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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and Yield Components in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-06) Ansari, Raees; Verma, S. K.Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is a major pulse crop grown in the rabi season, which contributes significantly to the nutritional security of the country. The present investigation was undertaken at Pulse Breeding Block of N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 crop season to estimate combining ability and gene action, to determine the magnitude of heterosis and to study the morphological and molecular diversity among the lentil genotypes. Eight genotypes were used as parents and were crossed in all possible combinations in a half diallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) to produce 28 F1 hybrids during the rabi crop season of 2020-21 and evaluation of 28 F1 hybrids, along with eight parents and one check DPL 62 during the rabi crop season of 2021-22. The observation on seven different morphological characters were recorded on five randomly selected plants from each replication and the appropriate statistical methods were used to draw the conclusion. ANOVA for diallel analysis resulted in significant mean sum of square due to parents and hybrids revealing the presence of considerable variability among them. The estimates of σ² SCA were found to be higher than the σ2 GCA for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and number of primary branches, while for rest of the characters σ2 GCA were higher as compared to σ² SCA. Higher SCA than the corresponding GCA indicates the presence of dominance gene action or non-additive gene effects. The Parent PL 7 was found to be good general combiner for maximum number of six characters including seed yield per plant (g). The cross PL 7 x LH 84-8 had good SCA effects for a maximum five number of traits including seed yield per plant (g). Among twenty-eight hybrids, nine hybrids i.e., PL 8 x PL 7 (41.50%), PL 8 x PL 5 (30.28%), PL 8 x PL 406 (27.10%), PL 8 x L 4147 (18.13%), PL 8 x PL 4 (17.94%), PL 8 x PL 639 (15.70%), PL 5 x PL 7 (14.21%), PL 7 x LH 84-8 (12.90%), PL 7 x L4147 (11.21%) revealed positive and significant standard heterosis over check DPL 62. Mahalanobis D2 statics, grouped 25 genotypes of lentil into five different clusters. The cluster I is the largest cluster contain 15 genotypes followed by cluster II and cluster III (4 genotypes each), whereas cluster IV and V each retained one genotype. Based on the inter-cluster distance, genotypes present in cluster III (DPL 62, IC 201798, EC 1 and ILWLS 118-1) and cluster V (PL 406) were recognized as genetically most divergent. Therefore, these genotypes can be hybridized and superior transgressive segregants can be obtained in segregating generations. Based on the cluster means genotypes present in cluster V (PL 406) was identified as a potential donor to obtain superior recombinants concerning seed yield and its contributing traits. Molecular diversity among 25 elite genotypes was carried out using 20 SSR markers. Out of these 20 SSR markers, four markers were found polymorphic. Polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.855 (SSR 107) to 0.538 (SSR 156) respectively. The analysis of dendrogram revealing the relationship among 25 lentil genotypes. Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.45 to 0.82 among 25 genotypes. The super cluster is divided into two sub clusters A and B at Jaccard similarity coefficient of 0.45. Cluster A is further divided into two cluster A1 and A2 at Jaccard similarity coefficient of 0.59, each containing 12 genotypes. Cluster B contains only one genotype IC 201798, which found to be most diverse from rest of the genotypes. There is no direct relationship between morphological and molecular diversity as the genotypes those are grouped in same cluster on the basis of morpholog ical diversity, grouped into different clusters on molecular diversity basis.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis for grain yield and morphophysiological traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-07) Mehra, Ayushi; SwatiThe present investigation was conducted to study the genetic diversity, combing ability, and heterosis for grain yield and its components using phenotypic and molecular screening of wheat genotypes. Thirteen lines and three tester were crossed in Line × Tester mating design during the Rabi season 2021-2022 in Norman E. Borlaug Crop research center of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. In the Rabi season 2022-2023, field experiment with 45 genotypes comprising 13 parents, 30 F1, and two check variety viz. HD2967 and DBW 187 were laid down in a randomized block design with three replications. Nineteen characters were taken under study i.e., days to 75 % heading, days to maturity, NDVI, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, spike length(cm), peduncle length(cm), plant height (cm), number of productive tillers/ plant, awn length(cm), number of spikelets per spike, 1000 grain weight(g), biological yield/plant(g), grain yield/plant(g), harvest index, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and leaf orientation value. Genotypes were phenotypically screened for disease reactions under epiphytotic conditions, along with molecular screening to detect the presence of major Yr genes. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference among the genotypes for all characters. Variance due to sca was higher than that due to gca for all the characters, indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. DWAP 182 emerged as a good general combiner for the maximum number of traits (eight): days to 75 % heading, CTD at anthesis, chlorophyll content after 15 days of anthesis, number of productive tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, and number of grains per spike. Among the testers, DBW 222 showed a significant gca effect on chlorophyll content after 15 days of anthesis, flag leaf area, biological yield per plant, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike. DWAP 182 × UP 2938 and UP 2993 × DBW 222 turned out to be good specific combiners for the maximum number (10) of traits. DWAP 182 × UP 2938 emerged as a good specific combiner for NDVI after 15 days of anthesis, CTD after 15 days of anthesis, flag leaf area, number of productive tillers per plant, thousand grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and leaf orientation value, whereas UP 2993 × DBW 222 turned out to be a good specific combiner for CTD after 15 days of anthesis, chlorophyll content at anthesis, number of productive tillers per plant, awn length, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and leaf orientation value. UP 2993 × DBW 222 found to be the best specific combiner with significant gca for chlorophyll content at anthesis, number of productive tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, and grain weight per spike. For NDVI after 15 days of anthesis, canopy temperature depression after 15 days of anthesis and 1000 grain weight, cross DWAP 182 × UP 2938 was considered to be the best specific combiner. WH 1251 × UP 2903 appeared to be the best specific combiner with the highest significant sca values for leaf orientation value, whereas HI 1612 × DBW 222 emerged to be the best specific combiner with significant sca effect for spike length and number of spikelets per spike. Relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and standard heterosis were estimated for all the characters. DWAP 182 x UP 2938 emerged out to be the best cross which had shown significant positive heterosis over mid parent, better parent and checks HD 2967 and DBW 187 for NDVI at 15 days after anthesis, canopy temperature depression at 15 days after anthesis, number of grains per spike, biological and grain yield per plant whereas, UP 2993 x DBW 222 emerged out to be the best cross which had shown significant positive heterosis over mid parent, better parent and check. HD 2967 and DBW 187 for chlorophyll content at anthesis, flag leaf area, number of productive tillers per plant, awn length, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, biological and grain yield per plant. Based on the ACI under artificially inoculated field conditions, all genotypes were classified as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible. Molecular analysis using linked SSR primers Xwmc175 revealed the likely presence of the Yr5 gene in Avocet/Yr5, DBW 233, DWAP 182, HD 3337, and UP 2993. These five genotypes also showed resistance response in field conditions. After further investigation, these genotypes could be used as donor parents in rust- resistance breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and its component traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-04) Kelwal, Tripti; Verma, S. K.The present investigation was undertaken at Pulse Breeding Block of N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23 crop seasons to estimate combining ability, gene action and heterosis; genetic parameters and genetic diversity in lentil. A half diallel involving eight parents were used to produce 28 F1’s during rabi 2021-22. All the 37 genotypes including 8 parents, 28 F1’s and one check variety, PL 9 were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block design (RBD) with three replications during rabi crop season of 2022-23. The observation on 8 different morphological characters were recorded and the appropriate statistical methods were used to draw the conclusion. ANOVA for diallel analysis resulted in significant mean sum of square due to parents and hybrids revealing the presence of considerable variability among them. The estimates of σ² SCA were found to be higher than the σ2 GCA for the traits days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and number of primary branches per plant, while for rest of the characters σ2 GCA were higher as compared to σ² SCA estimates. Higher SCA than the corresponding GCA indicates the presence of dominance gene action or non-additive gene effects as SCA is a function of dominance effect whereas, high GCA indicating the preponderance of additive gene action. The parent DPL 62 was found to be a good general combiner for five traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), 100-seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). The hybrids PL 4 x PL 8 and PL 8 x L 4147 had good SCA effects for maximum seven characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, 100- seed weight and seed yield per plant. The standard heterosis for seed yield per plant over the check PL 9 ranged from -46.85% (PL 4 x L 4076) to 30.45% (PL 8 x DPL 62). Among the 28 hybrids, only five hybrids revealed significant and positive standard heterosis over the check variety PL 9 i.e., PL 8 x DPL 62, PL 8 x L4147, PL 8 x DPL 15, PL 8 x LH 84-8 and PL 8 x L 4076. Genetic variability, inter-character association, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence were studied in 25 lentil genotypes during rabi 2022-23. High PCV and GCV estimates were recorded for characters viz., seed yield per plant, primary branches/ plant, 100 seed weight, seeds per pod and pods per plant. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for the traits plant height, primary branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant which may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and possess high selective value and thus, selection pressure could profitably be applied on these characters for their rationale improvement.The traits plant height and number of pods per plant had positive significant association with seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level.These traits can be enhanced by selection, which will ultimately improve the economic yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis suggested that the trait pods per plant had high direct effect and positively correlated with seed yield. Mahalanobis D2 statics, grouped 25 genotypes of lentil into five different clusters. The cluster I is largest containing 12 genotypes followed by cluster II with 10 genotypes and cluster III, IV and V with a single genotype each. Maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between Cluster I and V (36.108) indicating that genotypes from these clusters were highly divergent meriting their consideration in selection of parents for hybridization. Based on the cluster means genotypes present in cluster II (PL-07, PL234, LL931, LL875, PL-05, K75, PL639, PL12, PL11 and KLS218) showed that the genotype in these cluster can be selected as early maturity in lentil breeding programme. Molecular diversity among 25 elite lentil genotypes was carried out using 20 SSR markers. Out of 20 markers, five markers were found to be polymorphic. SSR 156 was found to be most informative marker as it recorded maximum PIC value of 0.696 and can be utilized for diversity analysis in lentil. The analysis of dendrogram revealing the relationship among 25 lentil genotypes. Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.45 to 0.94 among 25 genotypes. Clustering patterns obtained from the dendrogram clearly resolved the 25 genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster III was the largest cluster having 13 genotypes, followed by Cluster IV (7 genotypes), Cluster I (3 genotypes) and Cluster II (2 genotypes). There is no direct relationship between morphological and molecular diversity as genotypes those are grouped in same cluster on the basis of morphological diversity, grouped into different clusters on molecular diversity basis.ThesisItem Open Access Principal Components of Yield and Quality Parameters in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Complex)(2023-06) Pandit, Praati; Jeena, A. S.The present investigation entitled “Principal Component of Yield and Quality Parameters in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Complex)” was conducted with 19 clones of Sugarcane including three checks viz., CoS 767, CoPant 97222 and Co 05011. The study aimed to investigate various genetic parameters such as variance components, correlation coefficients, path coefficients and principal component of yield and quality traits. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Data was recorded for 16 yield and quality attributes of sugarcane viz., germination percent at 45 days, number of tillers (000/ha) at 120 days, number of millable canes (000/ha) at 300 days, Stalk length (m), Stalk diameter (cm), single cane weight (kg), Brix percent, sucrose percent, juice purity percent, Commercial Cane Sugar percent (at 10-months and 12-month stage), Commercial Cane Sugar yield (t/ha) and Cane Yield (t/ha) and subjected to statistical analysis as per the objective of study. Analysis of variance revealed that genotypes exhibited highly significant variation for ten characters indicating ample scope for selection of genotypes for improvement in cane yield. The higher PCV than GCV for all of the traits indicated environmental influence on these traits. Correlation coefficient revealed that cane yield was significantly and positively correlated with germination percent, number of tillers (‘000/ha), number of millable canes (‘000/ha), stalk length(m), stalk diameter(cm), single cane weight(kg) and CCS yield at both genotypic and phenotypic level. The highest positive and direct effect on cane yield was recorded with by CCS yield followed by number of millable canes and single cane weight. It indicated that, direct selection would be more useful for these characters to improve cane yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that first three principal components accounted for 84.1% of the total variation in the tested breeding material. Principal component analysis was performed to characterize the nineteen genotypes. Among them PC (2014-15)- 164, PC (2013-14)-338, PC (2014-15)-240, PC (2013-14)-276, CoPant 97222 and Co 05011 were found to be superior genotypes with respect to vegetative growth parameters as well as cane yield, while genotypes such as PC (2014-15)-164, PC (2013-14)-61 and PCMS (2014-15)- 74 were found to be best with respect to cane yield only. The genotypes PC (2014-15)-289, PC (2013-14)-338 and PC (2013-14)-547 were found to be best performing for quality parameters in sugarcane.ThesisItem Open Access Stability analysis in advanced clones of sugarcane Saccharum spp. complex(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. PIN 263145, 2022-08) Goswami, Riya; Jeena, A. S.The present investigation entitled “Stability analysis in advanced clones of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex)” was conducted with 18 advanced clones of Sugarcane including three checks viz., CoS 767, CoPant 97222 and Co 05011 to estimate the genotype×environment interaction and stability parameters using Eberhart and Russell model. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design at three different environments viz., Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (E1), U.P Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur (E2) and, PAU Regional Station, Kapurthala (E3). At each environment observations were recorded for fifteen yield and yield contributing traits viz., germination percent, tillers/ha, brix percent at 10 months, purity percent at 10 months, sucrose percent at 10 months, number of millable cane/ha, single cane weight (kg), cane diameter (cm), cane height (m), cane yield (t/ha), CCS yield (t/ha), brix percent at 12 months, sucrose percent at 12 months, purity percent at 12 months and CCS percent at 12 months. Analysis of variance at each environment revealed that genotypes exhibited highly significant differences for all characters under study. Further, the pooled analysis of variance over three environments also exhibited significant differences among genotypes for all the fifteen traits. The estimates of the environmental index showed that E1 was the most favourable environment for nine traits followed by E2 for seven traits and E3 for five traits. Based on the mean performance, CoPant 97222 was registered as the best check for nine traits followed by CoS 767 for six traits. Likewise, among the entries, Co17018 was found superior to best checks for seven traits, followed by CoH 17262 for six traits and CoS 17234 and CoPb 17214 for five traits. The G X E interaction was found significant for all characters except for two traits namely, purity % at 10 months and purity % at 12 months. Based on the estimates of stability parameters as per Eberhart and Russell model, CoPb 17214 was observed as stable genotype for all traits except tillers/ha. Similarly, CoS 17236 and CoH17261 were found stable for fourteen traits except cane yield t/ha. Likewise, among the checks, Co 05011 was found stable for all traits except for cane yield, here this genotype was responsive in favourable environment. Check, CoS 767 was found stable for all traits except for germination percent. Based on the study the clone Co17018 was identified stable for cane yield and sucrose percent at 12 months, along with superiority over all the three checks. Hence, this genotype can be recommended for cultivation over different environments. While, two clones viz., CoS 17234 and Co 05011 were found responsive for cane yield in favourable environment, hence these can be recommended for cultivation under resource rich environment.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on kernel protein and phytic acid in teosinte derived s1 lines of maize (Zea mays l.)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Adhikari, Shriya; Singh, N. K.The investigation was carried out with the aim to transfer gene(s) responsible for high protein content in teosinte into the genetic background of inbred line LM14 which has low phytate content through repeated backcross breeding at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre and Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand. The field experiments were conducted during kharif 2019, rabi 2019-20, kharif 2020, rabi 2020-21 and kharif 2021. The experiment was carried out with two populations that had same parents but followed 2 different crossing programs. It is apparent from the results that among the S1 lines of teosinte derived maize population, that there was an increase in mean protein of ~22% in both populations when compared to the recurring parent. The protein content ranged between 12.43% and 19.68% in 2227 {LM14x (LM14//LM14xPT) #F2} and 12.43 and 18.04% in 2228 (LM14//LM14xPT##F2). Of all the 137 lines of both the populations, three lines namely 2227-93, 2227-95, 2227-97 had protein content of around 19% and two lines 2228-60 and 2228-58 had protein content of around 18%. None of the S1 lines exceeded the protein content present in the donor parent teosinte, and the line which had the lowest protein content was still higher than the protein content LM14 in both populations. Investigation on phytic acid and total phosphorus have unequivocally demonstrated that the S1 lines produced in the genetic backgrounds of LM14 have much lower levels of phytic acid along with lower levels of total phosphorus. In the two populations under study S1 lines, 2227-22 (3.072 mg/g), 2227-69 (3.095 mg/g), 2227- 95 (3.059 mg/g), 2228-6 (2.967 mg/g), 2228-64 (2.955 mg/g) and 2228-50 (2.979 mg/g) were statistically comparable to the recurrent parent, while 2227-11(3.952 mg/g), 2227-16 (3.952 mg/g), 2227-27 (3.988 mg/g), 2227-29 (3.926 mg/g), 2227-86 (3.976 mg/g), 2228-18 (3.875 mg/g), 2228-39 (3.847 mg/g), and 2228-48 (3.835 mg/g) were all observed to be notably lower in levels of PA, compared to the parviglumis-teosinte parent. Lines namely 2227- 46 (0.77%), 2227- 67 (0.78%) 2227- 86 (0.82%), 2228-35 (0.78%), 2228-54 (0.77%) and 2228-65 (0.80%) had the highest level of P, and quite on par with that of the parviglumis-teosinte parent. Additionally the recurrent parent had the lowest P, with 2227-95 and 2228-6 being the closest with 0.41% and 0.40 % P. The most promising lines amongst all the teosinte derived S1 lines were analysed and grouped together using ward’s method of minimum variance, viz., 2227-22, 2227-64, 2227-69, 2227-77, 2227-93, 2227-95, and 2227-97 which had a mean protein content of 18.47 % with PA content of 3.1 mg/g and 3 lines from the second population i.e. 2228 had a mean protein content of 16.6% and a PA content of 2.97 mg/g, which were as follows 2228-6, 2228-50 and 2228-64.ThesisItem Open Access Components of variation, correlation and path analysis for seed yield and its contributing characters in soybean [glycine max (l.) merrill](G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Sailani, Alokita; Karnwal, M. K.The present investigation was carried out with the objectives to assess the genetic variability, inter- character correlation and the direct and indirect effects on seed yield per plant in advance lines of soybean taken an account of thirteen component characters. The experiment was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, during kharif, 2021. Twenty soybean genotypes including four check varieties (PS 1092, PS 1347, PS 24 and PS 26) grown in a randomized block design with four replications. High significant difference was found among treatment for all the characters under study indicating the presence of sufficient amount of genetic variability among the experimental material. The value of Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher as compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) as well as environmental coefficient of variation (ECV) for all the character studied. The seed yield per plant reported the highest value of Phenotypic coefficient of variation (33.81 %) as well as genotypic coefficient of variation (31.81 %). Biological yield per plant exhibited maximum heritability (91%). High heritability values were also observed for basal node height, basal pod height, seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, harvest index, number of pods per plant, plant height and protein content. The genetic advance varied from 0.11 % (harvest index) to 28.66 % (pod per plant). Genetic advance as per cent of mean (5%), exhibited highest value for seed yield per plant (61.34 %). The majority of the characters under study including number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, basal pod height, basal node height, hundred seed weight, biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), and seed yield per plant (g) exhibited high values of heritability along with high estimates of genetic advance as per cent mean. Which showed the presence of additive gene action. In general, Genotypic correlations coefficient (rg) reported greater value than phenotypic correlations coefficient (rp). Directions of phenotypic and genotypic correlations coefficient were almost same for all the character combinations. seed yield per plant showed significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation with day to 90 % maturity, primary branch per plant, pod per plant, seed per pod, biological yield per plant, hundred seed weight and harvest index. Yield attributes with positive correlation coefficient can be used as selection criteria to improve the yield. Day to 90% maturity, primary branches per plant, pod per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index exhibits highly significant positive correlation as well as positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. The positive and significant association of these traits with seed yield per plant and positive direct effect of these traits towards the yield revealed that there is true relationship between these characters and the direct selection for these component traits will bring an improvement in the seed yield per plant, the dependent variable. Hence more emphasis should be given to these traits for improvement of seed yield per plant in soybean through selection programme.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of thermo sensitive genic male sterile lines to explore the hybrid combinations in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Singh, Vriksha; Nautiyal, M. K.The present investigation entitled “Сhаrасterizаtiоn оf Thermо Sensitive Geniс Mаle Sterile Lines tо exрlоre the Hybrid Соmbinаtiоns in Riсe (Оryzаsаtivа L.)” was taken up, to evaluate the twenty-four TGMS lines for different morphological traits and critical sterility/fertility temperatures. The field experiment conducted with twenty-four TGMS lines, nineteen F1’s and four checks in randomized block design with three replications at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Kharif 2021. The Analysis of Variance revealed the presence of ample amount of variability in the experimental material for all the characters and found highly significant for all the traits viz.,days to 50% flowering, panicle length, plant height, number of tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight, number of grains per panicle, days to maturity and yield per plant. Among all the nineteen F1’s TGMS-17 x PD-18-2, TGMS-12 x PB-2 and TGMS-24 x PD-24 found good for all the desired traits and can be directly used in breeding programmes. Among the twenty-four TGMS lines the minimum critical temperature for fertility was observed in TGMS-5-1, TGMS-7, TGMS-11 and TGMS-16, these lines can be used in hybrid development. Therefore, in Pantnagar situation to get complete sterility these lines should be sown in first fortnight of May. Based on standard heterosis TGMS-17 x PD-18-2 found good for number of tillers per plant and TGMS-24 x PD-24 for 1000 grain weight and yield per plant. These crosses may be suggested for straight use in hybrid breeding. The results of morphological and floral characterization studies showed that TGMS lines viz.,TGMS-11 and TGMS-12, TGMS-12-10-1, TGMS-12-25, TGMS-16-1 and TGMS-24-1 had good desirable traits like ratooning ability, grain type and panicle exsertion for the better extent of outcrossing ability. These lines can be utilized for two-line hybrid rice breeding programme for high heterotic expression and superior yield.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic variability and diversity in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Thapliyal, Vinod; Pandey, P. K.The present investigation “Studies on Genetic Variability and Diversity in Forage Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was carried out with 22 test entries and 2 check at the Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during Kharif season, 2021. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Observations were recorded for 11 quantitative and 3 quality traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, stem girth, leaf stem ratio, shoot fly dead heart %, TSS, HCN content, protein content, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield with key objective to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation among various traits and their direct and indirect effects on green fodder yield and genetic diversity The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among all the 24 genotypes for all the 14 traits under study. High GCV and PCV were found for traits namely, HCN content, shoot fly dead heart %, leaf stem ratio, TSS, dry fodder yield, green fodder yield and stem girth. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance for traits viz., number of leaves per plant, stem girth, leaf stem ratio, shoot fly dead heart %, TSS, HCN content, protein content, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield indicating additive gene action. Analysis of correlation coefficient revealed the highly significant and positive correlation, at both genotypic and phenotypic level, of green fodder yield with plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, stem girth, leaf stem ratio, TSS and dry fodder yield. Path coefficient analysis disclosed that dry fodder yield had maximum positive direct effect on green fodder yield followed by stem girth, TSS, leaf stem ratio, plant height, HCN content, protein content, leaf breadth, number of leaves per plant, shoot fly dead heart % and days to 50% flowering while leaf length and leaf area exhibited negative direct on green fodder yield. High positive indirect effect on green fodder yield was exhibited mainly via dry fodder yield, TSS and stem girth. The genetic diversity of 24 genotypes, which were divided into seven clusters, was evaluated using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Cluster IV was found to have maximum number of genotypes followed by cluster I and V. Highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster IV and cluster V. It was found that dry fodder yield contributed maximum towards genetic diversity followed by green fodder yield. Based on per se performance of genotypes, it was found that PC 21-1158 and PC 21-1227 were found superior over best check Pant chari-5 for both green as well as dry fodder yield along with low HCN content. Hence, they can be used in further breeding programme for crop improvement.