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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on applicability of titanium mesh cage for osteosynthesis of induced long bone segmental defects in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus )(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Raj Kumari; Das, Arup KumarThe present study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase suitable anaesthetic protocol, for the development of orthopaedic model in rabbits, was explored. It was conducted in twenty (20) clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits (~1.5-2.0 years old), of either sex, weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg and were arbitrarily allocated for anaesthetic protocol-1 and anaesthetic protocol-2 containing 10 rabbits in each protocol. The common features included in these two anaesthetic protocols that premedication and induction agents along with dose rate were kept similar and an interval of five minutes was kept between each of these injections. Afterwards anaesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane in rabbits of protocol-1 and with isoflurane in rabbits of protocol-2. On the basis of evaluation of anaesthesia related parameters - sevoflurane was found relatively a better maintenance anaesthetic agent. Thereafter sevoflorane was used during the model development and surgical repair of left tibial midshaft segmental defects (LBSDs). In the second phase of study sixteen (16) adult New Zealand white rabbits (~1.5-2.0 years old) of either sex, weighing 1.5 to 2.5 kg were selected and were divided randomly into two groups (A and B) with eight animals in each group. In these rabbits LBSDs were created and cylindrical Ti-mesh cages and full length intramedullary Ti K-wire were used as implants for osteosynthesis. In rabbits of Group-B Ti-mesh cages were filled with HA ladened Mg-gelatin-collagen-spacer. On the basis of evaluation of parameters, better wound healing was observed in rabbits of Group-B compared to Group-A rabbits. Evaluation of biochemical parameters also showed greater intensity in healing of LBSDs of Group-B. The radiological parameters showed faster rate of new bone formation, reduction in gap (1.00 cm) and remodeling of segmental defect in rabbits of Group- B. On gross observations of segmental defect at the test limb it was found that a clear visible new bone bridging the entire defect and was closely integrated with the proximal and distal host bone-cage junction was observed in Group-B rabbits. However a slightly visible gap was observed in Group -A animals of this study. Although in both the groups the implant materials remained completely stable and in correct alignment that might have adequately aided in process fracture healing. The findings of histopathological and tetracycline labeling were also corroborating the findings of clinical and radiological parameters. Conclusively a better fracture healing and bridging of critical size defect was observed in rabbits of Group B as compared to Group -A rabbits and it can be stated that spacer used in this group might have aided for it and possessing attributes of osteogenicity, biodegradibity and biocompatability. In summated form it can be stated that the outcome of surgical management of large segmental defects of the tibia using cylindrical titanium mesh cages has advantages of comparative simplicity and versatility. So it has the scope to be used for the treatment of long segmental bone defects in clinical veterinary practice. However, further clinical studies are required in order to evaluate of its efficacy.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on regenerative potential of bone marrow derived differentiated osteoblasts and their gene expression in fracture repair in rabbit model(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Bhatt, Jyotsana; Jadon, Narendra S.The present study was conducted to evaluate regenerative potential of bone marrow derived differentiated osteoblast along with β-TCP scaffold in augmenting fracture healing in rabbits and to delineate expression profile of various genes involved in fracture repair as molecular markers of healing via Real time-PCR. During first phase of study isolation and propagation of bone marrow derived MSCs, its differentiation into osteoblasts and their characterization utilizing specific techniques was done followed by second phase of clinical evaluation of therapeutic potential of undifferentiated MSCs and differentiated osteoblasts in fracture repair in rabbit model. Thirty six rabbits used in this study were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D) having 9 animals each. Animals were anaesthetized with xylazine @ 6mg/kg followed by ketamine @ 60mg/kg, intramuscularly and a 7mm segmental defect was created in mid diaphysis of left radius bone. Animals of different groups were subjected to different treatment protocols. Animals of group I kept as negative control and only external splint was applied. In animals of group II, only β- TCP implant was used to bridge the segmental defect. Animals of group III were treated with undifferentiated MSCs along with β- TCP implant and animals of group IV were treated with differentiated osteoblasts along with β- TCP implant. Quality of fracture repair was assessed by clinical parameters, radiography, estimation of biochemical parameters, gross evaluation of test bone, histopathology, histochemistry using Van Gieson’s staining, flourochrome labelling, scanning electron microscopy and molecular assessment of bone turnover markers via Real time-PCR. Radiographic findings, gross evaluation of test bone and histopathology revealed that the key criteria for evaluating bone healing like level of callus formation, bony union between cut ends and bone remodelling were significantly (P<0.05) prominent in animals of group IV treated with differentiated osteoblasts along with β-TCP implant closely followed by animals of group III treated with undifferentiated MSCs along with β-TCP implant. Biochemical parameters showed significant (P<0.05) increase in its level on day 30 postoperatively in all the groups, however these values returned to normal level at day 45 in group III and IV signifying faster pace of healing in stem cell treated groups. Tetracycline labelling and scanning electron microscopic study of regenerated tissue from different groups of animals revealed significantly (P<0.05) superior quality of healing in animals of group IV. Gene expression profiling showed upregulation of osteopontin and osteocalcin genes, associated with remodelling, in animals of group IV whereas genes like alkaline phosphatise and collagen type-1, associated with proliferative stage of fracture healing, were upregulated in animals of group I. Results of this study reveals that animals treated with osteogenically predifferentiated MSCs (osteoblasts) showed rapid and superior quality healing of critical sized segmental bone defects as compared to animals treated with undifferentiated MSCs, β-TCP implant alone and control animals.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on regenerative potential of hepatocytic mesenchymal cells in liver degeneration and delineation of their gene expression in canine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Saini, Rashmi; Jadon, N.S.Twenty four dogs of either sex naturally suffering from hepatic dysfunction were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into four groups administered with different drug or drugs combination viz. control (Group A); pepsid-C @ 1ml /10 kg body weight, IM alternatively for fifteen days (Group B); hepatocytic stem cells @ 5×107 cells, intraperitonially animal thrice at an interval of 5 days (Group C) and hepatocytic stem cells @ 5× 107 cells, intraperitonially animal thrice at an interval of 5 days + pepsid-C @ 1ml /10 kg body weight, IM alternatively for fifteen days (Group D). The clinical signs, haematological (Hb, TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV, BT and CT), biochemical (serum T.P, serum albumin, serum total bilirubin, serum glucose, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and serum AST, serum ALT and serum GGT) parameters were studied at 0, 3rd, 6th, 10th, 15th and 20th day by using standard protocol. Radiographic and ultrasonographic changes were studied at 0 and 20th day following treatment. Gene expression of CD44 gene was evaluated via real time PCR. On the basis of parameter observed in this study, it was concluded that the effectiveness of treatment at 15th and 20th day interval was more in the animals treated with combination of hepatocytic stem cells + pepsid-C (Group D) and hepatocytic stem cells (Group C) alone as compared to pepsid-C alone (Group B), as indicated by haematological, biochemical, radiographic, ultrasonographic examination and gene expression of CD44 studies. Hepatocytic stem cells and pepsid-C are safe drugs used in the present study as there was no adverse biochemical and hematological changes during entire period of study. However, the variable changes observed during these periods were purely temporarily and were within normal physiological limits. Ultrasonographic study at day 0 interval of all the animals showed various degree of increased echogenicity, hepatopathy, changes in hepatic symmetric or asymmetric, cholecystitis, acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis. Variable regenerative changes were seen in rest of the three groups B, C and D at 20th day following the administered of pepsid-C alone, hepatocytic stem cells alone and combination of hepatocytic stem cells + pepsid-C respectively. Abdominal radiograph of all the animals of group A, B, C and D at day 0 interval revealed the morphologic abnormalities in size, shape, position, and radio density of the liver. Gene expression of CD44 associated with regeneration was evident in animals where liver derived hepatocytes were administered and not evident in other group (A and B) while GAPDH, being a housekeeping gene was evident in all groups. Hepatocytic stem cells are necessary for the creation of new cells for growth, development and regeneration. These cells are responsible for the development of new specific cells and also have potential to differentiate into different cell types but are mostly bipotent and are specific for the type of tissue they belong to. These hepatocytic stem cells have better effect on liver function. Thus the combination of hepatocytic stem cells and pepsid-C may be used safely by field veterinarian for the treatment of hepatic dysfunction in canine.ThesisItem Open Access Apoptic effects of vincristine sulphate and cisplatin scaffolds on HeLa cell line and their clinical efficacy on canine transmissible venereal tumors(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Arun Kumar; Jadon, N.S.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of vincristine sulphate, cisplatin and their scaffolds on canine transmissible venereal tumour in twenty four sexually mature adult dogs affected with naturally occurring canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT). The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=6) and subjected to administration of different oncolytic drugs and drugs scaffolds. The animals of group A were administered vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/kg intravenously once in a week for four consecutive weeks and animals of group B were administered cisplatin @ 2.14 mg/kg intravenously and repeated after 21 days. The animals of group C and D were subjected to the administration of scaffolds of vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/kg intravenously once in a week for four consecutive weeks and scaffolds of cisplatin @ 2.14mg/kg intravenously and repeated after 21 days respectively. Preparation and characterization of hydrogel scaffolds were consisting of FTIR measurements, ultrastructure studies and electrochemical analysis. The oncolytic potential of the different chemotherapeutic agent (vincristine sulphate, cisplatin and their scaffolds) was evaluated on the basis of physical and cytological parameters, histopathological studies, haemato-biochemical parameters(Hb, PCV, TLC, DLC and platelets, total protein, glucose, BUN, creatinine, ALT, ASTand GGT) and apoptotic effect on HeLa cell line. Genomic DNA from HeLa cells was isolated and subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gel (1.8%) and 1kb DNA ladder. DNA fragments were visualized under a UV trans-illuminator and compared with a standard marker. Lane C showed no fragmented DNA, however, 20 μg/ml vincristine and 20 μg/ml cisplatin showed fragmented DNA in the form of ladder 1 and 3 after 24 h. Vincristine scaffolds and cisplatin scaffolds showed mild DNA fragment in lane 2 and 4. On the basis of parameter observed in this study, it is concluded that the early and best regression of the CTVT was observed in the animals treated with vincristine scaffolds. Cisplatin regressed the CTVT masses upto some extent; however, cisplatin scaffolds are moderately effective when it is used in appropriate dose. Vincristine alone is effective drug for the treatment of CTVT even in metastatic conditions, however the vincristine scaffolds are more effective as it has early regression of tumour as compare to vincristine alone. This may be due to decreasing the side effects caused in healthy cells. These vincristine scaffolds may be used safely by field veterinarian for the treatment of TVT in canines.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological, haematobiochemical and clinical effects of etomidate, propofol, ketamine and sevoflurane anaesthesia in dexmedetomidine premedicated dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Bisth, Devender Singh; Jadon, Narendra SinghThirty six adult dogs (requiring various clinical procedures) used in this study were divided randomly into six subgroups (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2). All the dogs were subjected to the administration atropine sulphate at the dose rate of 0.04mg/kg s/c followed by dexmedetomidine given as preanaesthetic at the dose rate of 10 µg/kg iv in groups A1, B1 and C1 and at the dose rate of 15 µg/kg iv in groups A2, B2 and C2. The animals of group A1 and A2 were induced with etomidate at the dose rate of 1.66±0.11mg/kg iv and 1.58±0.19mg/kg iv, animals of group B1 and B2 with propofol at the dose rate of 2.46±0.19mg/kg iv and 2.45±0.20mg/kg iv whereas the animals of group C1 and C2 were induced with ketamine at the dose rate of 7.70±0.17 iv and 7.60±0.20 mg/kg iv respectively. Anaesthesia was maintained in all the groups of animals with sevoflurane. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane was determined in all the animals by the tail clamp method. The level of anaesthesia was determined by observing various clinical (Induction time, duration of anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, pedal reflex, palpebral reflex, recovery time, sternal recumbency time, standing time, complete recovery time, required doses of different drugs and sevoflurane MAC reductions (%), physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, haemoglobin oxygen saturation-SpO2, electrocardiography), haematological (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, packed cell volume, erythrocytic indices MCV, MCH, MCHC and biochemical (serum glucose, serum insulin, serum cortisol, total protein, serum albumin, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase) parameters. The mean values of induction time were decreased in the groups receiving a higher dose of dexmedetomidine (10µg/kg vs. 15µg/kg). The duration of anaesthesia in the present study was dependent on the responses of the animals to the tail clamp. All anaesthetic combinations tested in the study were able to provide adequate muscle relaxation. The pedal reflex and palpebral reflex were totally lost after administration of the induction agents in all the groups barring the palpebral reflex in group C. The recovery time, strernal recumbency time, standing time and complete recovery time were increased in the groups administered with higher dose of dexmedetomidine as compared to the groups receiving lower dose of dexmedetomidine. An increase in the dose of dexmedetomidine resulted in a decrease in the required dose rate of induction agents (etomidate, propofol and ketamine) and the MAC of sevoflurane. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate showed significant decrease at various time intervals and reached to the base level values by 24 hours post anaesthesia. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures showed significant decrease in its values in the groups A and B but not in the group C, and returned to their base values by 3 hours post anaesthesia. In all the groups of animals the capillary refill time (CRT) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were always less than 2 seconds and more than 95% respectively. ECG changes observed in the animals of group A1 were increased P-R and Q-T interval and inverted T waves, in the animals of group A2 sinus arryhythmia, in the animals of group B1 biphasic and inverted T wave, in the group B2 bradyarrhythmia, in the animals of group C1 elevated T waves whereas in the animals of group C2 biphasic T waves were observed. The haemoglobin, TLC and TEC values of the animals in various groups showed significant decrease in its values whereas the ESR showed a non-significant increase. No significant changes were observed in differential leucocyte count and erythrocytic indices. Serum glucose level increased significantly along with decrease in serum insulin levels. Serum cortisol level showed a significant decrease in its values in group A and a significant increase in groups B and C. Decrease in total protein and albumin level along with slight increase in urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT and AST levels was observed in all the groups of animals. Clinical efficacy of the anaesthetic combinations was determined by performing various surgical operations. On the basis of above mentioned parameters it was concluded that the anaesthetic combinations used in the study have least deleterious effects on the different body systems. The most efficacious anaesthetic combination was atropine sulphate (0.04mg/kg im)dexmedetomidine (15 µg/kg iv)-ketamine (5mg/kg iv)-sevoflurane (group C2) which caused a 30.28% reduction in MAC of sevoflurane.