with 53.10, 52.00, 50.90 and 48.86 per cent over B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft) and neem at 2ml/l with 39.00, 35.80 and 34.70 per cent respectively. The percent reduction of hadda beetle population was recorded highest in chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl at 2ml/lt, lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69 and 0.56 ml/lt range from 78.33-53.33 per cent. However, the lowest percent of reduction was recorded in the treatment B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft), neem and malathion at 2ml/l, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.81 and 4ml/lt 51.66-31.66 per cent. The safety of the treatments for the natural enemies viz., Coccinella septumpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, spider and Eucanthecona bug were observed and the results revealed that the highest population of natural enemies was found in untreated check (T13), as it was the complete safest treatment for all natural enemies followed by neem, B. t. (Halt) and B. b.(Biosoft) at 2ml/lt indicating partial safety of the treatment whereas, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 0.69, 0.81, 1.38 and 4ml/lt, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl and malathion were recorded with lowest number of natural enemies indicating no safety of the treatments. The highest yield of brinjal was recorded in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt (204.16 kg/ha) with per cent damage of (28.00) followed by lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69, 0.81 and 0.56 ml/lt with 197.22, 190.27 and 170.83 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (32.51, 35.30 and 38.70) respectively. Whereas, B. b. (Biosoft) at 2ml/lt was recorded with lowest yield100.38 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (87.00).ThesisItem Open Access Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Suresh Kumar; Singh, Dhirendra KumarThe investigation entitled “Response of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching” was carried out to study the response of genotype and mulch on growth and yield attributes of French bean. The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India during autumn-winter season of 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized block Design with three replication consisting of twelve treatments. The observations of growth character were recorded at various stages (30 and 60 DAS) of crop growth while yield attribute were recoded at harvest stage of the crop. The data were analyzed for standard error of mean and critical differences at 5% level of significance. The response of French to various treatments were measured in terms of plant growth attributes i.e., germination per cent, days taken to first germination, days to 50% germination, days taken to first flowering, days taken to 50% flowering, plant height at 30 DAS, plant height at 60 DAS, number of primary branches per plant, numbers of leaves, pod length, pod thickness and maturity and yield attributes like no. of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod weight, pod yield per plant, pod yield/ plot, pod yield q/ha and total soluble solids. On the basis of the present investigation of the experiment result, it can be concluded that treatment combination V1M3 produced maximum yield as well as more suitable for other growth character than other treatment combination.ThesisItem Open Access Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Shivashankara; Srivastava, R.M.The studies on “Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production” was carried out during 2012-13 at G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production. The mean abundance of honeybees was highest with 3.1 bees/min/ m2 at 12 PM and followed by 2.36 bees/min/ m2 at 3 PM and least was 1.16 bees/min/m2 at 10 AM. Its population was highest in the variety COR 44 with 4.93 and least in the variety COR 36 with 0.53. In case of Syrphids, the mean abundance of syrphids is highest at 10 AM i.e. 5.22 syrphids/min/ m2 followed by 4.34 syrphids /min/m2 at 3 PM and least at 10 AM was 3.81 syrphids /min/ m2 . It was highest in the variety COR 38 with 12.07 and least was zero in two varieties. The pollinators of coriander belong mainly to four orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Important species visiting the coriander viz., Apis dorsata, A. cerana indica, Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax and, syrphus spp., Musca spp. and other Dipteran flies of which, A. cerana indica was more dominant followed by Apis dorsata but in Syrphids Episyrphus sp. was more dominant. The flowering period for the varieties COR 37 and COR 36 was 18 days; COR 55 was 28 days and 30 days for all other varieties. The foraging speed of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata and A. cerana are 11.22 seconds and 3.473 respectively. The foraging rate of Apis dorsata and A. cerana, are 13.53 and 23.43 umbels/ minute by Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The foraging mode observed in bee, which was carried both pollen load and nectar in their visit but syrphids were nectar feeder only. Syrphid started foraging (8.23 AM) much earlier than the honeybees i.e.10.13 AM and 10.14 AM for Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The bee, Tetragonula laeviceps was not involved in the pollination of the coriander. Pollen carrying capacity of the Apis dorsata was highest followed by A. cerana, the mean relative abundance of pollen is 2.43 ×104pollens/ml and 1.63×104pollens/ml for Apis dorsata and A. cerana, respectively. The cross pollination plots were showed higher yield than the caged plots, the 9 varieties which were pollinated by insects given tremendous increase in the yield. The mean % increase of yield in all varieties is 243.02%. The percent of yield increase was highest in COR 44 (308%) followed by COR 49 (303.81%) and least in COR 38 (177.5%).ThesisItem Open Access Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean: Recent techniques of management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Bisht, Ritu; Dubey, K.S.Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is one of the most important crop in the world today by the virtue of its richness in balanced protein and oil content. Diseases caused by various pathogens are indeed a worldwide important problem in soybean production . Among biotic diseases, Aerial Blight/ web Blight of soybean caused by a fungus i.e. Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank)(donk) is a serious problem in soybean and considered to be menacing and causes heavy losses in yield particularly in warm and humid part of the country. The pathogen is seed-borne,soil-borne as well as wind-borne in nature and it has very wide host range as well as lack of resistance in soybean germplasm to aerial blight has further aggravated the problem, therefore, its management is always challenging.The present investigations were done to study the recent techniques to be used for managing Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean. Five strains of Trichoderma harzianum and three strains of Pseudomonas sp. were screened for their antagonistic effect against R.solani.Among fungal antagonists 89-N and LTh-14 showed strongest antagonistic effect against the test fungus,while Th-69 was least effective in parasitizing the test fungus.In case of bacterial antagonists PS F11 was found most effective and potential bio-agent strain in dual culture technique. Among ten organic matter amended soil extracts screened, Pressmud amended soil was found very effective in inhibiting the growth of the test fungus. Out of ten organic matter amended soils and inoculated with R.solani,pressmud increased the seed germination and decreased the seed rot, seedling rot and disease severity.Orange peel showed highest vigour index while maximum nodulation was obtained in green pea manure.The effect of wheat straw was similar to the check. Among the thirteen herbal extracts evaluated against R.solani,bel was found most effective at both the concentrations i.e. 10 % and 20 % while, morpankhi and ginger were found least effective in inhibiting the growth of R.solani.Among seven animal by-products tested cow-urine (old) was found most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus while, cow-milk was found least effective. Out of ten essential oils screened, lemon grass,lemon tulsi and peppermint showed 100 % inhibition of mycelial growth of R.solani while, khus and patchouli oil were found least effective. All the essentials oils were also tested at higher concentrations i.e. 500 ppm , 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm , 2000 ppm and 2500 ppm and showed 100 % growth inhibition of the test fungus except khus and patchouli oil. Among the five mineral oils evaluated against the test pathogen ,petrol exhibited maximum growth inhibition of R.solani. Liquid paraffin was found least effective against the test fungus. Tebuconazole and Thiophanate-methyl showed 100 % mycelial growth inhibition at all the concentration i.e. 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm and were most effective against R.solani . Thiram was found least effective against the test fungus.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity analysis for quantitative traits, biochemical profiling and screening of MYMV in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) germplasm collected from Uttarakhand hills(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Gupta, Richa; Arora, AnjuBlackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, 2n = 2x = 22) commonly known as urdbean or mash is an important pulse crop of India. The present investigation was carried out at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, during kharif, 2011 and 2012 with 54 genotypes (including 50 test lines and 4 check varieties) of blackgram for ten quantitative traits with the objectives to study genetic divergence, character association for yield and its components, quantification of seed storage protein and identification of genotypes with high protein content, polymorphism in genotypes using SDS – PAGE and to identify resistant germplasm source for MYMV disease. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and grain yield per plant while significant for number of pods per cluster. The highest yield was recorded as 10.55 g/plant for genotype GP 2011-15 followed by 10.30 g/plant for GP 2011- 64. Character association analysis revealed that yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with all the characters except days to 50% flowering and 100 seed weight. Based on non-hierarchical euclidean cluster analysis, 54 genotypes were grouped into nine non-overlapping clusters. The cluster V comprised of maximum number of genotypes (11) whereas, cluster VII consisted of minimum number of genotypes (2). Highest inter cluster distance was observed between the genotypes of clusters IV and VII followed by clusters IV and VI. Six genotypes viz., GP 2011-15, GP 2011-448, GP 2011-152, GP 2011-64, IS-1 and RS 241 were identified as divergent and desirable for particular characters. Genotype GP 2011-15 was selected for number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant and yield/plant, IS-1 for seeds/pod, GP 2011-448 was selected for plant height and 100 seed weight, GP 2011-152 for number of branches/plant, genotype GP 2011-64 for number of pods/cluster and pod length and RS 241 was selected for days to 50% flowering. Among genotypes evaluated some of them could be a good source of seed storage protein. In blackgram seeds protein ranged from 20.22 to 23.06%. PCPGR 8027 and PCPGR 8022 contained highest amount of total protein i.e. 23.06% and 23.03% respectively. The genotypes were grouped on the basis of SDS-PAGE analysis. The dissimilarity coefficient ranged between 0 - 0.80. A dendrogram based on the UPGMA analysis grouped 54 genotypes into 2 main clusters, cluster A and cluster B. Cluster A consisted of 26 genotypes and the remaining 28 were grouped in cluster B. Genotypes were also screened against MYMV disease. Six genotypes viz., EK 91, IS-1, Urd 83, GP 2011-15, GP 2011-64 and PCPGR 8026 were found immune against MYMV. Three genotypes GP 2011-15, GP 2011-64 and PCPGR 8026 were found agronomically good and immune against MYMV disease, whereas, PCPGR 8026 was found early maturing and contained high seed storage protein.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of energy treatments and hydropriming on seed quality during storage, crop establishment and yield of chick pea(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Sharma, Rashmi; Pandey, Sunita T.In the present investigation, three separate experiments were conducted in which first two experiments were performed at Seed Physiology lab, Department of agronomy, college of Agriculture, G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology. The seeds of chickpea were treated with magnetic field of 100-250 mT for 1-4 hours and BK RYM treatment for 1-4 hours, both at the step of one hour. In experiment No. 1 screening of various energy treatments was done to find out the optimum energy field and its exposure duration to invigorate the seeds of chickpea. Magnetic field of 100 and 200 mT for one hour and BK RYM for 2 and 4 hours resulted in higher germination, growth, vigour and biochemical activities compared to untreated seeds. These treatments were selected for the further experimentation of this study. In experiment No. 2, one year old and freshly harvested seeds treated with selected strength and duration of energy field and hydropriming (for 8 hours) were stored for six months in cloth bag covered with polythene bags at 8% moisture and observations of their physiological and bio chemical activities were recorded on the bi- monthly basis. Magnetic field of 200 mT for one hour, BK RYM treatment for 2 hours and hydropriming showed superior result over untreated seeds in the entire duration of storage. In experiment No. 3 Chickpea seeds treated with selected strength and duration of energy field and hydroprimed seeds(for 8 hours) were sown in field during the Rabi season of 2012-13 at Breeder Crop Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology to find out the effect of seed invigoration techniques on crop establishment and yield. Seeds treated with 8 hours hydropriming, 200 mT magnetic field for one hour and BK RYM treatment for 2 hours emerge earlier, had more plant population, more number of branches and more pods/plant over control, however only hydropriming, and 200 mT magnetic field for one hour treatments gave significantly higher yield over control.