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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the nematicidal effect of Ammonium bicarbonate and lime against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Patil, Prashant; Rawat, ShilpiTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an important vegetable in India but its productivity is very low (214.5 q/ha), compared to the developed countries, and this can be attributed to the vulnerability of tomato crop to various diseases including fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases. Among the above diseases, Root-knot nematodes are the major pathogens of vegetable crops and are responsible for causing huge yield losses every year in heavily infected crops. Meloidogyne incognita deteriorates the quality of fruit and thereby causing yield losses of 30 to 40% of tomato crop. The experiment was carried out during the year 2019 and 2020 at Department of Plant Pathology, Collage of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar. Laboratory study on identification of M. incognita resulted with important findings based on morphological characterization of species. The experiment conducted to study the effect of different inoculum level viz, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 second stage larvae of M. incognita on various growth parameters of tomato showed significant reduction at the inoculums level of 500 J2 per kg of soil and above. Damaging threshold level at inoculum level of 2000 J2 per kg of soil and maximum reduction at 8000 J2 per kg of soil has been observed in tomato cv Pant T-3. Experimental results of in vitro evaluation of compounds on egg hatching of M. incognita showed, rate of egg hatching was directly proportional to time period and inversely proportional to concentration of compounds used. AB+L @ 10.0 per cent concentration at the end of 120 hours exposure period was most effective as compared to other compounds. Similarly, in vitro evaluation of effect of compounds on mobility of J2 of M. incognita showed that immobility of second stage larvae was found directly proportional to time period and concentration of chemical compounds. Among all the treatments, AB+L @ 10.0 per cent concentration caused maximum per cent immobility of second stage larvae. Under glass house condition, among three compounds tested which exhibited nematicidal effect on nematode population and galls clearly revealed that the AB+L were found most effective at 3.0g /kg of infected soil followed by its lower concentration of 2.25g/kg of infected soil. AB at 1.0g/kg of infected soil and lime at 2.0 g/kg soil of concentration perform better than control. With respect to chemical properties i.e. soil pH, organic carbon and available nitrogen on nematode suppression, AB+L increased the soil pH, organic carbon and available nitrogen suppressing the nematode population followed by AB which increases both nitrogen and organic carbon and lime which increased only pH. However, all the compounds at all the concentrations suppressed the nematode population and increase the plant growth as compared to check. Thus, it can be said that Ammonium bicarbonate and Lime (AB+L) has the potential of a nematicide.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of spent mushroom compost by enrichment of biocontrol agents for the management of collar rot disease in bottle gourd(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Kansal, Surbhi; Sharma, RoopaliAmong cucurbits, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) is one of the oldest vegetable grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. In the recent years, collar rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is becoming more prevalent in Tarai region of Uttarakhand where climate change is leading to high temperature. Collar rot infected bottle gourd seedlings exhibited reddish brown discoloration on emerging hypocotyl near the soil line extending up to the stem. Later these lesions coalesce and resulted into complete wilting and pre mature death of the plants. Therefore, it is important to manage this disease. Since bottle gourd is directly consumed after its harvest, so the intensive use of fungicides is very harmful to human health. Consequently, one of the main problems faced by mushroom industry is finding a sustainable way for proper disposal of the Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC), which is the leftover waste that remains after harvesting mushroom fruiting bodies and about 17 million tons of spent mushroom substrate, is produced each year. This SMC can be exploited to improve soil quality and for the suppression of soil borne diseases. Keeping in view of public health as well as environmental safety, it is high time to incorporate the use of SMC amended with potential biocontrol agents as an important component of Integrated Disease Management (IDM). In the present investigation, attempts were made to utilize SMC enriched with potential biocontrol agents for the management of collar rot disease, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in bottle gourd. In vitro assays revealed that both Trichoderma harzianum (Th-14) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-173) inhibited the growth of fungal pathogen by 74.27 and 66.66 per cent respectively in dual culture and 86.00 and 70.83 per cent respectively in volatile assay. The glasshouse experiment was conducted where different proportions of SMC and Pant bioagent-3 (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens) were amended with soil. The soil was artificially inoculated with M. phaseolina in pot culture. While analyzing the effect of SMC at different proportions, it was observed that a combination of SMC + Pant bioagent-3 (75%) amended with 25% of soil showed good results with minimum disease incidence (17.03 per cent), higher seed germination (96.67 per cent), plant vigour index (17429.60) and other growth parameters such as root length (22.94 cm) and shoot length (157.36 cm) and fresh weight (33.40 g and 5.16 g) and dry weight (6.76 g and 2.16 g) of shoot and root respectively. Thus, SMC enriched with biocontrol agents can be utilized as an effective soil conditioner because of its ability to significantly suppress the disease and enhance the growth of the plant.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of spent mushroom substrate against early blight, growth and yield of potato(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Panda, Somananda; Mishra, S.K.Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the left over product after mushroom harvest. It is rich in both macro, micronutrients and also the sink of various beneficial saprophytic micro-organisms including fungi. The SMS increases the plant vigour as well as induces their disease resistance. Keeping this importance of SMS in view, the present research experiments were carried out in the lab, field and glasshouse to control early blight of potato caused by Alternaria solani. These experiments with ten foliar applications of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% extract of the SMS of both Agaricus bisporus (E-SMS-Ab) and Pleurotus ostreatus (E-SMS-Po) including mancozeb and control. The EC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were found high in quantity in E-SMS-Ab than the ESMS- Po and thus both were act as a growth promoter of Alternaria solani in-vitro. However, in the treatment of E-SMS-Po-40%, highest 13.67 CFUs of phylloplanes (Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Actinomycetes) were counted. In the field condition, the effect of E-SMS-Ab-40%, E-SMS-Po-40% and mancozeb-0.25% were found at par and controlled the disease severity by 37.03, 38.27 and 40.74%, respectively over control. While, increased plant height, foliage fresh and dry weight and yield of potato were recorded in the treatment of both the SMSs of 40 % each than to that of mancozeb and control. Out of ten treatments of the glasshouse, the pot mixture of four treatments of ESMS- Ab were additionally made rich by mixing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SMS-Ab along with above foliar application of the SMSs. The pot treatment represent 40% soil-foliar application and mancozeb-0.25% were stood with least 30.67 and 28.67% disease severity, respectively. However, the cumulative effect of 40% soil-foliar application of SMS-Ab was invariably excellent in obtaining increased germination percent (83.57 %), plant height (78.47 cm), fresh weight (82 g), dry weight (26.67 g) and tuber weight (77.17 g). The above results were clearly stated that the foliar application of both the SMSs demonstrated dual effects on the plants by 1) increasing their vigour and resistance and 2) reduced the disease severity upon the activation of Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Actinomycetes from the potato foliage. Additionally, the soil and foliar application of ESMS-Ab further encouraged the above results. Therefore, it could be concluded that, both the SMSs more or less effective and used as an alternate source for managing the early blight of potato and its pathogen Alternaria solani under field and glasshouse condition. In future, the improved and concentrate form of the SMSs may be used in increasing plant vigour and their disease resistance.ThesisItem Open Access Cultural variability and germplasm screening against Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker causing spot blotch disease in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Nautiyal, Ananya; DeepshikhaWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most nutritious and basic staple food crop and is widely cultivated cereal grain in the world. In India spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokinana (Sacc.) Shoemaker is reported to be important foliar disease causing yield loss ranging from 15-50 per cent. It is one of the most important diseases of wheat in North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) representing warm and humid climate in India. Spot blotch was earlier thought to be minor disease but due to global climate change it is also increasing in North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ), Peninsular and Central zone of India. The present investigation was carried out with following objectives: (i) Screening of wheat germplasm against spot blotch for identification of sources of disease resistance under epiphytotic conditions. (ii) Study the role of agronomic traits on spot blotch resistance resistance (iii) Assessment of Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Infection rate (iv) Study the Cultural- morphological variability of Bipolaris sorokiniana under in-vitro condition. The study was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-2021 and the experimental material comprised of 192 germplasm accessions along with four checks, Chirya 3 and Francolin (resistant) HD3086 & HD2967 (susceptible). The fifty three germplasm accessions out of 192 were found to be phenotypically resistant and had lower AUDPC values. Therefore, selection of cultivars having lower AUDPC values is acceptable for practical purposes. These genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) in 2020-2021 and observations were recorded for six characters viz., disease severity, days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length and thousand grain weight. Simultaneously, correlation analysis of these agronomic traits revealed that days to maturity, days to heading, plant height were negatively correlated with AUDPC whereas, spike length and test weight were positively correlated. The pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana was isolated from the leaf samples collected from eight locations in Uttarakhand (Pantnagar, Sitarganj, Khatima, Nanakmatta, Kashipur, Rudrapur, Gadarpur and Haldwani). The cultural and morphological studies of these isolates were done under in-vitro conditions, which revealed a distinct variation in colony morphology as well as conidial characteristics in all the eight isolates. The information on cultural and morphological variability existing in the pathogen (Bipolaris sorokiniana) can be utilized by breeders and pathologists for resistance breeding and the aggressive isolates can be used for creating epiphytotic conditions. The resistant accessions can be used by breeders for the development of spot blotch resistant varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterisation of tomato leaf curl disease and its vector (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) in tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Rakhonde, Gaurav Yashwant; Singh, K.P.Tomato is attacked by a wide range of pathogens throughout the cropping season and among them, Tomato leaf curl virus is one of the most important threat to the crop. The disease was characterized as typical leaf curling, crinkling, stunting, puckering, reduced flowering and fruiting. The highest mean disease incidence of the disease was observed in 2020 while severity was recorded maximum in 2021. The mean disease incidence was varied from 68.76 to 67.19 per cent and severity from 26.60 to 27.14 per cent in the year 2020 and 2021, respectively having maximum overall incidence and severity in Nainital district. No significant difference was found between the disease incidence and severity in the Tarai region during two years of study. Disease severity was found to show highly significant positive correlation with disease incidence (r =0.865). The morphological study through the electron microscope revealed that ToLCV particles have twin geminate particles measuring 30 x 20 nm. Vector transmission study revealed that whitefly serve as vector for the transmission of virus. The PCR amplification was done using the primers RUGEMF1 and RUGEMR1 followed by sequencing which revealed that more than 97 per cent similarity with ToLCNDV isolates and partial CP sequence was deposited in NCBI Gene bank database under accession number MZ781422. The highest pairwise identity was obtained with ToLCNDV isolate BG14 coat protein gene (98.40%) reported from India (MN527536). Based on high sequence identities and phylogenetic relationships of partial DNA-A genome with ToLCNDV isolates, the Begomovirus isolate under study was identified as an isolate of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and designated as ToLCNDV_[Pant]. Amplification and sequencing of the partial mtCo1 gene of Bemisia tabaci collected from the Tarai revealed that all samples belonged to the Asia-II-1genetic group. Overall mean pair wise distance was among the 10 sequences under study was 0.0139 while that of reference Asia-II-1 varied between 0.0031 to 0.0332. The sequencing data generated in the current study was submitted to the NCBI database and accession numbers were acquired (MZ778803 to MZ778812). The present study will help in establishing an integrated approach in ToLCD management.ThesisItem Open Access Status and distribution of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) and other major plant parasitic nematodes associated with kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa chev.) in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Veratiya, Arun Kumar; Satya KumarKiwi is the most important horticulture crop of Uttarakhand. It plays a significant role in the economy of Uttarakhand. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the limiting factors in kiwi production which results in quality deterioration and yield loss. Keeping this view, an extensive survey was conducted in four districts of Kumaon region of Uttarakhand to study the status of important plant parasitic nematodes associated with kiwi. Soil samples were collected from different locations of the districts and analysis was done in Nematology Laboratory of Department of Plant Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. Analysis revealed the presence of eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes associated with kiwi viz., Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Aphelenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp. Among these Meloidogyne spp. was predominant in all the four districts surveyed viz, Almora, Champawat, Nainital and Pithoragarh. From Almora district, Majkhali showed highest population of plant parasitic nematodes and was affected maximum with RKN both in terms of soil (200cc) and roots (per gram) with total population (1820). From Champawat district, Suie showed maximum population of plant parasitic nematodes and was affected maximum with RKN both in terms of soil and roots with total population (2603). In Nainital district, Satbunga showed maximum population of plant parasitic nematodes whereas Kashiyalekh was affected maximum with RKN both in terms of soil and roots with total population (2020). In Pithoragarh district, Aincholi showed maximum population of plant parasitic nematodes and affected maximum with RKN both in terms of soil and roots with total population (2747). Aincholi in Pithoragarh district was maximum affected by RKN among all the locations surveyed. Presence of two Meloidogyne spp. were found i.e., Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla.In present study, soil pH showed positive correlation with the population of Tylenchorhynchus spp. However, soil pH was found to be negatively correlated with the population buildup of Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus spp. And Ditylenchus spp. Soil moisture showed its positive correlation with Helicotylenchus spp., Aphelenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp. And Ditylenchus spp. While population buildup of Meloidogyne spp., Aphelenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Pratylenchus spp. and Ditylenchus spp. were found to be negatively correlated with soil temperature. On the basis of survey, it can be inferred that occurrence of root knot nematode is a serious threat to kiwi growing areas in Uttarakhand. Instant attention of the researchers and kiwi growing community is required to take appropriate decision to limit their further spread. Kiwi farmers need to be aware about the threat so that timely preventive management strategies could be taken so as to increase the quality and yield of kiwi crop.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of fungicides, biocontrol agents and organic amendments against wilt of lentil incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Kavya, H.G.; Tewari, A.K.Lentil wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis is a major problem in all lentil growing areas of the world as well as in India. In India lentil wilt is one of the major causes behind reduced production and productivity of lentil in recent years. Lentil wilt resulted in yield loss of 50-78 per cent from moderately infected fields and 100 per cent loss from severely infected fields. In the present investigation, efforts were made to validate different management strategies against F. oxysporum f.sp. lentis. Fungicides, Peak Max and biocontrol agents were evaluated under in-vitro conditions as well as under greenhouse conditions. However, effects of different organic amendments were studied under greenhouse conditions. Bioagents and Peak Max were also studied to know their role in induction of resistance through polyphenol oxidase activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. In-vitro among fungicides Azoxystrobin 18.2% +Tebuconazole 18.3% SC and Carbendazim 50% WP each at 100 ppm completely inhibited (100%) radial growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. lentis. Under greenhouse conditions seed treatment + drenching with Azoxystrobin 18.2% +Tebuconazole 18.3% SC showed significantly maximum per cent disease reduction (69.35%) followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (61.49%) each at 0.1 per cent at 45 days after sowing over inoculated control. In dual culture studies among biocontrol agents Trichoderma isolate PBTR-1 was found significantly most effective in mycelial parasitization (99.3%) of F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis followed by Th- 14 (54.42%). Among bacterial bioagents Bacillus isolate PBBSR-1 showed highest width of inhibition zone (14.36 mm) followed by PBBSR-2 (11.29 mm). In greenhouse conditions significantly maximum per cent disease reduction (30.75%) was observed in seed treatment + soil application + drenching with Trichoderma isolate PBTR-1 followed by Th-14 (11.32%) over inoculated control at 45 days after sowing. Among the tested organic amendments Neem cake showed significantly maximum per cent disease reduction (70.16%) followed by Kunapajala-3 (30.35%) at 45 days after sowing over inoculated control under greenhouse conditions. The induction of defense related enzyme polyphenol oxidase was found significantly maximum (4.54 ΔO.D./ min/g of fresh tissue) in Trichoderma isolate PBTR-1 at 72 hrs while, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (1.99 O.D./ min/g of fresh tissue) maximum at 48 hrs followed by Th-14 in polyphenol oxidase activity (4.25 ΔO.D./min/g of fresh tissue) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (1.96 O.D./min/g of fresh tissue) after drenching at 8 days after germination. Among various treatments soil application of Neem cake (50 g/kg of soil) was found best with maximum per cent disease reduction (70.16%) followed by Azoxystrobin 18.2% +Tebuconazole 18.3% SC (69.35%), Carbendazim 50% WP (61.49%) each at 0.1 per cent, Trichoderma isolate PBTR-1 (30.75%) at 1 per cent and Kunapajala-3 (30.35%) at 10 per cent at 45 days after sowing. These treatments could be further studies in different combination under field conditions for the eco-friendly cost-effective management of lentil wilt. The integration of Trichoderma isolate PBTR-1, Neem cake and Kunapajala-3 could be tested under field conditions for the management of lentil wilt under organic farming.ThesisItem Open Access Status and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with medicinal plants(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Manisha Dev; Rawat, ShilpiMedicinal plants are gaining importance globally because of their multifarious uses. Plant parasitic nematodes comprises one of the most important groups of pathogenic organisms prevailing around the root of medicinal plants causing reduction in plant growth and yield. Keeping this in view, an extensive survey was conducted in four districts of Uttarakhand namely Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Almora and Pithoragarh with 16 sub-location and 68 medicinal plants were found associated with 12 genera of plant parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected and identified on morphological basis for 200cc soil as Helicotylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Aphelenchus spp., Xiphinema spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Trichodorus spp. and Ditylenchus spp. At Udham Singh Nagar, in location-1 (MRDC), Aloevera (Aloe barbadensis) exhibited maximum population and in case of nematode population Helicotylenchus spp. was predominant. In location-2 (Pantnagar), Mentha (Mentha piperita) recorded highest nematodes population and Helicotylenchus spp was highest. In location-3 (Palvika nursery), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) recorded with population of all plant parasitic nematode and Population of Meloidogyne spp. was most prevalent among eight genera. In location-4 (Kashipur), Mentha (Mentha piperita) showed maximum population of and Population of Meloidogyne spp. was highest among all the nematode. In location-5 (CSIR CIMAP), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) recorded highest nematode population and Population of Helicotylenchus spp.,was most predominant In Nainital district, at location-1 (Kharina), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) showed the maximum nematode population and Meloidogyne spp. showed maximum population density among all nematodes. In location-2 (Ramnagar), Ashwagandha (Withiana somnifera) recorded highest population of all the nematodes and Meloidogyne spp. population were maximum. In location-3 (Nainital), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) showed population of all the nematode and among the nematode population Helicotylenchus spp. was predominant. In location-4 (Haldwani), Bhrami (Bacopa monnieri) recorded the highest nematode population and Helicotylenchus spp. showed maximum population.In Almora district, at location-1 (Ranikhet), Mentha (Mentha piperita) showed highest nematode population density and Helicotylenchus spp. was highest. In location-2 (Majkhali), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) recorded highest nematode population and Pratylenchus spp. exhibited maximum population. In location-3 (Chilliyanuala), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) exhibited population of all the nematodes while population of Meloidogyne spp was highest. In Pithoragarh district, at location-1 (Forest nursery), Wild Carrway (Carum carvi) recorded population of all the nematodes and population of Tylenchus spp. was highest in all the tested medicinal plants. From location- 2 (Govt potato seed station), Puskar Mool (Inula racemose) exhibited maximum nematode population and Tylenchus spp showed maximum population. In location-3 (Tiksen farm), Chopcheeni (Samilax china) showed maximum nematode population and highest population was recorded by Helicotylenchus spp. In location-4 (Pithoragarh), Ashwagandha (Withiana somnifera) was most infected and population of Pratylenchus spp. was highest in this sample among all. In present study, altitude and soil moisture showed positive correlation with nematode population while Soil pH, Soil temperature and Organic carbon was found to be negatively correlated. On the basis of survey, it can be concluded that plant parasitic nematode are found to be in association with medicinal plant that may come as a serious threat to their cultivation and may serve as host for these nematodes in future.ThesisItem Open Access Screening and characterization of exotic germplasms of bread wheat against leaf and stripe rust diseases under epiphytotic conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Waghamare, Minal Bhujangrao; DeepshikhaWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is foremost and basic cereal crop consumed by approximately 2.5 billion of global population.Among three rusts, stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West.) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) are the most important and destructive diseases of wheat in India and elsewhere that affects its yield potential. Although the chemical control of these diseases is known but it is not economic and environmental friendly to be used on a large scale. Frequent breakdown of resistance genes for stripe rust (Yr9 and Yr27) and leaf rust (Lr9, Lr18 and Lr28) led to the investigation of adult plant resistance and slow rust resistance gene which are considered as more durable. The present studies were carried out with the following objectives (i) Screening of exotic germplasms of bread wheat for disease resistance against leaf and stripe rust under epiphytotic conditions and analysis of disease severity with Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) (ii) Confirmation of resistance in the phenotypically resistant lines with the use of molecular markers. In the study, 164 germplasm accessions were screened against stripe and leaf rusts during 2019-2020 crop season. Out of one hundred sixty four germplasm accessions, fiftyeight (accession No. 8, 10, 12, 16, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 47, 52, 54, 59, 69, 71, 75, 86, 88, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 137, 144, 151, 153, 155, 160, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183) were found to be phenotypically resistant to stripe rust and fourteen (accession No. 29, 36, 59, 65, 77, 80, 86, 103, 107, 109, 126, 128, 172, 178) for leaf rust in field conditions during2019-2020 crop season. All the sixty and eighteen accessions which were resistant to stripe and leaf rust respectively, in the field condition also gives lower AUDPC value. Therefore, selection of cultivars having lower AUDPC values is acceptable for practical purposes. Molecular marker characterization revealed that out of 18 accessions which were phenotypically resistant to leaf rust, 13 accessions (accession No. 29, 36, 59, 65, 77, 80, 86, 107, 109, 128, 172, 178, 16) were found possessing Lr19 gene and 8 accessions (accession No. 29, 65, 80, 86, 103, 126, 171, 16) having adult plant resistance gene i.e. Lr67. However, five germplasm accessions i.e. no. 16, 29, 65, 80, 86 have both Lr19 and Lr67 genes. As disease pressure in both the years was quite low therefore, further studies need to be done to confirm the resistance germplasm accessions at phenotypic level for their use in future research programme.