Loading...
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
Browse
5 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Studies on prevalence and biochemical profile of metacestodes in slaughtered food animals of northern india and associated pathological alterations(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-06) Patidar, Sachin; Vatsya, StutiA study was designed to know the prevalence and biochemical profile of hydatid cyst in buffaloes and Cysticercus in sheep, goats and pigs and pathological alterations and economic impact of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered food animals of different regions of Northern India. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and cysticercosis was determined in slaughtered food animals during the period of one year (March, 2021- February, 2022) in different districts in Uttarakhand (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar and Almora), Uttar Pradesh (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad), Rajasthan (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur) and Madhya Pradesh (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam). Of an aggregate of 2255 (buffaloes=456, sheep=237, goats=626 and pigs=936) slaughtered food animals screened for metacestodes, 53 (2.35%) were found positive for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and 180 (7.98%) for cysticercosis with an overall percent prevalence of 10.33% for metacestodes. Of a total of 456 buffaloes screened, 53 were found to harbour hydatid cyst with an overall prevalence of 11.62%. The overall % prevalence rate of CE in area under study of Uttarakhand (n=239) state was found to be 11.30 {Nainital (n=144) -12.50; Udham Singh Nagar (n=44) - 8.51; Bageshwar (n=25) - 8; Almora (n=23) -13.04}; 14.29 in Uttar Pradesh (n=91) {Bareilly(n=43) -18.60; Rampur (n=31) -9.68; Moradabad (n=17) -11.76}; 13.04 in Rajasthan (n=69) {Alwar (n=37) - 10.81; Jaipur (n=13) - 15.38; Bharatpur (n=19) - 15.79}; 7.02 in Madhya Pradesh (n=57) {Rewa (n=30) - 6.67; Jhabua (n=16) - 6.25; Ratlam (11) - 9.09}. The highest prevalence of CE (13.60%) in slaughtered buffaloes was recorded in winter, followed by summer (11.48%) and least in the rains (10.53%). The average prevalence of CE of 33.96%, 47.16% and 18.86% was recorded in liver (single cyst -66.67%; multiple cysts- 33.33%), lung (single cyst - 80%; multiple cysts - 20%) and liver+lung, respectively. The fertility rate of hydatid cysts recovered from slaughtered buffaloes was determined to be 73.58% with 16.98% of the cysts being sterile and 9.43% of the cysts calcified. The viability of protoscolices in fertile cysts of the lungs was 78.95%, compared to 76.92% in cysts collected from the liver. The overall viability of protoscolices was found to be 82.05%. The overall % prevalence rate of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep was 18.14 and 19.80 in goats [Uttarakhand - 23.08 in sheep (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar, and Almora - 27.27, 22.58, 21.43 and 18.18, respectively) and 20.53 in goats (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar and Almora - 21.52, 19.84, 17.65 and 20%, respectively)]; [Uttar Pradesh -15.09% in sheep (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad -18.18, 10.53 and 16.67%, respectively) and 19.19% in goats (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad - 19.61, 18.92 and 18.18%, respectively)]; . [Rajasthan - 13.72% in sheep (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur - 13.13 and 18.18%, respectively) and 15.79% in goats (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur - 15.79, 11.76 and 19.05%]; [Madhya Pradesh - 18.18% in sheep (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam- 19.23, 15.38 and 18.75%, respectively) and 19.61%. in goat (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam- 17.39, 20 and 23.08%, respectively)]. The omentum fat region was most prominently infected organ with cysticercosis. The overall mean ±SE concentration values of total protein (g/dl), cholesterol (mmol/L), glucose (mmol/L), creatinine (μmol/L), triglyceride (mmol/L), urea (mmol/L), ALT (U/L), AST (U/L), Ca (mmol/L), Na (mmol/L) and K(mmol/L) of hydatid fluid collected from liver of buffaloes were 0.02±0.02, 0.14±0.06, 1.44±0.04, 49.59±1.27, 0.04±0.00, 5.08±0.22, 6088.33±1.78, 5712.31±1.90, 2.23±0.01, 111.46±1.84 and 7.68±0.06, respectively and the same for collected from lungs of buffaloes were 0.32±0.02, 0.13±0.03, 1.36±0.02, 49.12±1.28, 0.16±0.01, 6.84±0.40, 5241.32±2.80, 4286.06±2.17, 1.25±0.01, 81.37±3.04 and 7.23±0.37, respectively; Cysticercus fluid collected from sheep were 0.70±0.03, 0.23±0.02, 3.76±0.13, 29.19±1.39, 0.21±0.02, 10.36±0.81, 9.47±1.65, 7.17±0.48, 4.38±0.47, 55.56±2.9 and 1.65±0.2, respectively and from goats were 0.72±0.02, 0.30±0.01, 3.17±0.13, 61.74±5.12, 0.19±0.01, 7.75±0.20, 7.12±0.30, 5.72±0.30, 5.41±0.25, 57.44±2.60 and 1.36±0.16, respectively. Histo-pathological alterations observed in the liver of buffaloes harbouring cystic echinococcosis included extensive fibrosis at the periphery of hepatic lobule with degenerative and necrotic changes along with infiltration of leucocytes. Lungs showed extensive infiltrations of leucocytes, hyperplastic changes of brochiolar epithelium, thickning of alveolar septa with fibrosis, atelectic alveoli with bronchiectasis and fibrosis. The livers of goat and sheep having cysticercosis revealed necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes with dis-orientation of hepatic cords. In mesentery/omentum of goat having cysticercosis, thickening of mesentery/omentum with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation was found. The infected muscles of pigs having cysticercosis revealed necrosis in muscle fiber as well as infiltration of leucocytes. The % economic loss from condemnation of organs due to hydatidosis infection in slaughtered buffaloes was found to be 7.32 (liver- 7.67; lung- 6.14) which amounted to 45,220 ₹ (liver- 36400 ₹; lung- 8820 ₹); due to C. tenuicollis infection in slaughtered sheep and goat was 3.76 {liver (sheep- 4.64; goat- 3.34)} amounting to 8340 ₹ (sheep liver – 3300 ₹; goat liver - 5040 ₹) and due to C. cellulosae infection in slaughtered pig was 1.38 (pork - 1.39; pig heart - 0.74) amounting to 195546 ₹ (pork- 195000₹; pig heart - 546 ₹). Based on the results of prevalence of hydatidosis, it is suggested that there is need for deworming campaign among stray dogs and buffaloes and raise awareness of the disease among butchers. The information generated in the present study will enable a better understanding of epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis and cysticercosis in the areas under study which can be utilized in state or national programmes to manage or eradicate them.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular detection of bovine tropical theileriosis in northern India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Harit, Aakanksha; Rajeev Ranjan KumarConsidering the economic importance and increasing reports of bovine tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata, from different agro-climatic regions of Northern India, an epidemiological study was studied to determine the state-wise, host-wise, age-wise and season wise prevalence of the disease from July, 2020 to June, 2021 using microscopic thin blood smear examination (TBE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Out of 544 blood samples (383 from cattle and 161 from buffaloes) examined, a total of 158 (29.04%) blood samples were found positive for bovine tropical theileriosis {133 cattle (34.72%) and 25 buffaloes (15.52%)}. State-wise prevalence was found maximum (37.66%) in Haryana (51.06% cattle and 16.66%), followed by 28.63% in Uttarakhand (32.73% cattle and 13.33%), 22.58% in Rajasthan (26.19% cattle and 15% buffaloes) and minimum (21.73%) in Uttar Pradesh (24.05 % in cattle and 16.66% in buffaloes). Overall age-wise prevalence was found maximum (35.22%) in animals of >3 years of age (42.62% in cattle and 18.51% in buffaloes), followed by 27.93% in those between 1-3 years of age (33.33% in cattle and 14% in buffaloes) and minimum (14.85%) in animals <1 year of age (16.90% in cattle and 10% in buffaloes). Seasonal prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis was found maximum (32.01%) during summer followed by rainy (29.79%) and minimum (19.35%) during winter season. Thin blood smear examination (TBE) for the presence of piroplasm and schizont (KBB) stages, 86 (15.80%) blood samples was positive for theileriosis. KBB was observed in 14 (2.57%), piroplasms in 62 (11.39%) and both KBB and piroplasms in 10 (1.83%). For molecular diagnosis of BTT, allele-specific PCR based on Cytb, β-tubulin and HSP70 gene was conducted. Amplification yielded complete CDS of Cytb, partial HSP70 and β-tubulin gene sequence of length 1092 bp, 275 bp and 450 bp, respectively in all the positive samples. Besides this, nested PCR for T. annulata specific β-tubulin gene was also performed and amplification yielded gene sequence of length 309 bp. The results of the present study showed that PCR assay was 1.83% more sensitive than TBE for large scale epidemiological studies of bovine tropical theileriosis. In order to investigate the genetic variation, Cytb, β-tubulin and HSP70 genes specific PCR products were digested using Alu1, Rsa1 and Taq1 and Alu1 restriction enzymes, respectively. Restriction digestion of Cytb gene specific PCR products generated gene fragments of 365, 225, 207, 105, 98, 82 and 11 bp length. In case of β-tubulin gene, restriction digestion generated four (270bp and 180bp, 286bp and 164bp, 340bp and 110bp, 277bp and 173bp) different patterns. However, in HSP70, Alu1 restriction digestion generated four (143bp, 78bp and 54bp; 107bp, 90bp and 78bp; 182bp, 78bp and 15bp; 125bp, 90bp and 60bp) different patterns and Taq1 restriction digestion generated two (175bp and 110bp, 240bp and 35bp) different patterns. The sequence analysis of all the genes revealed high level of polymorphism when compared with the pre-existing GenBank sequences. All the four isolates of Cytb gene of T. annulata showed four synonymous mutations at codon 78 (Serine), 116 (Threonine), 139 (Leucine), 143 (Phenylalanine) and 290 (Valine) and one non-synonymous mutation at codon 146 (Threonine instead of Alanine). Besides this, Hisar isolate showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 153 (Alanine instead of Glycine). However, Karnal, Haridwar and Rajasthan isolates showed synonymous mutation at codon 290 (Valine). All the three isolates of β-tubulin gene showed three synonymous mutations at codon 35 (Isoleucine), codon 150 (Tyrosine) and codon 151 (Threonine). Apart from this, Haridwar isolate showed two non-synonymous mutations at codon 37 (Glutamine instead of stop codon) and codon 54 (Phenylalanine instead of Tyrosine). However, Karnal isolate showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 98 (Leucine instead of Proline) along with three synonymous mutations at codon 35 (Isoleucine), codon 150 (Tyrosine) and codon 151 (Threonine). All the aligned sequences of HSP70 gene showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 87 (Serine instead of Threonine). However, Hisar, Karnal and UP isolates showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 51 (Glutamine replaced by stop codon). Phylogenetic analysis of Cytb gene showed two different clades (Haridwar, Karnal and Rajasthan isolates in one clade and Hisar isolate in another clade) under same branch. All the isolates of β-tubulin gene fell into same clade. However, in case of HSP70 gene, Hisar, Karnal and UP isolates shared same clade while Haridwar isolate made a separate node under the same branch. On the basis of present study, it can be concluded that bovines of Northern India are highly susceptible for bovine tropical theileriosis. The findings of various laboratory techniques suggest that AS-PCR may be used to detect latent infection in asymptomatic carriers essentially required for early diagnosis and to save the life of infected animals. The point mutations observed at codon 139, 143 and 146 in Cytb gene of T. annulata may be used to detect buparvaquone treatment failure in animals. As the disease is fatal in nature, so it is suggested that the farmers should consult Veterinarians for proper diagnosis of the disease and minimizing the economic losses.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the chicken of U.S.Nagar district of Uttarakhand and efficacy of certain herbal formulations against ascaridiosis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Yadav, Mukesh Kumar; Singh, V.S.The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard and commercial chickens as well as to determine the comparative efficacy of standard drug and certain herbal formulations against Ascaridiosis in naturally infected backyard chicken reared in U.S. Nagar, district of Uttarakhand for a period one year from June, 2018 to May, 2019 whereas efficacy trial was evaluated for 28 day from 2, March, 2019 to 30 March 2019. A total of three thousand three hundred and thirty five (3335) samples comprising of 1618 (1392 droppings and 226 gastrointestinal tract) from backyard and 1717 (1180 droppings and 537 gastrointestinal tract) commercial chickens were collected randomly from eight (8) tehsils (Kichha, Rudrapur, Sitarganj, Kashipur, Gagarpur, Bazpur, Jaspur and Khatima) of U.S. Nagar, district of Uttarakhand. However, efficacy trial were conducted in seventy five backyard chickens, randomly divided into 5 groups, each groups have 15 birds of 3 replicates and each replicates have 5 naturally infected chicken with ascaridiosis. Chickens of Group I was kept as Control and untreated. Chickens of Group II were treated with piperazine @ 80mg/kg body wt orally for 3 consecutive days. Chickens of Group III were treated with a combination of Neem, Papaya, Vaividang and Bathua powder (25% each) @ 2gm/kg body wt. Chickens of Group IV were treated with a combination of Bathua and Vaividang powder (50% each) @ 2gm/kg body wt while those of group V were treated with Bathua powder 2gm/kg body wt for 3 consecutive days. Collected sample were examined for gastrointestinal parasites using standard techniques. Eight (8) different gastrointestinal parasite eggs and oocytes were identified. Out of these parasites, four species were related to nematodes such as Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp., Trichostrongylus spp: three species were of cestodes such as Raillietina spp., Cotugnia sp. and Hymenolepis sp. and none of the chicken was infected with trematodes. In gastrointestinal protozoa, Eimeria spp. were recorded. Prevalence of different species of gastrointestinal helminths was higher in backyard chicken (60.44%)) as compare to commercial (18.25%). However prevalence of Eimeria spp. was higher in commercial chicken (62.02%) than backyard (33.62%). In backyard chicken as well as comercial chicken, higher overall prevalence of nematodes (24.46%) were found as compare to cestodes (8.57%) and mixed infection (5.42%). Seasonal prevalence of helminths and Eimeria spp. was recorded highest in Rainy followed by summer and Winter, in both backyard and comercial chicken. In monthly data analysis, maximum prevalence was recorded in August and least in Januay. In vivo trials revealed that Ascaridia galli infection caused significant decrease in the body weights of chicken. Group II was found to be most effective in which weight gain was increased 9.79 % of the initial body weight. This was further followed by group III, IV and V increasing 7.41, 6.51, and 6.02 % of the initial body weight. However, in efficacy trial, EPG count were found significantly decreased (p<0.05) in all treated groups and significantly (p<0.05) increased in control group during the whole experimental period. Group II was found to be most effective (100%) at 7th day onward. This was further followed by group V with 21.07, 56.01, 67.12 and 83.04% reduction in EPG on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively. Group III showed minimum effect among the herbal formulation against feacal egg reduction count with 12.87, 45.90, 64.88 and 77.89% on days 7, 14, 21, and 28th days, respectively. Signicant increase in fecal egg reduction counts was recorded in group I (control) with 3.30, 6.06, 8.97 and 14.10% on 7, 14, 21, and 28 day respectively. Comparative study of morphology of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum was carried out by scanning electron microscopy and light electron microscopy. In male, caudal end A.galli has precloacal sucker, two equal sized spicules emerged from anal opening and ten pairs of caudal papillae. However, Female had a simple straight tail with a ventrally located anal opening. Caudal end of male Heterakis gallinarum have well developed preclocal sucker, two unequal sized spicules emerged from cloacal opening and 12 pairs of caudal papillae. Whereas tail of female was straight, long; narrow and pointed. Therefore, prevalence study may be helpful to develop strategies for treatment and control of these gastrointestinal parasites of chicken in particular study area. Herbal formulations may be used as moderate anthelmintics against ascariodiosis.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence and molecular characterization of cystic echinococcosis in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Sofi, Omer Mohi u din; Vatsya, StutiThe present investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in buffaloes slaughtered at slaughter houses in Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand state for a period of one year from January, 2017 to December, 2017. Of the 322 animals screened, the overall prevalence rate of 12.11% of CE was observed {Udham Singh Nagar district (n=150) - 10% (lungs=26.67%, liver=53.33% and liver + lung=20%); Nainital district (n=172) - 13.95% (lungs=33.33%, liver=50% and liver + lung=16.66%)}. Overall, the average prevalence of 30.76%, 51.28% and 17.94% was recorded in liver, lung and liver + lung, respectively with significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in lungs as against liver. Seasonal prevalence of CE revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of CE in winter (15.38%) than summer (11.49%) and rains (10%). Different types of cysts were recovered from various infected organs with significantly (P<0.05) different rates of infection {single cysts (lungs=80%, liver=66.66%), multiple cysts (lungs=20%, liver=33.33%)}. The fertility rate of 39 hydatid cysts examined from total number of slaughtered buffaloes was found to be 61.53% {sterile=25.65%, calcified=12.82%} and significantly higher fertility rate of cysts from lungs (65%) was observed as against liver (58.33%) and lung + liver (57.14%). The overall viability rate of protoscolices that were recovered from cysts of all slaughtered animals was observed to be 83.33% {lungs (76.92%) and liver (71.42%)}. A significant (P<0.05) difference of the viability of protoscolices of different sizes of the cysts was also observed {<3cm (0%), 3-6cm (75%) and >6cm (93.33%)}. Micrometric study (Mean±SE) of large and small hooks of protoscolices was performed by taking seven 7 parameters viz. total hook length (TL), blade length (BL), blade width (BW), blade guard distance (BGD), handle length (HL), handle width (HW) and total width (TW) {n=25; large hooks (TL=21.66±0.71μm, BL=13.96± 0.62μm, BW=3.94± 0.47μm, BGD=10.99± 0.51μm, HL=7.05± 0.51μm, HW=3.28± 0.46μm, TW=7.15± 0.54μm), small hooks (TL=17.23± 0.55μm, BL=9.23± 0.46μm, BW=2.25±0.41μm, BGD=7.16± 0.45μm, HL=7.44± 0.33μm, HW=3.29± 0.52μm, TW=6.12± 0.47μm)}. Overall length and handle length of massive and small hooks of buffalo isolates were observed to be substantially higher. Both total length and handle length of large and small hooks could be used as the most potential characters for brief identification of parasites in epidemiological studies. DNA was extracted from overall 28 samples (protoscolices and laminated layer). The DNA and cox1 gene amplification fragment length of all the isolates was found to be 18kb and 493bp, respectively. The cox1 gene sequence obtained from Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital isolate showed 100% and 99.9% identity with India, Sudan and Brazil isolates (G5 genotype), respectively which confirmed the prevalence of G5 genotype of Echinococcus granulosus in buffaloes in the study area of Uttarakhand. The nucleotide variation in the cox1 gene sequence as compared to Brazil isolate resulted in change in the translated amino acid sequence at only 1 site for Udham Singh Nagar isolate (at position 7, Serine was replaced by Alanine) and at 2 sites for Nainital isolate (at position 98, Serine was replaced with Leucine and at position 112, Cysteine was replaced by Serine). When Udham Singh Nagar isolate was compared with the Nainital isolate, change in the amino acid sequence was observed at 2 sites (at position 98, Leucine was replaced with Serine and at position 112, Serine was replaced by Cysteine). Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 gene obtained from Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand revealed that the Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital isolates originated from same ancestor and both had maximum relevance with G5 genotype from Brazil isolates. This is the first report of G5 genotype of CE in buffaloes from Uttarakhand and thus is even more significant in understanding its zoonotic potential.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis and assessment of its economic impact(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Nagar, Ankit; Rajeev Ranjan KumarConsidering the economic importance and increase reports of Bovine Tropical Theileriosis (BTT), the prevalence of the disease in district of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand was studied host wise, area wise, season wise and month wise from July, 2017 to June, 2018. alongwith evaluation of chemical drugs against Theileria annulata in cattle and assessment of its economic impact. A total of 694 blood samples of bovines (541 from cattle and 153 from buffaloes) were examined and found 338 animals (48.70%) were positive for BTT. Maximum (54.34%) prevalence of BTT was observed in cattle and than in buffaloes (28.75%). Area-wise prevalence of BTT in cattle revealed maximum (100%) in Sitarganj area and the lowest (50%) in Kashipur area. However, in buffaloes, it was recorded maximum (39.39%) in Kichha and the lowest (0%) in Sitarganj areas. Seasonal prevalence of BTT in cattle was recorded maximum (63.73%) in summer followed by rainy (60%) and the lowest (45.62%) in winter season. In buffaloes also it was recorded highest in summer season followed by rainy and then in winter with infection rate of 40.67%, 25.58% and 17.64%, respectively. Monthwise prevalence of BTT in both cattle and buffaloes revealed maximum prevalence in the month of May with infection rate of 70.58% and 47.05%, respectively. However, it was recorded minimum (41.53%) in the month of February in cattle and 0% during January and February in buffaloes. Haematological examination revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in haemoglobin concentration (6.28±0.42 g%), packed cell volume (19.14±1.20 %), total erythrocytic count (3.98±0.21 × 106/μl) and increase in TLC (9.31±0.37 × 10³/μl) were recorded in infected animals. However, it was in uninfected group were 10.29±0.38 g%, 31.19±1.09 %, 6.02±0.19 × 106/μl and 8.37±0.24 × 10³/μl, respectively. Significant (P<0.05) lymphopenia (51.90±4.30 %) and neutrophilia (36.00±4.89 %) were observed in infected cattle. However, differential leucocytes count revealed 60.90±1.52 % lymphocytes and 34.80±1.58 % neutrophils in control animals. The increase in monocytes (5.50±1.00 %) and eosinophils (6.60±2.50 %) were observed in infected cattle as compared with uninfected control monocytes (1.80±0.40 %) and eosinophils (2.50±0.57 %). A decrease in MCV (48.04±1.81 fl) and MCH (15.73±0.54 pg) were observed in infected group as compared to control (MCV-51.81±0.77fl and MCH 17.08±0.26 pg) which revealed microcytic RBC’s and low average quantity of haemoglobin present in single erythrocyte, respectively. However, no changes was observed in MCHC (32.78±0.37 g%) in infected group. The anti-theilerial efficacy of various combinations of chemical drugs (buparvaquone +oxytetracycline, chloroquine + oxytetracycline, α,β-Artether + Oxytetracycline and diminazine aceturate +oxytetracycline) was also studied in cattle naturally infected with T. annulata. Buparvaquone showed better efficacy than diaminazine aceturtae, chloroquine and alpha, beta-arteether when used in combination with oxytetracyline at recommended dose. It reduces the intensity of infection from ++++ to + as compared to other drugs but unable to eliminate the parasite from blood of infected animals. The effect of treatment on milk production revealed a total increase of 50.05litre milk yield/animal following treatment with buparvaquone and supportive drugs over a period of 28days. The total economic losses due to BTT were estimated of Rs. 789.85 per animal. On the basis of present study, it can be concluded that prevalence data may be used for formulating an effective control strategies against Bovine Tropical Theileriosis in animals of district Udham Singh Nagar. The findings of evaluation of various chemical drugs suggest that two doses of bupravquone are essentially required for complete elimination of the parasite from the blood of infected animals. The disease is fatal in nature, so that it is suggested that the farmers should go for proper diagnosis of the disease and consult Veterinarians for minimizing the economic losses.
