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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of anaesthetic effects of various combinations of acepromazine, butorphanol, dexmedetomidine and ketamine in glycopyrrolate premedicated dogs maintained with Sevoflurane(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-02) Kundu, Saikat Kumar; Kandpal, ManjulEighteen adult dogs (requiring various clinical procedures) used in this study were divided randomly into three subgroups (A, B and C). All the dogs were subjected to the administration glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly followed by acepromazine given as pre anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.04 mg/kg IM in group A, butorphanol at the dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg IV in group B and dexmedetomidine 10 μg/kg IV in group C. Ten minutes after premedication, all the animals of each group were induced with intravenous ketamine. The induction doses were found to be 7.62±0.09 mg/kg in group A, 7.12±0.09 mg/kg in group B and 6.69±0.08 mg/kg in the animals of group C respectively. Intubation was easy and free of any major complications in the animals of group A and group C, however in the animals of group B, they showed strong coughing reflex, chewing motion and strong tongue with-drawl during the time of intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained in all the groups of animals with sevoflurane. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia was noted in all the animals by the tail clamp method. The level of anaesthesia was determined by observing various clinical (Induction time, intubation score, duration of anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, pedal reflex, recovery time, complete recovery time, recovery score, required doses of different drugs and minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane, physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, haemoglobin oxygen saturation-SpO2, electrocardiography), haematological (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, packed cell volume, and biochemical (serum glucose, total protein, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine amino transferase ,aspartate amino transferase and total bilirubin) parameters. The animals of group C showed quicker induction. All anaesthetic combinations tested in the study were able to provide adequate muscle relaxation but group C showed better result. The pedal reflex was totally lost after administration of the induction agents in all the groups. The recovery time, complete recovery time were highest in group B followed by group C and group A. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia were found to be (1.68 ± 0.47)% for group A, (2.00 ± 0.25)% for group B and (1.85 ± 0.54)% for group C. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate showed significant decrease at various time intervals. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures showed significant decrease in its values in the groups A but not in the group B and group C, and returned to their base values by 90 minutes post anaesthesia. In all the groups of animals the capillary refill time (CRT) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were always less than 2 seconds and more than 95% respectively. The haemoglobin, PCV, TLC and TEC values of the animals in various groups showed significant decrease in its values whereas the ESR showed a significant increase. Significant changes were observed in differential leucocyte count. Serum glucose, Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST and total bilirubin levels increased significantly in all the groups of animals however there was significant decrease in total protein levels. On the basis of above mentioned parameters, it was concluded that the most efficacious anaesthetic combination was glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV)- ketamine (6.69±0.08 mg/kg IV) and sevoflurane (1.85 ± 0.54) % in the animals of group C and it was found suitable for surgeries because of its smooth induction, less induction time, excellent muscle relaxation and analgesia properties, maximum dose sparing effect on ketamine and smooth and uneventful recovery.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical and radiographic study on surgical management of distal diaphyseal fracture in long bones by end threaded positive profile intramedullary pins and titanium elastic nails in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Manish Kumar; Kandpal, ManjulThe present study was conducted on 12 clinical cases of dogs of either sex with distal diaphyseal long bone fractures. The animals were randomly divided into two groups having equal numbers viz. Group A in which the fracture was stabilized with End threaded positive profile intramedullary pins and Group B by Titanium elastic nails. Diagnosis of the distal diaphyseal fracture done by preoperative clinical evaluation and radiography. Various parameters like clinic-physiological parameters like rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, inflammation, pain score, lameness and weight bearing score, Haematobiochemical parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC,DLC & ALP were recorded in all the animals at various time interval. Clinico-physiological parameters did not show any significant difference between the both groups and were fluctuating within normal physiological range. Intra operative observation like duration of surgery, radiation exposure time, extent of manipulation and soft tissue damage, degree of technical difficulties, status of fracture reduction and fracture fixation was also recorded. The mean duration of surgery and intraoperative radiation exposure time significantly less in Group A compare to Group B. Lameness score was significantly less in group B compare to group A. The weight bearing score was significantly more in Group B as compare to Group A. Post-operative radiograph revealed intact implants with evidence of significant bridging callus and better radiographic healing grade in Group B as compare to Group A. Functional outcome score was significantly more in Group B as compare to Group A. The post-operative complication comprised of loosening and distal migration of pin in one case of Group A. The haematobiochemical parameters were within the physiological range and change in the mean values between the groups were statistically non-significant. For the physiological and anatomical repair of the fracture site, the titanium elastic nailing was found to be superior method than End threaded positive profile intramedullary pinning.Titanium elastic nailing resulted in early weight bearing and limb use along with better ability to withstand the stresses of weight bearing.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the diagnosis and management of corneal ulcer in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-05) Kaushal, Sara; Jadon, N.S.Twenty four dogs of either sex for the treatment of corneal ulcers were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into three groups having equal number of animals viz. group I treated with medicinal therapy, group II treated with membranoplasty and medicinal therapy and group III, treated by application of contact lens along with tarsorrhaphy and medicinal therapy. The diagnosis was made on the basis of detailed ophthalmic examination and various diagnostic tests such as vision reflex tests, Schirmer’s tear test, fluorescein dye test, microbiological sampling, ophthalmoscopic examination and tonometry on the day of presentation and on the day of suture removal. Besides this, various clinical, haematological (Hb, TEC, PCV, TLC and DLC) and biochemical (serum glucose, total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin) parameters were studied at 0, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week using standard protocols. On the basis of parameters observed in this study, it was concluded that the clinical parameters did not reveal any significant change between the different treatment groups and were fluctuating within the normal physiological limits. Macroscopically, conjunctival infection and chemosis, corneal edema, transparency, decreased tear production, fluorescein dye uptake, pupillary and blink reflexes and neovascularisation were observed on the corneal wounds of different groups. The results suggested that early corneal healing with maximum reduction in conjunctival infection, edema, neovascularization was observed in the animals of group III, followed by groups II and I. It was concluded that medicinal treatment, which included eye ointment (neosporin: neomycin, bacitracin and polymyxin B), anti-inflammatory agent (carprofen), systemic broad-spectrum antibiotic (doxycycline) and carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops (refresh tears) was found to be effective in uncomplicated, superficial ulcers. However, many complications such as epiphora, keratitis, corneal scarring and edema were observed. Membranoplasty/third eyelid flap technique with medicinal treatment in animals of group II, resulted in effective healing of the corneal ulcer as compared to the animals of group I. Complications including flap dehiscence, edema and scarring were observed. Application of contact lens along with tarsorrhaphy and medicinal treatment in group III was found to be most efficacious for the management of corneal ulcers, as minimal postoperative complications were observed in this group, along with faster recovery and earlier restoration of vision as compared to the other two treatment groups.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of propofol and ketamine total intravenous anaesthesia in midazolambutorphanol premedicated goats with or without dexmedetomidine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Negi, Bharti; Bodh, DeeptiIn the present study twenty four goats (requiring various clinical procedures) were used and divided randomly into four groups (A, B, C and D) having six animals in each group. In groups A and C, animals were premedicated with a combination of midazolam (@ 0.3 mg/kg body weight i.v.) and butorphanol (@ 0.2 mg/kg body weight i.v.). In groups B and D, animals were premedicated with a combination of dexmedetomidine (@ 5 μg/kg body weight i.v.), midazolam (@ 0.3 mg/kg body weight i.v.) and butorphanol (@ 0.2 mg/kg body weight i.v.) mixed in a single syringe. Induction and maintenance was achieved by propofol in animals of group A (3.35 ± 0.08 mg/kg and 19.92 ± 1.48 mg/kg, respectively), B (2.18 ± 0.01 mg/kg and 8.08 ± 1.37 mg/kg, respectively) and with ketamine in animals of group C (7.17 ± 0.60 mg/kg and 34.19 ± 1.30 mg/kg, respectively), D (2.53 ± 0.12 mg/kg and 13.01 ± 1.01 mg/kg, respectively). The level of anaesthesia was determined on the basis of various clinical, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters. The preanaesthetic combination of midazolam-butorphanol produced extreme sedation whereas addition of dexmedetomidine with midazolam-butorphanol induced extreme sedation, along with better muscle relaxation and analgesia. The mean induction time was lesser in dexmedetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol premedicated goats as compared to midazolam-butorphanol premedicated goats. Propofol was found better than ketamine as an induction agent in goat because of good induction quality, excellent muscle relaxation, smooth and rapid recovery. It was concluded that dexmedetomidinemidaolam- butorphanol combination has more dose sparing effect than midazolambutorphanol on propofol or ketamine used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. None of the drug combinations produced any deleterious effect on vital organ functions and were found safe in goats. Dexmedetomidine-midazolambutorphanol-propofol is a safe anaesthetic combination and could be recommended for surgery requiring one hour duration because of extreme sedation, excellent analgesia, excellent muscle relaxation along with rapid induction and smooth recovery but cost was a major constraint with this combination.ThesisItem Open Access Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic studies on propofol anaesthesia in sheep(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-06) Raj Kumari; Das, Arup KumarIn this study electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic changes during surgical interventions {viz., placement of central venous catheters (Group-B), docking/ tail amputation (Group-C), bilateral orchiectomy (Group-D) and no surgical stimuli as control (Group-A)} with propofol anaesthesia were assessed in twenty-four (n=24) apparently healthy male sheep. For surgical operations each sheep of this study was premedicated with glycopyrrolate (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight, IM) and, five minutes after, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (@ 4.00 mg/kg body weight, IV). The parameters in this study included clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters. Similarly, qualitative electroencephalographic evaluation was done through spectral analysis to generate total power, SEF-90, MF and PPF over 0-30 frequency band width while relative power of different bandwidths viz., , , and was assessed. Rectal temperature and respiration rate has not shown any significant variability in any of the groups during the entire course of experiment. Haemoglobin concentration reduced and this extent was higher in control group than central venous catheterization, docking and castration groups. PCV reduced in all the groups. TEC depicted reduction in control group; however, this fall was not apparent in other groups. Blood glucose decreased initially followed by an increase in three groups after propofol induction while the castration group exhibited a non-significant increase from very beginning. Total serum protein declined in all the groups. A sudden increase in serum triglyceride (TG) was observed at one minute post-propofol induction in all the groups, which later on declined. Propofol has not been able to induce any significant changes in P-wave, QRS wave and T-wave amplitude as exhibited in control group. However, P-wave amplitude increased significantly in animals performed with central venous catheterization. The T-wave amplitude increased nonsignificantly in CVC group while decrease in docking and castration groups. P-wave and T-wave duration has not exhibited any significant difference throughout the course of experiment. However, QRS wave duration decreased in control group and no significant changes were observed in surgical groups. PR segment length reduced in castration group only and none of the other groups exhibited any significant changes. ST segment length exhibited significant increase in control group, non-significant increase in CVC while exhibiting significant fall in castration and docking groups. RR interval exhibited reduction in all the four groups, non-significantly in control while significantly in the three surgical groups. Heart Rate increased in all the four groups. EEG analysis showed an increase in total power, median frequency, theta frequency, peak power in all group, and after a transient increase reduction in spectral edge frequency and alpha frequency. However delta frequency showed an increase after a transient decrease and a marked decrease in beta frequency after propofol injection. It was concluded that propofol to some extent possess analgesic effect and may be useful in husbandry practices/ day case surgery. However, evaluation of analgesic effects of propofol needs further investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on anaesthetic and surgical management of traumatized canine patients(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-11) Ram Lakhan; Sharma, V.K.The sixteen clinical cases of traumatized canine patients brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital were screened by clinical and radiographic observations and divided into two groups viz. A and B. The animals of group A were suffering with hard tissue trauma while the animals of group B were suffering with soft tissue trauma. Besides this another group (C) comprised of 8 healthy dogs was also used as a control study. The pathophysiological alterations in the traumatized animals were determined by measuring the level of different clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical parameters. The animals of group A and B were further divided into subgroups A1, A2, B1 and B2 having equal number of dogs. The animals of subgroups A1 and B1 were subjected to the surgical intervention under the effect of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium, and halothane anaesthesia while the animals of subgroups of A2 and B2 were operated under the effect of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium and isoflurane anaesthesia. The animals of subgroups A1and B1 were subjected to intravenous administration of Ringer lactate and haemaccel while the animals of subgroup A2 and B2 were subjected to intravenous administration of Ringer lactate and normal saline. Moxel @ 10 mg/kg body weight intramuscular BID for 7 days was administered in all injured animals post operatively. Various clinicophysiological, cardiopulmonary and haematobiochemical parameters were determined to measure the pathophysiological alteration and efficacy of different combination of anaesthetic agent. On the basis of these parameters it was concluded that the pathophysiological changes in hard tissue trauma were more marked as compared to soft tissue trauma. The combination of atropine, diazepam, thiopental sodium and halothane in both groups of animals as it provides more cardiopulmonary stability and has least deleterious effect on different body system. In post operative period the combination of Ringer lactate and haemaccel was more effective than the Ringer lactate and normal saline as it has altered the pathophysiological more quickly.ThesisItem Open Access Surgical management of distal radius and ulna fracture in dogs with special reference to Colles fracture - a comparative study(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-01) Bhagavantappa, B.; Das, Arup KumarTwenty-four clinical cases with distal radius and ulna fracture (Colles Type) in dogs admitted in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Pantnagar were considered for the evaluation of different fixation techniques. Cases were randomly divided into four groups, viz. I (treated with ESF- Type I or Type II configuration), II (treated with stainless steel T-plate – 2.5 or 3.5 mm with five holes), III (treated with Ilizarov ring fixator: CESF) and IV (treated with plaster of Paris cast). The anaesthetic regimen with atropine sulphate and diazepam premedication and induction of general anaesthesia with thiopental sodium intravenously till effect and maintenance with halothane and oxygen mixture was found to be optimum for the reduction of Colles fracture. Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographic views of radius-ulna were taken at different intervals and clinical parameters like heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, inflammatory swelling and serum enzyme activity were used in the assessment of fracture healing in animals of all the groups. Proper postoperative care was instructed to the owners and specific individual postoperative care for animals of group I and III were provided regularly to avoid pin-tract infection. The ESF and CESF were removed between 4th and 6th week, implant of T-plate was left permanently at the site of fracture and the POP cast was removed after radiographic evaluation after 3rd week. The quality of physical rehabilitation of these patients was considered for the evaluations of the different fixation methods. In this study the ESF was evaluated as first choice followed by T-plating and Ilizarov ring fixator, respectively, for the management of Colles fracture. Plaster of Paris has been evaluated as inappropriate method for the management of Colles fracture in small to medium size of dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Biomechanical evaluation of repair modalities for bovine metacarpal/tibial fracture(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Gupta, Ashutosh Kumar; Das, Arup KumarThere was two parts of this study: First, in vitro evaluation of transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) for their load bearing capacity was carried out. Thereafter clinical evaluation of those casts was undertaken in twelve bovine fracture cases (Group- I: 6 cases of tibial fracture treated with PW:TFC) and (Group- II: 6 cases of metacarpal fracture treated with PVC:RWPC). Clinical relevance of those casts like ease of application, conformability and strength development was also evaluated. Compressive stress of the transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) were found to be (Mean ±SE) 3.482 ±0.182 N/mm2 and 12.599 ±0.619 N/mm2, respectively.. Bending stress of the transfixation cast (PW:TFC) and rain water pipe cast (PVC:RWPC) were found to be (Mean ±SE) 5.534 ±0.233 N/mm2 and (Mean ±SE) 3.013 ±0.078 N/mm2. PVC:RWPC found superior than PW:TFC as per as radiolucency test is concern. All the clinical parameters like heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate and inflammatory signs of pain and swelling were also recorded before and after the fracture fixation. The radiographs were taken to evaluate the success of fracture reduction and fixation. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was measured at different intervals during the convalescent period of bone healing.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on diagnosis and treatment of septic tenosynovitis in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-05) Sarvesh Kumar; Sharma, V.K.The present study was conducted on ten clinical cases suffering with tenosynovitis to assess the effectiveness of medical and surgical treatment. The animals were divided randomly into two groups. Animals of group A were treated with systemic and intrathecal injections of gentamicin after proper aspiration of the synovial fluid while animals of group B were treated with systemic and intrathecal injections of gentamicin along with debridement and irrigation of affected site with normal saline mixed with gentamicin through a indwelling surgical drain placed in the tendon sheath. The diagnosis of the disease and determination of the efficacy of therapeutic regimens was done on the basis of clinical signs, haematology, synovial fluid analysis, microbiological studies faciagraphy and ultrasonography for a period of 60 days. Clinical observation of clinical cases revealed a significantly increased rectal temperature, lameness score, swelling and severe pain at the affected site which reduced gradually after institution of therapy which was early and complete in group A. The haematological findings did not reflect any significant change except an increase in the neutrophil and a decrease in lymphocyte before treatment which improved after initiation of treatment. Before treatment the altered colour and consistency of synovial fluid was recorded with high quantity of flocculant materials which changes to normal after treatment but earlier in group A. During pre-treatment phase significantly lower value of MPQ, lymphocyte, glucose and albumin and globulin ratio was recorded in all the animals which gradually increased during post-treatment periods. A significantly higher values of total leukocyte count and neutrophil count was observed in all the animals before treatment which reduced after treatment but earlier in group A. A significantly high level of synovial fluid aspartate and alanine amino transferase, alkaline, and acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total protein was observed before treatment in all the animals which reduced gradually after treatment. No significant difference was observed between the groups for any blood and synovial fluid parameter studies. On microbial isolation coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. was found in all the 10 samples along with Streptococcus sp. and E. coli. which showed a maximum sensitivity for gentamicin. On faciagraphy thickened flexor tendon sheath along with adhesions between tendon sheath to underlying tissues and skin was observed which reduced in both the groups as the treatment advances but earlier in group A animals. Before treatment ultrasonogram revealed distension of the digital flexor tendon sheath evidenced by presence of anechoic zone and increased echogenicity of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament. Ultrasonogram taken after initiation of treatment demonstrated an increase echogenicity of soft tissue and no demarcation between various layers of soft tissues during initial stage. These change were more severe in group B animals. The ultrasonograms depicted almost normal appearance of soft tissues on 45th and 60th post-treatment day in group A and group B respectively. The results of the present study suggests that both the therapeutic regimens are effective for the treatment of septic tenosynovitis. However, medical treatment combined with periodic aspiration of synovial effusion was found better over the surgical treatment combined with indwelling catheterization. Medical treatment and aspiration of fluid was found easy to use and initiated less adhesion formation between tendon and tendon sheath. Whereas, surgical debridement and indwelling catheterization of tendon sheath produced marked adhesion between tendon and tendon sheath which restricted normal tendon function.
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