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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Empowerment of women gram pradhan through panchayati raj institutions: a study in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Sawan, Vishaka; Rana, KiranWomen constitute half part of the society, with equal rights, women in India are victims of a multiple of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors. Women with disabilities have been largely neglected. Also due to many societal rules and regulations, they never are a part of the decision-making process. When we talk about the status of women in the Indian society, the most important aspect that comes to mind is patriarchy. Though at present women enjoy equal status with men as per the constitution and legal provisions but still, they have a long way to go. It is correct that “a country flourish if its women flourish”. So, women’s empowerment is vital towards the development of the society. ‘Empowerment’ means ‘to authorize’. In the context of the people, they have to be authorized to have control over their own lives. Women empowerment means to give women the opportunity to fulfil their creative capabilities and desires and take decisions independently. It has social, political, economic, cultural dimensions. Though many laws have been enacted not only at the national level but also at the international level, women could not occupy an equal role in the decision-making processes across the world. Even in the post 73rd Amendment of the Constitution of India, the role of women in its democratic decision-making is not satisfactory. On March 12th, 2008, the Uttarakhand Panchayat Law (Amendment) Bill was passed, establishing a 50% reservation for women in Panchayati raj institutions. For two consecutive administrations, the Act called for a 50 percent quota for women in the Panchayat Raj System. In Uttarakhand, the provisions of the Uttarakhand Panchayati Raj Amendment Act 2008 have been in effect for more than ten years. However, their administrative role is minimal; they work according to their husbands and in-laws and do not make decisions on their own; they are not so aware of their powers and responsibilities; and they have a low political status. It is necessary to comprehend the constraints that women experience under the PRI in the state of Uttarakhand, specifically in the Dehradun District. The present study entitled “Empowerment of Women Gram Pradhan through Panchayati Raj Institutions: A Study in Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand” Four blocks were chosen randomly from the Dehradun district. A total of 170 Gram Panchayats are present in these four blocks, and from these Gram Panchayats, 80 women Gram Pradhans were selected for the study. A semi structured interview schedule was used to collect the data from the respondents. In the present study Interview schedule, Knowledge test by Dak (2008), Empowerment scale by Tyade (2006) was used. The statistical techniques such as percentage, mean, frequency and standard deviation were used to analyse the data for meaningful interpretation. The findings of the study reported that the majority of the respondents were middle aged, there was not a single respondent who was illiterate. All the respondents were married, belonged to the nuclear family type and had a medium family size. Maximum respondents belonged to the general caste, had agricultural background and possessed land of less than one hectare. Majority of them had a political contact with the block pramukh, had a medium level of annual family income, extension agency contact, mass media exposure, cosmopoliteness and decision-making ability. The findings reflect that majority of the respondents possessed medium level of knowledge about Panchayati raj institutions and had a medium level of empowerment (social, economic and political). The results of the study showed that women Gram Pradhans viewed the lack of funds from the government for development work as the major constraint. The findings of the study will help the government and NGOs designing strategies to enhance the knowledge level and empowerment level of the respondents and will also assist them in reducing the constraints face by women gram Pradhans in PRIs.ThesisItem Open Access A study of factors affecting community participation and sustainability of community radio stations in northern India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-02) Arya, Neha; Kashyap, S.K.Community radio is considered as a communication intervention strategy of choice for deepening participation and community ownership. Community radio involves community organization, joint thinking and decision-making, all of which entail great potential for empowering communities and building a democratic society. However, the community radio stations has been facing various social, infrastructural, organizational, programming, technical and financial constraints in its functioning. These constraints have raised the concern of community radio practitioners regarding the issue of community radio sustainability. Many community radio stations are struggling for maintaining good quality broadcasting services while ensuring high level of community participation. Thus, to have an insight into these issues, a study was undertaken to find out the social, economic, psychological and communication characteristics of community radio listeners along with their participation in community radio functioning and sustainability of community radio stations. The study was carried out in northern Indian states and union territories. Stratified random sampling was employed to select sixteen community radio stations (8 from NGO operated community radios and 8 from educational institute operated community radios) for the study. Total 16 community radio staff and 240 community radio listeners (15 listeners from each community radio) were selected through simple random sampling process. The analytical and descriptive research deign was used. Pre-tested structured interview schedule was used for data collection and relevant statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, t-test, correlation of coefficient, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis were used for analysis and interpretation of the data. Findings of the study revealed that maximum number of respondents (49.16%) belonged to the middle age group and were female (51.67%), married (62.92%) having high level of information seeking behavior (45.42%) and medium level of mass media exposure (42.91%). Maximum number of respondents were graduated (17.91%), unemployed (46.68%), carried official position in one organization (33.75%) having medium level of mass media utilization (45%), high achievement motivation (37.50%), low economic motivation (42.08%) and medium level of listening behaviour (43.75%). Majority of the respondents displayed favourable attitude towards community radio stations (65.00%) and medium level of perception about community radio programmes (53.33%) having medium level of communication skills (57.92%) and medium level of change proneness (40.84%). Further it was found that more than half of the respondents (53.75%) had medium level of participation in CRS functioning. It was also found that maximum number of the community radio stations (43.75%) were moderately sustainable. Among independent variables, age, information seeking behaviour, mass media utilization, social participation, listening behaviour, attitude towards community radio station, perception about community radio programmes and communication skills had significant positive relationship with the community participation in community radio functioning. Further educational qualification and mass media exposure had significant negative relationship with the community participation in community radio functioning. The study also indicated that community participation in community radio functioning had significant positive relationship with sustainability of community radio stations. Further it was found that programming constraints were ranked first as the major constraint faced by community radio stations followed by social, financial, technological, organizational, policy related and infrastructural constraints. Strategic planning of community radio stations, government support, intensive awareness campaigns, scrutinizing skilled human resources and improving their professionalism, improving programming and listenership, boosting community participation, regular capacity building programmes, abating dependency on parent organization, searching for new financial avenues, periodic monitoring and evaluation and pooled efforts are some of the strategies to ensure the community radio sustainability.ThesisItem Open Access Scientisation of indigenous technical knowledge of tribal farmers in Ranchi district of Jharkhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Singh, Smriti; Sharma, GyanendraThe basic component of any country’s knowledge system is its Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK). It is a cumulative body of knowledge and techniques handed down through generations by cultural transmission of the relationship of living beings including humans with one another and their environment. ITK practices in agriculture are farmer-friendly, socially-accepted, economically-feasible and environmentally-sound and suited to the specific bio-physical and socio-economic conditions. This knowledge has tremendous potential to address the current concerns of conventional agriculture like depletion and degradation of the natural resource base, poor productivity and pest and disease problems. Assessment of ITKs for their scientific rationality could be a step towards their integration in the formal research system for knowledge management for sustainable agricultural development. Keeping this in view a study entitled, "Scientisation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge of Tribal Farmers in Ranchi district of Jharkhand" was undertaken with the objectives: i. To identify the process of systematic documentation and scientisation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge, ii. To study the process of scientisation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge about pest and disease management among tribal farmers, iii. To delineate the constraints encountered in utilisation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge by tribal farmers and 4. To develop a framework for systematic documentation and scientisation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge. Ranchi district of Jharkhand was selected purposively keeping in view substantial tribal population in the district. Two blocks namely, Angara and Tamar were selected purposively, being the tribal dominated blocks in the district. From each selected block two villages namely, Dhurleta and Jaspur from Angara and Amhesa and Uludih from Tamar were selected randomly from among the tribal dominated villages. Selection of tribal farmers was done through snowball sampling. Descriptive research design was used for this study. Three categories of respondents i.e. 55 ITK experts spread across the country, 30 plant protection scientists belonging to State Agricultural University and ICAR system located at Ranchi and 45 tribal farmers who acted as key informants from selected villages constituted the sample for the study. ITK experts and plant protection scientists were randomly selected from the list and multistage sampling procedure was followed for selection of tribal farmers. Delphi technique was employed to identify ideal steps in the processes of systematic documentation and scientisation of ITKs by the experts. Scientisation process was conceptualised in three sequential steps of particularisation, validation and generalisation. For particularisation, rationality analysis of selected ITKs was done by the plant protection scientists. For this, three types of rating scales were used. Validation was done through Quantification of Indigenous Knowledge (QuIK) method by the tribal key informants and Mean Perceived Effectiveness Methodology (MPEM) by the scientists. For generalisation, scientists were asked to indicate whether ITKs can be disseminated directly or require certain modifications/ blending with corresponding scientific technologies (CSTs). For better utilisation of selected ITKs the tribal farmers were asked to indicate their preferences of mode of dissemination. For the constraints encountered in utilisation of ITKs, tribal farmers were asked to indicate degree of importance of constraints on a 3-point continuum. Based on the findings of the referred aspects, a process framework was developed for systematic documentation and scientisation of ITKs. The findings led to conclude that majority of the tribal farmers were females of old age belonging to Oraon communityhaving education up to middle school level and marginal size of holdings with long farming experience, lower level of risk orientation, social participation and innovativeness and majority of the ITK experts were males of age group of 51-65 years, holding senior positions in SAUs and ICAR institutes with experience between 10-15 years involved in extension and ITKrelated work to a greater extent. The ITK experts suggested that a combination of suitable methods should be used for documentation of ITKs. The most preferred scale to assess the scientific rationality of ITKs was reported to be 3-point scale of Dhaliwal and Singh (2010) followed by 5- point scale of Hiranand (1979). QuIK was found to be more preferred method for validation followed by MPEM. For generalisation of ITKs, a consensus emerged that if ITKs are at par with their CSTs in efficacy and effectiveness may be disseminated directly to the farmers as well as through their Ready to Use (RTU) products. Otherwise, further experimentation should be done by blending of both the knowledge systems. ITKs which were considered for QuIK analysis i.e. control of Rice hispa (Parsu leaves or Mahua leaves are applied), Rice caseworm (Solution of tender bamboo shoot extract with water or Parsu leaves). Bihar hairy caterpillar (Mixture of Ash and Kerosene oil or Sinduwar leaves + Sand + Kerosene oil), Rice gall fly (Parsu leaves or Sinduwar leaves) and Banki disease (Bamboo rhizome pieces mixed with water or leaves of Neem) were found to be superior to their CSTs in terms of cost-effectiveness, environment-friendliness and farming system compatibility whereas CSTs were preferred more in terms of effectiveness in controlling pests/diseases, quickness in problem solving and ease in preparation. Farmer to farmer extension was suggested by the tribal farmers for generalisation of ITKs followed by maintenance of ITK register and creating awareness through different extension methods including publication of extension literature and use of information communication technology. In order to increase the accessibility of ITKs, a process framework has been developed with the main partners of research, extension and user systems to facilitate sustainable agricultural development.ThesisItem Open Access Effectiveness of e-booklet for apple growers: A study in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Negi, Rahul; Sharma, ArpitaHorticulture sector is a major segment under the fastest growing agriculture sector. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the World. India ranks eleventh in the World with production of about 2,326 thousand metric tonnes per annum. Uttarakhand produces 57,753.49 metric tonnes of apples per year from both the regions of the State. Majority of apple growers are categorized under medium to low socioeconomic status because of the constraints faced by them. The extension worker and farmers ratio are quite less and shows a huge information gap. As a result, there is a need for alternatives that can bridge the information gap. Today, it is ICT era there are various media available such as print and electronic which can be utilized to bridge the information gap. Out of all these media, electronic media (e-booklet) was used for this study. An ebooklet is an electronic form of a small size book, which has a paper cover and gives us information about a certain subject. It can be delivered instantly. It can be downloaded and saved on the smart phone for future reference. Hence, there is need to evaluate the effectiveness of e-booklet for apple growers was tested. The present study was conducted in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. Four villages namely Harsil, Jhala, Sukhi and Dharali were selected randomly from the Bhatwari block as it had a maximum number of apple growers. A total sample of 120 respondents was selected by PPS sampling method. Pre and post experimental research design was used for the present study. The data collection was done by using a pre-tested structured interview schedule and knowledge test were used for data collection. Statistical techniques such as percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage and paired t-test were used to determine the data for meaningful interpretation. The finding of the present study indicated that majority of the respondents (72.5%) belonged to middle age group, had education upto intermediate level (32.5%), had medium family size (92.5%), were in medium annual income (67%), had medium size of apple orchard (65%), had ten to thirteen year of experience in apple farming (44.16%), had medium information seeking behaviour (59.16%), had medium risk orientation (69.17%), owned mobile with internet (100%), have medium mass media exposure (65.84%). The information needs of respondents founded that all respondents (100%) needed information regarding plant protection measures. Based on information needs an e-booklet was designed. Regarding the design, name, content, utility, accuracy, clarity, readability, need-based information and overall look found most satisfactory by most respondents. At 0.01 per cent of level of significance, the mean gain in knowledge score of respondents was significantly higher in post-test than in the pre-test. It was found that the participation of apple growers was significantly effective in terms of gain in knowledge. The finding of the study will be useful to extension workers, research workers and the administrators as it provides them the sufficient knowledge about the problems of apple growers and use of mass media by apple growers and will enable them to improve their approach of working with the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Role of self help groups in empowerment of rural women: a study in Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Rachit Raj; Kameswari, V.L.V.Women comprise 33 % of agriculture labour force and 48% of the self-employed farmers. In India, 85% of rural women were engaged in agriculture, yet only about 13% own land. For the last three decades, many policymaking institutions are influenced by the idea of feminization of poverty. It has become very important to focus on women for gender-sensitive poverty alleviation. Looking at the poverty alleviation programmes over the years, a clear shift is visible in the thinking of the development planners and policy makers in the nature of employment to be generated. Women empowerment refers to increasing the economic, political, socialand legal strength of individuals and communities of women so that they become capable of exercising their choices. SHGs and micro enterprises play a significant role in changing the socio-economiccondition of women and their empowerment. This study attempted to find socio-economic, psychological and communication characteristics, extent of empowerment of SHG members, the relationship between characteristics of SHG members and their empowerment and the constraints faced by SHG members. A descriptive research design was used to meet the objectives of the study. The study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Khatima block was selected purposively. Out of 986 SHGs in Khatima block, Ten SHGs were selected randomly. Fifty per cent of SHG members were selected as respondents for the purpose of the study through random sampling. Pre tested interview schedule was used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents were in middle age group(52%), belonged to Schedule Castes (34.50%) and had intermediate level of education (25.55%). Majority of respondents were part of medium size joint family (67.77) and owned less than 1.5 acres of land (56%). Maximum numbers of head of the households were engaged in farming (47.77%) and majority of the respondents were housewives (82.22%). Majority of the respondents had medium level of economic motivation(90%), assertiveness (50%), leadership ability(96%), and low level of information seeking behavior (63.33%), social participation (100%), Majority of respondents had access to mobile phones (97.77%), TV (90%) and radio (58.88%). It was found that majority of respondents had high level of social and economic empowerment (91.12% and 60%, respectively), medium level of psychological and political empowerment (80% and 51.11%, respectively) and low level of legal empowerment (76.66%). All respondents had high level of cultural empowerment and majority of respondents had medium level of overall empowerment (54.44%). The findings regarding relationship between selected characteristics of SHG members and extent empowerment revealed that age and education had significant relationship with their empowerment. Age had negative association and education had positive association with empowerment. It was found that family size, size of land holding, occupation, monthly family income, economic motivation, leadership ability, social participation, mass media ownership and use and information seeking behaviour were positively related to the extent of empowerment but the association was not significant. All members reported lack of training, absence of market for sale of their products and very little income as constraints. Majority of respondents reported very small loan amount, lack of support from financial institutions and lack of social mobility as the other constraints.ThesisItem Open Access Development of multimedia WhatsApp module for dairy farmers: A study in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Bhatt, Sakshi; Sharma, ArpitaIndia’s transformation in the field of dairy, from acute shortage to the world’s leading milk-producing Nation has been highly commendable. Over 70 percent of the milk produced in India is by small and marginal farmers whose landholdings are small with few heads of cattle or buffaloes. Hence it is powerful instrument to bring about social and economic transformation which can improve their livelihoods and development pattern that will leads to the economic growth of the country. In the era, where information is considered as a valuable resource yet dearth of information has been a critical concern for farmers of India that leaves them with a wide knowledge gap. The main reason for this gap is the lack of access to information due to scarcity of extension personnel and technical human resource. The farmers’ ignorance towards recent advances like social media and ICTs is another probable reason which keeps the knowledge gap as it is. This is where WhatsApp appears, it makes knowledge dissemination easy, vibrant and effective. It can also be considered as a good extension tool that emerged out of the digitization and communication revolution that strengthen the extension setup. The present study was conducted in the Haridwar district of the Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. One village from each of the two blocks was selected using chit method of simple random sampling. A total of sixty respondents, thirty from each village were procured with the help of Pradhan and Additional Director (Dairy) through purposive sampling. In the present study Interview schedule and knowledge test were the tool used for data collection. The statistical techniques such as percentage, mean, frequency, weighted mean score, standard deviation, t-paired test were used to analyze the data for meaningful interpretation. The finding of the study reported that majority (63.33%) of the respondents were middle aged. None of the farmers were illiterate and 31.66 per cent of farmers were educated up to intermediate level. It was found that 76.6 per cent of the farmers had medium family size i.e. 4 to 9 members, and 58.33 per cent were engaged in dairying with agriculture. About 43.33 per cent of the dairy farmers had small landholdings of 1 to 2 hectare and 58.33 per cent had medium level of dairy experience of 7 to 18 years. It was also found that three fourth of the dairy farmers had medium (3 to 6) herd size and 70 percent of the respondents had medium milk production because of which 80 per cent of the respondents had medium level of dairy income. It was observed that 66.66 per cent of respondents were having medium level of extension contact. All of the respondents had television, Smart phone and Internet subscription and 86.66 per cent of the respondents were having medium mass media exposure. It was also revealed that majority (63.33 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level of information seeking behavior. The information needs of the respondents were assessed on the basis of Weighted Mean Score for every sub-area. The prioritized sub areas on basis of high WMS were selected for the development of Multimedia WhatsApp module with the participation of the respondents. Later, it was observed that at level of significance post- test score of the respondents was higher than pre-test score. It reveals that multimedia WhatsApp module is significantly effective in term of gain in knowledge. The study signifies the role of Multimedia WhatsApp module for the improvement of dairy extension services and in bringing favaourable changes in the knowledge level of the dairy farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Training needs of fish growers of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Pathak, Sonal; AmardeepIn India fisheries is recognized as one of the important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied potential and resources. With, the increasing pressure of supplying cheap fish protein to meet the growing demand of increasing populations the need for aquaculture emerged. The other major challenge is limited scope for expanding area under crop cultivation. Thus, aquaculture and the realization of its contribution to employment generation, foreign exchange earnings, food production and improvement of rural economy have convinced many Asian nations to include aquaculture development in their national economic development plans. India is the second largest country in aquaculture production. Fisheries sector has shown growth from 4.9 per cent in 2012-13 to 11.9 per cent in 2017-18(FAO 2020). The sector accounts for 5.23 per cent share of agricultural GDP. The fisheries resource of Uttarakhand comprises of fast flowing rivers, high and low altitude natural lakes, manmade reservoirs, ponds etc. Besides the availability of various resources peoples are not that much aware of various scientific practices and fisheries resources are underutilized. The state still depends for supply of fishes from other states. Trained fish growers can bring miracle in state fish production. The first step of training cycle is identification of training need. It plays a very important role in determining success of training. This study attempts to study the training needs of fish growers in fisheries related areas, socio-economic, communication and psychological characteristics of growers, relationship was determined between profile characteristics & training needs and constraints faced by fish growers. The analytical research design was used to meet the objectives of the study. The study has been carried out in purposively selected Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand as it has highest production among thirteen district of Uttarakhand. Selection of particular block(s) village(s) couldn’t yield a reasonable sample size. So, in order to form reasonable sample, list of fish growers was obtained from District Fish Inspector and 120 fish growers were selected through simple random sampling irrespective of block or village using random number table. The respondents belonged to Khatima, Rudrapur, Sitarganj, Kashipur and Bajpur blocks. Interview schedule was modified accordingly based on pilot study. Interview schedule was used for data collection. Photographs were also taken. The data collected was coded, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with help of appropriate procedures and statistical techniques like mean, weighted mean, frequency, standard deviation, percentages, correlation and t-test. The findings of the study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to middle age (33-53), had qualification up to higher secondary level and belonged to general category. Majority of respondents had small (1-2 hac) land holdings, medium level of annual family income, medium (0.46-1.88) size of pond area, level of social participation, Utilization of information sources, market availability, fish farming experience( 2-6 yrs), medium level of scientific orientation and economic motivation. Majority of respondents had no training exposure and about 20.83 percent respondents were doing fisheries as primary occupation, other took it as secondary occupation. Regarding training needs of fish growers in related areas, maximum need in fisheries was found to be in Common fish diseases, their diagnosis & control measures (2.70) followed by Site selection, construction & maintenance of ponds (2.54), Composite fish farming (2.46), Use of medicine and antibiotics (2.43), Soil and water quality management (2.38), Control of external parasite (2.36), Methods of fish preservation (2.31), Prophylactic treatment of fish diseases (2.30), Methods of harvesting (2.15), Net making and their care & preservation (2.15), Loan facility (2.11) ,Lime and manure application (2.09), Processed fish marketing (2.06), Formation of balanced fish feed & importance of vitamins and minerals (2.05), Aquatic weed and weed fish control(1.98), Feeding devices(1.91), Integrated fish farming (1.90), Maintenance of brooders during harvesting (1.85), Leasing system (1.83), Stocking density and quality fish seed (1.70), Knowledge of supplementary feeding (1.66), Operation of craft and gear (1.61), Formation of cooperatives (1.62), Feed ingredients(1.50), Proper time of feed application (1.36), Air breathing fish culture (1.3), Ideal size of harvesting (1.29) and Live feed culture (.81) . Age was negatively and non-significantly correlated with training need of fish farmers, scientific orientation and fish farming experience were negatively and significantly correlated with training need. While, Education, pond area, size of land holding, annual family income, utilization of information sources and economic motivation were significantly and positively correlated with training needs. While, social participation was positively and non-significantly correlated with training needs in fisheries related areas. The major constraint faced by fish growers was diseases of fish & lack of government subsidies followed by non-availability of quality fish seed, Lack of marketing facility, Lack of natural feed in pond, high labour cost, Lack of extension services, Theft and pilferages, draining of pond water, distance from house, high cost of fish feed and flooding.ThesisItem Open Access Training needs assessment of rural women of migrant households: a study in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Pandey, Kanika; Kameswari, V.L.V.According to the report of Rural Development and Migration Commission 2018, more than 66 percent of Uttarakhand population lives in rural areas. Majority of the rural population in the hills either survive on subsistence agriculture or migrate for better livelihood opportunities. The state has witnessed significant changes in its demographic structure with slow decadal growth of population in the hilly regions during the period 2001-2011. In conformity with earlier studies on migration, report on outmigration from hill region of Uttarakhand (Mamgain and Reddy 2015), most of the migrants are men and youth. About 86 percent of migrants are men and 51.4 percent of them are in the age group of 30-49 years and another 35.5 percent in the age group of 15-29 years. The excessive rate of male out migration has changed the overall demography and socio-cultural system of Uttarakhand leading to a number of changes in the lives of rural women. Rural women faces greater vulnerability and various problems due to male out-migration and limited livelihood opportunities. Their ability and capacity to cope with the uncertainties and vulnerabilities in the hill region is determined by the knowledge and skill they have. This study attempted to find socioeconomic, communication and psychological characteristics, change in the role of rural women after male out migration, training needs assessment of rural women, designing a training module and to find the relationship between selected profile characteristics of rural women and training needs. The descriptive research design was used to meet the objectives of the study. The study was purposively carried out in Almora district of Uttarakhand. One block, Dwarahat was selected randomly. Villages viz. Talli Mirai and Kaphara were selected randomly and rural women in age group of 18-55 were selected purposely through census method. Pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. The data was classified, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of appropriate statistical procedures and techniques like frequency, percentage, Z-test, correlation and t-test. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the rural women were in the age group of 31-42 years, mostly married, majority of respondents belonged to General category, had middle level educational qualifications, had a medium-sized nuclear family, had small size of the land holding, involved in farming activities and had low monthly income. Most of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness and extension agency contact. Almost, all the respondents owned television and mobile phone. Only a quarter of the respondents had attended a training program in the last three years. Majority of them have medium level of innovativeness, change proneness, economic motivation and risk preference. It was found that out of the 18 roles that were identified, there had been a significant change in eight roles. These were household chores, care for elderly, care of livestock, fetching firewood, attending social events, voting for local bodies, participation in development activities at local level and value addition/post harvest activities. Regarding training needs of rural women, out of the six areas that were identified it was found that high training need was expressed in the area of mushroom cultivation, followed by disease and pest control of field crops and vaccination and disease management of cattle. A training module was prepared for organization of training program on mushroom cultivation. The findings regarding relationship between selected personal, socioeconomic, communication and psychological characteristics of rural women and their training needs revealed that age has significant negative relationship with training needs of rural women. Education, size of the land holding, monthly income, mass media ownership, mass media access, cosmopoliteness, innovativeness, change proneness and economic motivation have significant positive relationship with needs of rural women training needs. There is no significant relationship between family size, risk preference and training..ThesisItem Open Access A study on adoption of climate resilient technologies by farmers under NICRA in Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Khati, Kanchan; AmardeepClimate change and food security are two of the most critical challenges being faced by the global community. India is more vulnerable in view of large population depending on agriculture. The farmers already act towards in the climatic changes both by adopting the technological coping mechanisms on the positive side and negatively through shifting to other professions. Uttarakhand is most vulnerable to climate-mediated risks because agriculture in Uttarakhand is largely rain-fed, irrigation facilities are least, and small fragmented land holdings. To cope up with climate change, climate resilience is the ability of a system to absorb shocks and recover as quickly as possible to normal conditions when external environment improves. So there is a need for a climate resilient agriculture leading to sustainable food security through integrating innovations, technologies, efficient resource use, capacity building, public policies, establishment of new institutions, and development of infrastructure etc. NICRA is an ICAR initiative launched with a focus on making most vulnerable districts of the nation climate resilient. The project can succeed only with farmer’s contribution and their commitment of time and resources. Hence, there is a need to find out the extent of farmers participation and adoption of technologies under project. The present study made an attempt to find out the socioeconomic, personal, communication and psychological characteristics of farmers along with extent of adoption of climate resilient technologies by them to cope up with climate change. Relationship between socio-economic, personal, communication and psychological characteristics of farmer and their extent of adoption of climate resilient technologies was also studied. The study was conducted in two purposively selected districts Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal as the locale for the study. Three villages namely Dabri and Kailaith of Tehri Garhwal and Dunda of Uttarkashi district were selected purposively for study. Total 200 respondents were selected through probability proportionate to size method. The analytical and descriptive research design was used. Pre tested interview schedule and statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, t-test, correlation of coefficient, CSRT, regression analysis etc. were used to analyzed and interpretation of the data. Findings of the study reveal that majority of the respondent (41%) were middle age group, were female (54.5%), general caste (87.50%), educated upto middle level (25%), having married (99%), majority were nuclear families (50.50%), with small size of (42%) families. Majority of respondent had low farming experience (37.50%), belonged to (47%) medium socio economic status, low extension agency of contact (63.50%), medium extent of mass media utilization (57.50%), moderately localite (45.50%), less cosmopolite (44.50%), low information seeking behavior (41.00%) and had high scientific orientation (43%), and medium innovativeness (41%). Majority of the respondents were participating in rainwater harvesting practices (74.50%) followed by 55.50 percent were in training activities regarding vermin composting under natural resources management activities. Under crop production, majority were participating in weed control measures (66%) followed by 64.50 percent of participating in pre showing techniques. Majority of respondents were participating in training related to poultry production (98%). Respondents were having medium level of overall perception about changing climate and the ongoing climate resilient practices. Full adoption of technologies such as 16.50 percent low cost water harvesting structure, 10.5 percent poly house for vegetable cultivation, 9 percent vermicomposting, 31 percent respondent was drought tolerant varieties and 48 percent high yielding varieties, vegetable nursery raising which was adopted by 31.50 percent respondent, 5 percent use of traps to control white grubs, 3.50 percent fodder grass on farm bunds, 7 percent use improved varieties of fodder and poultry farming by 0.50 percent farmers. It was found that education status, extension agency contact, land holding, type of land, socio economic status, scientific orientation, innovativeness and information seeking behaviour were found to be significant positive relationship with the adoption of climate resilient practices. Further effect of independent variables on level of adoption based on SPSS found that innovativeness, SES, land holding, farming experiences, personal localiteness, information seeking behaviour, mass media exposure and gender was the major contributory factors which explain the variation in adoption level of the farmers with a contribution of 55.10 percent of variances (R2 = 0.551).This study threw some light on policy matters to reproduce models to other villages and to redesign the already implemented interventions in a way which ensures a higher adoptability. In addition, developmental schemes to focus exclusively on climate resilient aspects of the farmers need to be designed and implemented. Also, it is important to focus on policies and plans to access and quality of public extension services, more training for farmers, more government extension staff working at the local level and promote knowledge for more adoption are essential.
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