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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Morphometric analysis and identification of potential groundwater recharge sites in Sukhi river watershed using RS and GIS(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Mohd Uvaish; Yogendra KumarGroundwater has been a crucial natural resource for the consistent and cost-effective supply of water in urban and rural areas of India. It is the primary source of industrial, community, and agricultural water consumption. Such a huge dependency on groundwater has led to over-exploitation of this resource. Consequently, even major big states of our country are facing a massive decline in groundwater table in large areas. Water conservation measures such as artificial groundwater recharge have become one of the most effective methods to address the problem of decline of water table and to maintain the sustainability of groundwater resources. Therefore, the present study was conducted for Sukhi river watershed with the objectives of prioritization of sub-watersheds based on analysis of morphometric parameters and the delineation of prospective sites in the area for artificial groundwater recharge. The Sukhi river watershed lies in Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttarakhand, with a spatial extent from 28°59ʹ6ʺ N to 29°16ʹ36ʺ N latitude and 79°33ʹ14ʺ E to 79°42ʹ9ʺ E longitude, covering part of Shiwalik hills, Bhabhar, and Tarai areas of the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand. The Sukhi river, a non-perennial river, originates from the Chhakhata forest range near Kathgodam city, in Nainital district. The area and perimeter of Sukhi river watershed were 179.976 km2 and 135.992 km, respectively. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1484 mm, most of which occurs during the monsoon season. The major Kharif crops of the region are rice, sesame and lentils, while, the key Rabi crops include wheat, gram, and mustard. Through the estimation of linear, areal, and relief aspects, the morphometric analysis, for Sukhi river watershed and its 5 sub-watersheds, was conducted. The Compound Priority Value (CP) method was used to prioritise the sub-watersheds based on the analysis of the various morphometric parameters. The ASTER DEM, which was downloaded from USGS was used for the preparation of slope and drainage maps. The sentinel-2A data from USGS harmonized with LISS-3 imagery were used for the preparation of land use/land cover map. Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW), of scale 1:250000, developed by FAO were utilized to develop the soil map of Sukhi river watershed. The potential sites for artificial groundwater recharge were visualized according to the priority assigned to the parameters for delineating the potential zones and by overlaying the drainage map, soil map, slope map and land use/land cover map in ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. The IMSD (1995) guidelines were followed to propose the sites for artificial ground water recharge structures in the watershed i.e., farm ponds and check dams. The Sukhi river watershed was found to be of 4thorder with dendritic drainage pattern network. The total number of streams for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order were found to be 107, 23, 4 and 1, respectively. The total length of streams (Lu) for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th orders were found to be 90.668, 71.733, 23.119 and 26.628 km respectively. The sub-watershed SW1 was found to be of high priority with an area of 45.018 km2 and required immediate attention towards soil and water conservation. Two sub-watersheds namely, SW2 and SW4 with a total geographical area of 38.704 km2 fell under the category of medium priority, subjected to moderate land degradation and soil erosion. Two sub-watersheds, SW3 and SW5, with an area of 96.254 km2, were under the low priority category, implying a low risk of land degradation and soil erosion. The maximum area of Sukhi river watershed of 52.035 km2 (28.91%) found within the slope of 0 to 5 % whereas, land slope of 15-25 % covered the minimum area of 15.650 km2 (8.70%). The soil in 106.614 km2 (59.238%) was clay loam, while the soil in the remaining area of 73.362 km2 (40.362%) was sandy clay loam. A total of seven land use classes were observed in the watershed such as; water bodies, forest/wooded vegetation, meadows/pastures, agriculture/cropland, shrubland, built-up/settlement and bare ground. In the study area, forest occupied the largest area while the water body had the least with the area coverage of 76.68% and 0.09%, respectively. It was concluded that the geo-visualization techniques could be used effectively to locate potential locations for artificial groundwater recharge structures like check dams and farm ponds. The locations of 21 check dams and 16 farm ponds were identified for artificial groundwater recharge in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Climate trend and drought behavioral assessment based on precipitation and temperature data series in the Shipra river basin, India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Singh, Poonam; Mohan LalPrecipitation and temperature are important variables in hydro-meteorological assessments to understand the variability and change. The variability and trend of these parameters along with drought assessment were investigated for the Shipra River Basin, India. The IMD based gridded datasets of precipitation for 120 years (1901-2020) and temperature for 70 years (1951-2020) were analyzed at monthly, seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter) and annual scales. There were nine and one grid locations of precipitation and temperature, respectively. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope estimator techniques were used to identify the trend in climatic parameters. The seasonality index (SI) and aridity index (AI) were used to understand the climatic condition of the basin. However, the drought was analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). The average premonsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, winter, and annual rainfall of the Shipra basin was found as 13.68 mm, 864.42 mm, 43.11 mm, 16.17 mm, and 937.38 mm, respectively. The average annual maximum and minimum temperature was 32.5 ºC and 18.7 ºC, respectively. A significant increasing trend of precipitation was observed in all the nine stations for the month of August at 5% significance level, whereas decreasing trends was found in January, February, May, November, and December months at 10% significance level. Further, a significant trend at 3 stations in pre-monsoon rainfall, 3 stations in monsoon rainfall, and 6 stations in winter rainfall series was observed. The 2 out of 9 grid stations exhibited a significant increasing trend in annual rainfall at 10% significant level. For maximum and minimum temperatures, there was an increasing trend in May and a decreasing trend in December month. The monsoon season maximum and minimum temperatures showed an increasing trend for the annual series. The SI and AI had increased for the entire basin in the last 120 years. Further, the drought analysis using SPI observed 1904, 1918, 1965 as an extreme drought year. In contrast, the extreme wet years were observed in 1959, 1961, 1973, 2006, 2015 and 2019 for all nine stations. The drought analysis using RDI-4 and RDI-12 showed the moderately wet conditions for the basin. Therefore, the present study can help in predicting the future aspects and impacts of the changes in climatic parameters based on historical trends.ThesisItem Open Access Study on variation in quality of shallow groundwater in tarai region of Uttarakhand using water quality indices(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Saxena, Udit; Vinod KumarThe current study was conducted in the Tarai region of Udham Singh Nagar district in the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand. The study region covers an area of 3055 km2. The availability of water and the abundance of fertile land makes it the most favourable region for industrial development. The construction of three Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) at Sitarganj, Kashipur and Pantnagar is the dominating factor behind the deterioration of the quality of groundwater in the district for several years. The study on groundwater quality of the Udham Singh Nagar district was conducted in the year 2017 and it was examined that the quality of groundwater at many places within the district was not satisfactory for domestic and irrigation purpose. In recent years, various reports have mentioned that the increase in intensive farming and conversion of agricultural land to residential land and the expansion of industrial areas within the district has always been an issue of serious concern. Considering these various factors, the current study was carried out to study the variation in quality of shallow groundwater in the Udham Singh Nagar district. In May 2022, 50 shallow groundwater samples were accumulated in the pre-monsoon season from different locations out of which 47 locations were spread over the entire district and 3 locations were in the vicinity of the administrative boundary. The samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters namely, pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, turbidity, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sulphate, nitrate, sodium, chloride, acidity and free CO2 to assess the quality of groundwater for domestic as well as irrigation use. These parameters were then utilized to determine the water quality index (WQI) of the study area with the utilization of the weighted arithmetic index method. For drinking purpose, these parameters were then adjudged on the basis of standard desirable values suggested by BIS, WHO and ICMR. The irrigation water quality index of the study area was determined on the basis of electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, chloride, bicarbonates and sodium concentration in groundwater of the study area. The variation in quality of groundwater was examined by comparing the parametric values recorded in 2017 and 2022. The result of the analysis of physico-chemical parameters indicated that at almost all locations the value of various parameters for irrigation and drinking purpose showed variation. The water quality index for drinking purpose gave a clear aspect that the value of WQI (BIS) has increased in 40 locations and groundwater at 13 locations is found to be unsuitable for human consumption. This steep increase in the value of WQI (BIS) is due to the high concentration of various parameters, especially turbidity which has shown very poor results at various locations. The values of IWQI of the groundwater did not reflect any high discrepancies but yet decreased at 39 locations. This was because the values of EC, SAR, chloride, bicarbonates and sodium at most of the places were under the standard limit but higher than the values recorded in 2017.ThesisItem Open Access Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric parameters using MCDM approach and GIS technique in upper Sarayu river, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Mehta, Priyanka; Dheeraj KumarWatershed morphometry has always played a decisive role in the development and implementation of any soil conservation and water resource program. This makes the quantification of parameters concerning morphometry quite pivotal. The presented work was an attempt towards determining the morphometric attributes of a spring-fed Mid- Himalayan drainage system, i.e., the Upper Sarayu River watershed, using RS and GIS techniques. The study further probed the identification of key morphometric influencers in relation to the soil erosion processes within the drainage system through the use of a statistical method, namely PCA, followed by the subsequent prioritization of subwatersheds in the study area using AHP and Fuzzy AHP which comes under MCDM approach. The study area was located from latitude 29°49 ʹ16 ʺ N to30°9 ʹ25 ʺ N and longitude 79°35 ʹ45 ʺ E to 80°2 ʹ59 ʺ E in the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, with catchment area of 779.05 sq. km, and an absolute relief ranging from 827 m to 4227 m above MSL. The average elevation of Upper Sarayu River watershed was 1747.1 m above MSL. The morphometry of the study area suggested dendritic drainage pattern with a coarse drainage texture. The average slope was 51.59 %, which is very steep, thus causing higher surface runoff, low infiltration, and large flow velocity in the channel section, while the HI value was approximately 0.271, which commended that the area of interest was in its old/monadnock stage of watershed development. Based on the drainage pattern, the study area was further divided into 14 subwatersheds, named from SW1 to SW14, which were then prioritized in the context of the prompt need for soil conservation. From the PCA, it was ascertained that 9 morphometric parameters, namely, ruggedness no., relief ratio, drainage density, infiltration no., stream frequency, basin relief, normalized bifurcation ratio, basin length, and shape factor were most influential in the relative prioritization of the identified sub-watersheds. The prioritization following AHP and Fuzzy AHP techniques resulted in similar outcomes, but with different overall scores. The results recommended that SW1, SW2, SW4, and SW5 were under very high priority, for whom prompt implementation of opportune soil conservation measures is endorsed, while SW3, SW8, SW11 and SW6, SW7, SW9 were under high and moderate relative priorities, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Rainfall analysis and irrigation scheduling of different crops in Telhara distributary command area of Maharashtra(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Kumbhalkar, Kalyani Kawaduji; Chandra, HarishSoil and water preservation and sustainable development of these resources is one of the fundamental principles for the development of any region. Keeping this view in mind the present study has been conducted in Telhara distributary command area in Akola district of Maharashtra. The statistical analysis of 30 years (1991-2020) rainfall data for weekly, monthly, and yearly were carried out. The expected weekly rainfall at different probability levels was calculated using Weibull’s formula. The drought analysis for weekly, monthly, and yearly were also carried out using different drought Indices. The crop water requirement estimation and irrigation scheduling for major crops grown in study area were also carried out using CROPWAT 8.0. The average annual rainfall of study area was 866 mm. From rainfall probability analysis, it is found that expected rainfall is scarce from the month of November to May at all probability levels. At 70% or above dependable level there is less rainfall from week numbers 41st to 52nd and from 1st to 21st indicates that crop production will not be possible without the irrigation in study area during this period. The SPI and SPEI at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12- month timescale were obtained to analyze the temporal variability of different drought levels. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) used in the calculation of SPEI was computed by the Hargreaves method using minimum and maximum temperature data. The results show that the January, February, March, April, May, July, August and December month of 1991, 1992 was observed as drought periods by both indices for almost all timescale. The net irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling of major crops grown in study area were computed on ten-day basis. The net irrigation water requirement of Cotton, Pigeon pea, Maize, wheat, Bengal gram, Onion, Tomato, and Brinjal is 267 mm, 230.5 mm, 36.9 mm, 195.8 mm,123 mm, 321.6 mm, 376.2 mm, and 140.2 mm respectively. The gross water requirement of Cotton, Pigeon pea, Maize, wheat, Bengal gram, Onion, Tomato, and Brinjal is 381.4 mm, 329.28 mm, 52.71 mm, 279.71 mm, 175.71 mm, 459.42 mm, 537.42 mm, and 200 mm respectively. The number of irrigations scheduled for Cotton, Pigeon pea, Maize, wheat, Bengal gram, Onion, Tomato, and Brinjal are 6, 5, 2, 5, 4, 10, 16, and 6 respectively in the command area.ThesisItem Open Access Optimal design of main line for centre pivot sprinkler system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Aanchal Kumari; Singh, R.P.The main line is an important component as a pipeline of the centre pivot sprinkler irrigation system. in this study optimization model is developed for designing a multi-diameter main line to operate the nested centre pivot system. the optimization model minimizes the total annual cost as the sum of fixed and energy costs of the system with constraints imposed according to design requirements. the annual fixed cost includes the initial cost of the pipeline multiplied by the capital recovery factor. The annual energy cost is computed on the basis of frictional head loss of the pipeline and other economic factors. the sum of frictional head loss and elevation head in each section of the pipeline is computed and the resultant is used as the basis of obtaining pressure head variation at the operating points of the main line. frictional head loss computation in the main line was performed by the hazen-william’s formula for different cases of three, four and five pipe sizes combinations. the constraints are imposed in the form of pressure head at the critical point and total length for each section of the pipeline. a standard design problem was solved with the help of lingo 10.0 for verifying the results as well as to show the applicability of the developed optimization model considering the combinations of different pipe sizes. the effect of pressure head at the critical operating point was analyzed on the optimal solutions. further, a greater number of pipe sizes combination resulted in the lower cost. all the combination of pip sizes resulted in different maximum optimal cost for the same value of pressure head at the critical point of main line. in the initial range of the pressure head at the critical operating point, the pressure heads at the operating points of the main line were having the same value. it was found that optimization model resulted in the lower optimal cost than the graphical method. also, optimization model resulted in about 35 %, 48 % and 50 % for the three, four and five pipe sizes combination respectively than the graphical method with lesser pressure head variation at the operating points.ThesisItem Open Access Modelling biomass and yield of broccoli crop under surface and drip irrigation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Shabana P; Singh, P. K.The present study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the effect of different irrigation regimes on the plant growth, yield and water use efficiency of Broccoli crop, FAO- AquaCrop model, economics of crop production and climate change impacts on the yield of broccoli under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios. A field experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Research Center of G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the period 10th November 2021- 28th January 2022. Eight irrigation treatments were considered for evaluating the response of broccoli to different irrigation regimes; out of which four were under drip irrigation (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% replenishment of crop water requirement) and the rest were under surface irrigation (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% replenishment of pan evaporation). The FAO-AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using the data obtained from the drip and furrow irrigated plots respectively and the model was evaluated with R2, RMSE, MAE and E. The economics of crop production under the drip and surface irrigation system was evaluated for the Broccoli crop by estimating the B:C ratio and Net Seasonal Income. The study also investigated the effect of climate change on the yield, biomass and water requirement using the data gathered from the CORDEX platform and FAO-AquaCrop model. The results revealed that the different irrigation levels significantly influenced vegetative growth and yield. However, no considerable difference was observed between the growth and yield of broccoli under the surface and drip irrigated treatments. The excessive vegetative growth parameters were reduced significantly for water deficit treatments but didn’t reduce the yield significantly. The highest yield (15.7 t/ha) was obtained for treatment T6 (80% replenishment of pan evaporation) but resulted in the least water use efficiency. The FAO-AquaCrop model showed a good agreement between the simulated and observed values with 0.9 ≤ R2 ≤0.99, 0.389 ≤ RMSE ≤ 1.964, 0.315 ≤ MAE ≤ 1.585 and 0.642 ≤ E ≤0.95. The model underestimated the biomass significantly under the most deficit irrigation treatment. The highest economic return was recorded for the treatment T6 at all the market prices. It was estimated that a minimum selling price of 11 should be provided to maintain the B:C ratio unity, so that the farmer can get back the investment without any losses. Climate change reduced the yield and biomass of broccoli under both emission scenarios and increased the water requirement. The deficit irrigation strategies through drip irrigation system and mulching were identified as the best mitigation strategy to reduce the impact of climate changeThesisItem Open Access Identification of potential sites for artificial groundwater recharge in the Nandhour-Kalish river watershed, Uttarakhand using remote sensing & GIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Gururani, Dheeraj Mohan; Yogendra KumarThe indiscriminate use of groundwater and its excessive exploitation have caused a significant decline in groundwater levels in many parts of our country. According to several regional groundwater studies, Udham Singh Nagar district and its adjoining areas of Uttar Pradesh are also suffering from a successive decline of the groundwater level. To recharge the aquifers of the region, there is an urgent need to identify possible sites in the recharging zones for the construction of recharging structures. Therefore, the study was conducted in the Nandhour-Kalish river watershed with the objectives of morphometric analysis (linear, areal, and relief aspects) of watershed, prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric parameters, and identification of potential artificial groundwater recharge site in the study area. This watershed is located in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, has an area of 474.094 km2 and a perimeter of 276.207 km. It lies in the Tarai and Bhabhar region of Udham Singh Nagar district and the hilly region of Nainital and Champawat districts. The Nandhour-Kalish river originates from the Kundal river forest in the Champawat district. The morphometric analysis of the Nandhour-Kalish river watershed and its 12 sub-watersheds was done through the estimation of linear, areal, and relief aspects. ArcGIS v 10.4.1 software was used for the preparation of various thematic maps of the study area using toposheets, DEM data, and satellite images. The DEM (12.5m×12.5m resolution) was downloaded from Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF). The sub-watersheds were prioritized based on the morphometric parameters using the Compound Priority (CP) method. The potential sites for artificial groundwater recharge were delineated using the geo-visualization concept. Using ArcGIS v 10.4.1 software, the locations of recharge sites in the watershed area were identified by overlaying soil map, drainage map, slope map, and land use/land cover map. Based on the conditions and guidelines of IMSD (1995), the locations for the recharge sites were recommended for two types of water recharging structures, i.e., farm ponds and check dams. The Nandhour- Kalish River watershed was divided into 12 sub-watersheds. There were 1481 streams observed in the study area. The number of streams found in the I, II, III, IV, and V orders was 828, 361, 205, 86, and 1 respectively. This watershed had a dendritic drainage pattern with a very coarse drainage texture. The soil type analysis revealed that the study area was covered with Brown Red Yellow Soil, Bhabar Soil, Tarai soil, and Older Alluvial Soil with an area of 192.52 km2, 108.25 km2, 109.86 km2, and 63.88 km2 respectively. About 45.99% of the Nandhour-Kalish River watershed had less than the 15% slope. LULC classification revealed that the maximum area (171.62 km2) was covered by Cultivated and managed vegetation/agriculture (cropland), while the minimum area (0.43 km2) was covered by Open Forest, evergreen broad leaf. Based on the compound priority value, the sub-watersheds were grouped into three priority categories: high priority, medium priority, and low priority. The sub-watersheds SWS11 and SWS12 were found under high priority and required immediate attention for soil and water conservation. The sub-watersheds SWS4, SWS5, SWS8, SWS9, and SWS10 were under medium priority, as referred to moderate soil erosion and land degradation. The sub-watersheds SWS1, SWS2, SWS3, SWS6, and SWS7 were under low priority, indicating a low risk of soil erosion and degradation. The suitable locations of 36 farm ponds were suggested in a 120.94 km2 area having a land slope of 0-5% in the first-order stream and 105 check dams were suggested in a 218.03 km2 area having a land slope of < 15% in first to fourth order streams, which was recognized as possible sites for artificial groundwater recharge. It was concluded that RS & GIS application can offer right platform for such types of groundwater studies in a similar watershedThesisItem Open Access Delineation and management of springshed in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand using remote sensing and GIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-04) Jaskaran Singh; Vinod KumarFast expansion in human population encourage new development, deforestation, farming exercises and expansion in number of outing spots are likely causes for the adverse effects on the nature of springwater in the Himalayan area. These changes are a dynamic force at the local, regional and global level of unprecedented changes in ecosystem and processes in the habitat. It is, therefore, important to assess the effect of change in the LULC on the flow characteristics of the region as a whole. The human activity in springshed is the main cause of water degradation. A lack of springshed management has resulted in degraded water quality in recent years. Keeping the problems such as deforestation, rapid urbanization, quarrying and other government and private constructional activities, present study in Pithoragarh district, which is the eastern-most district of the Uttarakhand state, was taken up on restoration and management of regular springs, utilizing springshed approach. The pattern analysis of 26 years rainfall data w.e.f., January, 1995 to December, 2020 was carried out by arranging the daily data into weekly, monthly, seasonal, and annual basis as per CWS-1 format of IMD, Pune. The decadal monthly variation of rainfall in the district was also carried out from the year 1991 to 2020. The LULC change detection was carried outfor a period of 25 years by comparing the LULC thematic data of 1995 and 2020 using ArcGIS software. A springshed was delineated using valley boundary approach and 3D images of the study area in Google Earth. The springshed management plan has been proposed suggesting the necessary engineering and agronomic measures for the development of the springshed. The rainfall pattern analysis revealed that 29th week (16 Jul – 22 Jul) and 51st week (17 Dec – 23 Dec) receiving average weekly rainfall of 60.38 mm and 0.25 mm respectively was the wettest and driest week. Similarly the July and November month receiving average rainfall of 241.29 mm and 5.32 mm, respectively was the wettest and driest month. The analysis of decadal rainfall (1991-2020) showed continuous increasing trend in rainfall pattern (except for the month of October) from decade-1 (1991-2000) to decade-3 (2011-2020). The LULC change analysis for the period of 1995-2020 showed a drastic reduction in the area under waterbodies (28.38%), forest (8.34%), grass cover (87.85%), agriculture (83.62%), bare soil (25.76%), and snow/ice cover (64.09%) over the status of 1995. On the other hand, an increase in scrub/shrub (285.10%) and built-up area (1086.55%) indicate migration from rural areas to urban area, as depicted from the change in built-up area that has mounted to more than 10 times in comparison to 1995 status. Corrective agronomical measures (contour farming, canopy cover, inter-cropping, conservation tillage, strip-cropping, plantation with plants having good biomass, canopy cover, and broad roots) and engineering measures (contour bunding, contour trenching, contour wattling) have been suggested for the development and management of delineated springshed.