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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biomethanation of pine needles(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-08) Dwivedi, Rajnish Kumar; Singh, Ravi PratapThe energy requirement in rural sector of India is largely met through locally available biomass i.e. renewable source of energy such as burning of cattle dung cakes, crop residues, forest biomass such as leaves litter, twigs, fire wood etc. though, it has lower calorific value and produces unhealthy smokes. Uttarakhand is blessed with a dense natural forest with a variety of flora and fauna. Though it also have about 3.43 lakh ha of pine forest which produces about 20.58 lakh tonnes of dry pine needles (deciduous leaves of Pinus roxburghii) which is prone to wild forest fire if not judiciously managed. It can be used in gasifier for electricity generation, briquetting and biomethanation. Among which Biomethanation of biomass represents a better option for its efficient utilization and environmental protection. Anaerobic fermentation for production of biomethane is conventionally being performed at feed substrate -water ratio of 1:1 (by wt.).With this in view a study was initiated for biomethanation of reduced size and ground pine needles treated with NaOH, Lime, Urea, Trichodreama spp. and Psueudomonass spp. and their combinations from laboratory to field biogas plants. Studies were, therefor conducted to establish suitability of chopped pine needles in conventional cattle dung fed 0.5 m³ Pant Tarai and 2 m³ H.D.P.E floating drum biogas plant. The experiments reveal that 30 % of pine needle may be substituted for cattle dung without any adverse effect on process parameters such as pH, total alkalinity etc. Based upon the experimental results it was observed that a specific biogas yield of 0.630 m³/kg VS destroyed as compared to 0.634 m³/kg TS destroyed for conventional process during last fortnight of experiment. An increase in TS and VS reduction with 20.5 percent and 30.7 percent respectively was of observed for treated pine needles fed into biogas plant with average cumulative biogas yield of 27.6 m³/m³ dv till end of experiment. Further the reduction in C/N ratio and increase in N, P, K during course of digestion and feasibility to prepare handmade briquettes from outlet slurry can also promote its feasibility. Further studies on it conceded that it can save about 185 kg fire wood and 200 kg dry soil organic matter rich N, P, K if 50 % of digested slurry is utilized for briquettes and 50 % to replace FYM.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of various parameters on methane emission from the rumen of he-buffalo(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Anvesha; Singh, JayantThe effect of environment and work conditions on oxygen consumption, methane and carbon dioxide emission from he-buffalo have been studied under a controlled environment using animal treadmill. The environment temperature of the he buffalo was varied in two temperatures (17 and 37°C) inside environment controlled chamber. In each temperature hebuffalo was made to exercise with two speeds (1.5 and 2.5 km/h), two treadmill inclinations (0 and 5° with the horizontal) and three draughts (no load, 10 and 12% of bodyweight) for three effective hours. The oxygen consumption of the he-buffalo was observed to be increasing with the increase in temperature, speed, inclination of treadmill and duration of exercise. The typical minimum percent increase in oxygen consumption during the study was found to be 11.09% at 17°C temperature and 45% humidity, 0° inclination of treadmill, speed of 1.5 km/h and no load condition whereas the maximum percent increase was recorded as 639.86% at 37°C temperature and 45% humidity, 5° inclination of treadmill, speed of 2.5 km/h and 12% draught. The methane concentration in exiled of he-buffalo also showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature, speed, inclination, draught and duration of exercise. The typical minimum increase in percentage of methane concentration was found to be 9.66% at 17°C temperature and 45% humidity, 1.5 km/h speed, and 5° inclination of treadmill, no load condition. The maximum percent increase of methane concentration was 67.51% in and 17°C temperature and 45% humidity, 2.5 km/h speed, 5° inclination of treadmill, 12% draught. Carbon dioxide concentration in the exiled gas decreased with the increase in temperature, speed, draught and duration of exercise. The maximum percent change in carbon dioxide concentration was found to be 5.48% at 17°C temperature and 45% humidity, 2.5 km/h speed, 5° inclination of treadmill, 12% draught and minimum percent change in carbon dioxide concentration was found to be 0.77%, at 17°C temperature and 45% humidity, 1.5 km/h speed, 5° inclination of treadmill, no load condition.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of a modified offset rotavator under different orchards(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Lohani, Lokesh; Pateriya, R.NRotary tillage implements are now being projected as an important rotary tools that result in production of fine tilth soil, however the rotavator being in line with the tractor at the back cannot be used in orchards due to the hindrance posed by narrow space between the trees. Hence there was need of some tillage tool in offset to central line of tractor so that it can reach to the area under the tree with the tractor placed in between the rows. The offset working condition of Offset Rotavator the rotary tillage unit can easily reach the strip of soil under low trees and vegetation where tractors cannot operate because of limited height . The study was undertaken for different types of orchards to modify the sensing mechanism and examine the influence of λ – ratio, depth of cut at different orchards fields such as Mango, Pears, and Sapota with dependent parameters such as draft, fuel consumption, power consumption, mean weight diameter, field capacity, field efficiency, and residue incorporation. The modified sensing mechanism with 150 mm length and at 5 degree reduced the plant injury by 6.76, 5.25 and 5.77%. The results indicated that as the λ – ratio increases, the value of draft decreases. The maximum draft in Mango, Pears and Sapota orchard were found to be 6670.8, 9172.35 and 7749.9 N at a λ – ratio of 1.85 and depth of cut 10 cm respectively. The maximum fuel consumption for Mango, Pears and Sapota orchards were found to be 7.21 l/h at a λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm, 7.33 l/h. at λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm, 7.28 l/h. at λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm respectively. The maximum power consumption for Mango, Pears and Sapota orchards were found to be 5.08, 6.41 and 5.23 kW at λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm respectively. The maximum mean mass diameter for Mango, Pears and Sapota orchards were found to be 2.83 mm at λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm, 3.69 mm at λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm, 3.97 mm at a λ – ratio of 1.11 and depth of cut 10 cm. The maximum residue incorporation for Mango orchards, Pears orchards and Sapota orchards were found to be 94.34% at a λ – ratio of 1.85 and depth of cut 10 cm, 95.65 % at a λ – ratio of 1.85 and depth of cut 10 cm and 94.59 % at λ – ratio of 1.85 and depth of cut 10 cm respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of resource conservation machine for sugarcane cultivation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Adhikari, Himanshu; Pateriya, R.N.Intercultural operations are done to remove the weeds, which are harmful for the growth of the plants as they utilize all the moisture and organic matter which was used for better growth of plants. It was reported that poor yield of sugarcane was because of weed can range from 15 to 75 % depending upon conditions. The initial 90 to 120 days are very critical for poor yield of sugarcane because of weed. Therefore these days are very important for weed management to ensure higher yield. In case of sugarcane crop although machinery has been developed, however the adoption of these machinery and implements has not been up to the desired level. Therefore there was a considerable mechanization gap, especially in the area of sugarcane, intercultural operation. Thus it was necessary that concentrated efforts be made for adoption, popularization and development of sugarcane machinery for various cultural operations. In order to remove the weeds and inversion of the soil a system has to be developed which was capable of weeding as well as inversion and smoothening of soil. A frame of 2440 mm length and 510 mm wide was designed, the square pipe selected for frame was of 5 mm size. Holes of 13mm were drilled at equal spacing for adjustment of the tines. The tines which are 6 in numbers are attached at the front side and blades of trapezoidal shape with rounded corners were attached at the rear side of the frame. The length of blade was 650 mm and thickness was 5 mm. the blades were attached with the help of L shaped shanks which were clamped to the frame. The adjustable clamps helps to adjust the depth of blades during the operation. The main objective of this study was to examine the dimensions calculated mathematically and to examine the influence of depth of cut on different parameters of the developed machine and to find mathematically the thickness of the blade used at the rear end of the machine. The machine works efficiently up to height of about 900 to 950 mm of the crop without damaging it. The tines attached at the rear side of the machine uproots all the unwanted plants and the blade at the rear side causes mulching operation by inversion of the soil. Thus, the blade levels the soil and avoids the weeds to re grow. The operating speed of the machine was about 4 to 5 km/h and can be driven by a 35 hp tractor very easily. The depth of operation of tines was about 170 to 200 mm. The height of the blades was adjustable by providing number of holes in the shank in which the blades was welded. The machine was able to perform the intercultural and mulching operation efficiently without damaging the sugarcane crop. Hence it very useful for the growth of sugarcane and saves both money and time as compared to manual and other intercultural methods.ThesisItem Open Access Design modification of a four-row gladiolus planter and its performance evaluation under field conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Sangma, Zoltan N.; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of spice thresher on mustard (Brassica nigra L.) crop and its vibration analysis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Azad, Deepshikha; Arun KumarThreshing is a process of loosening and separating of seeds from ear-heads by continuous beating or rubbing action. The traditional methods of threshing include more time consumption, labour, intensive losses which are significantly reduced by mechanization. The design factor and performance parameters of existing spice thresher were studied and modifications were made to attain a thresher with higher cleaning efficiency and reduced vibrations. The modifications were made on lower concave, cleaning unit, blower assembly according to the physical properties of mustard seeds. The spice thresher was fabricated with design modifications in Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar. The physical properties were important factor in deciding the design parameters for thresher and were determined with two levels of moisture content. The length and width of mustard seeds were 1.485 mm and 1.286 mm for 6.25% moisture content and 1.472 mm and 1.457 mm at 9.04% moisture contents. The arithmetic mean diameter increased from 1.342 mm to 1.393 mm and geometric mean diameter from 1.297 mm to 1.344 mm as the moisture content increased from 6.25% to 9.04%.The surface area and volume were 5.343 mm2 and 1.459 mm3 at 6.25% moisture content and 6.0081 mm2 and 1.640 mm3 at 9.04% moisture content. The sphericity of mustard seed was 0.977 and 0.989 at 6.25% and 9.04% moisture content level, respectively. The performance parameters of thresher in terms of sieve loss, visible seed damage, threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency, output capacity and power consumption were evaluated for different combinations of four cylinder peripheral speeds 4.5 m/s (287 rpm), 6 m/s (382 rpm), 7.5 m/s (478 rpm), 9 m/s (573 rpm) and four cylinder-concave clearances 5 mm, 7 mm, 9 mm, 11 mm. The maximum and minimum sieve loss was 1.30% and 1.05% with mean value as 1.184% for different treatments. The visible seed damage was negligible and threshing efficiency was 99.9%for all combinations of cylinder peripheral speeds and concave clearances. The cleaning efficiency was increased for increase in cylinder peripheral speed and decrease in cylinder-concave clearance with 98.89% maximum value at 9 m/s speed and 5 mm cylinder-concave clearance. The maximum output capacity was 30.843 kg/h for 9 m/s cylinder peripheral speed and 5 mm cylinder-concave clearance. Maximum power consumption was 0.994 kWh at 9 m/s cylinder speed and 5 mm concave clearance. The vibration amplitudes were measured in horizontal and vertical directions at eight functionally critical positions of thresher for four cylinder peripheral speeds 4.5 m/s, 6 m/s, 7.5 m/s and 9 m/s. The maximum vibration amplitude at No-load condition (without crop feeding) was 23.91 m/s2 for 9/s cylinder speed at position on lower frame was reduced to 19.72 m/s2 by constraining the frame to a fixed position. The vibration amplitudes were further minimized significantly by application of isolators at base of threshing shaft bearings, counter shaft bearings and motor for fixed condition of frame at No-load. The maximum vibration with application of 4 mm and 8 mm rubber sheet isolators at no-load with fixed frame was 21.69 m/s2 and 17.63 m/s2, respectively at position on lower frame. The vibration amplitudes increased at four positions with addition of 10 kg dead weight to lower frame. At Noload, the vibration amplitudes were minimum for 8 mm rubber sheet at bearings and motor base with fixed frame so this condition was selected as optimum condition and vibrations were analyzed at this condition with a constant feed rate of 60 kg/h of mustard crop. The maximum and minimum vibrations of thresher were 18.7 m/s2 and 6.3 m/s2 with crop feeding. The optimum speed range for threshing of mustard crop was 5 m/s to 6 m/s according to mathematical analysis using maxima and minima. The six basic natural frequencies and their responses (in terms of deformation) were evaluated using ANSYS and deformation was reduced to zero at lower position of frame as the frame is constraint to a fixed position. The maximum deformation was 0.585 m as the frame is free to move and 0.572 m as frame is constraint to a fixed location.ThesisItem Open Access Physical and mechanical properties of various types of woods for use in agricultural implements(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Annu Rani; Singh, JayantThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of self-propelled boom sprayer for intra canopy spraying in row crops(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-01) Dash, Bhabani Shankar; Arun KumarPlant protection is an essential operation in the basic practices of crop production. Data shows that diseases, insects and weed put together cause 31 to 41 % damage to the crops produced worldwide. In India, annual crop loss is estimated to be around 50,000 crores due to pests. Various plant protection measures are followed throughout India, among which chemical method is most widely used. Common plant protection equipments include Knapsack sprayers (manual and power operated), foot sprayer, tractor mounted sprayer in India. Most of the sprayers spray chemical from the top of the plant which causes improper spray distribution in case of crops with dense or medium canopy. The pest and insets present inside the canopy and under the leaves are not affected by this spray which leads to infestation and damage even after spraying. Keeping in view the above problems the development of sprayer to perform intra canopy and under leaf spraying was undertaken. A selfpropelled intra canopy boom sprayer was developed for spraying chemical in small height row crops in Indian condition. It was suitable for small land holdings and had low cost of operation. The self-propelled intra canopy boom sprayer had an improved boom section with even flat fan nozzles mounted on the top of the boom to spray chemical from the top of the row and hollow cone nozzles placed at one third of plant height from the ground in between the rows to spray liquid into the canopy. Two hollow cone nozzles mounted in a swivel body were placed in between rows with the help of hose drops, helped in spraying chemical in either directions. For every row of plants three nozzles (one flat fan and two hollow cone) were used to spray the liquid to get maximum leaf area coverage. The performance of the developed sprayer was evaluated both in laboratory and field condition to ensure that the objectives are fulfilled. The nozzles were tested in the laboratory to find its volumetric distribution, swath and spray angle at different pressure and height combinations. The independent parameters for patternator test were operating pressure (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 kg/cm2), nozzle heights (200, 300, 400, 500, 545 and 600 mm). The flat fan nozzle gave its best volumetric distribution at 2.5 kg/cm2 and 300 mm nozzle height while the hollow cone nozzles at 3 kg/cm2 and 300 mm nozzle height. The swath and angle of spray of the nozzles were determined and it was found that with increase in pressure and height the swath was increased while the spray angle increased with pressure. The droplet sizes produced by both the nozzles were measured using Spraytec laser diffraction technique and the NMD and VMD of the droplets were measured. The independent parameters of the droplet size determination test were operating pressure (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 kg/cm2) and nozzle height (450 mm). The NMDs and VMDs of the hollow cone nozzle varied between 34 to 23 µ and 200 to 114 µ, respectively while for flat fan nozzle it was 108 to 23 and 199 to 129 µ, respectively with increase in pressure from 1.5 to 3.5 kg/cm2. The uniformity coefficients of the data for both the nozzles were calculated. The flat fan nozzles produced most uniform droplets at 1.5 kg/cm2 and hollow cone at 3 kg/cm2. Both the nozzles produced droplets in the range of very fine to medium for the pressures studied. The machine was tested in the field on September 22, 2015, on soyabean crop at three different speeds (1.5, 2 and 2.5 km/h) and leaf area coverage, NMD and droplet densities for upper and bottom parts of the canopy were measured. The field performance evaluation of the developed sprayer showed that, the mean leaf area coverages were 30.3 and 18.9 % and mean droplet densities were 243 and 263 for upper and bottom part of the leaves, respectively at 1.5 km/h. For 2 km/h sprayer speed the coverages obtained were 22.16 and 10.67 % and droplet densities were 277 and 235 for upper and bottom parts of the leaves respectively. For 2.5 km/h sprayer speed, the leaf area coverages were 15.37 and 4.12% and droplet densities were 259 and 78 droplets for upper and bottom parts of the leaves respectively. It was found that with increase in forward speed of the sprayer the percentage coverage decreased significantly while droplets density declined significantly only for underside of the leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mounica, Sappogu Leena; Bhattacharya, T.K.Energy is the key input in an agricultural production. Crop yield dependent upon both direct and indirect energy sources i.e. human beings, fuel, electricity, seed, fertilizer, chemical, and machinery. Paddy-wheat is the major crop rotations in Tarai region of Uttarakhand and production system of both the crops is highly mechanized. The study also compares energy requirement in raising paddy and wheat crops using more efficient methods and equipment. An attempt has therefore, been made in the experimental, commercial and farmer’s field to analyse the energy requirements in paddy and wheat crop production in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The total energy requirement in paddy cultivation was observed as 32278.8, 23985.6, 25341.4, 25802.9, 26228.5 and 31728.7 MJ/ha with corresponding crop yield of 5.27, 7.67, 8.03, 9.11, 9.30, 9.71 t/ha under the treatment DSR (TP1), transplanting in unpuddled soil (TP2), transplanting in puddled soil with paddy harrow (TP3), rotavator (TP4), spiked puddler (TP5) and combination of paddy harrow, rotavator, patela (TP6), respectively. The requirement of electrical energy was highest in all treatments which was used for operating irrigation pumpset. The energy productivity and energy ratio for high yielding practices has been found to be 0.35 kg/MJ and 5.21 in treatment TP5 with a yield of 9.3 t/ha whereas at a yield of 9.71 t/ha in farmer’s field in (TP6), the energy productivity and energy ratio was 0.3 kg/MJ and 4.49 respectively. The production of paddy crop in a larger area TP5 (4.8 ha) and TP6 (8 ha) indicated the consumption of diesel at the rate of 84.2 l/ha and 117.9 l/ha. The total energy requirement in wheat cultivation was observed as 18146.0, 18650.9, 16646.3, 16745.5, 18491.3, 19132.7, 19760.3 and 21833.6 MJ/ha and the crop yield was 2.96, 3.32, 3.46, 2.75, 2.80, 3.21, 4.70 and 6.20 t/ha under the treatments TW11, TW12, TW13, TW2, TW3,TW4, TW5 and TW6, respectively. The highest share of energy in all treatments was found be from fertilizer. Comparing the wheat crop production in a large area i.e. 4.8 ha in treatment TW5, (commercial field) and 8 ha in treatment TW6, (farmer’s field), the energy productivity and energy ratio were 0.24 kg/MJ and 3.5 in with a yield of 4.7 t/ha and 0.28 kg/MJ and 4.17 with a yield of 6.2 t/ha respectively. The average diesel consumption was found to be between 75 to 86 l/ha for the above treatments.