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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LEAF AND STRIPE RUST OF WHEAT(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-05-13) Ravishankar, Lekkala Venkata; Pandey, M. K.Leaf rust and Stripe rust of wheat are responsible for significant losses in yield potential.Although, chemical control of thesediseasesisknownbutitisnoteconomicandenvironmentally friendly.Inpresentinvestigation wasduetofrequent breakdown of major seedling resistance genes in recent years and difficulties in quick replacement of susceptible wheat varietiesleadstoinvestigatesofotherformofdiseaseresistancelikeadultplantresistance(APR)andslowrustingwhich are considered asmore durable. Out of 96 germplasm and three susceptible checks viz.,Agra local, HD2967, PBW343 for stripe rust,Agra local, Karachia-65and Lalbahadur for leaf rust, nine germplasm GWJ39, GWJ48, GWJ50, GWJ53, GWJ55, GWJ64, GWJ66, GWJ77 and GJW83 for stripe rust, ten germplasm viz., GWJ38, GWJ39, GWJ56, GWJ57, GWJ61,GWJ75,GWJ77,GWJ88,GWJ89andGWJ90forleafrustshowedimmuneresponsebothatseedlingstageand adultplantstage.Seventeengermplasmviz.,GWJ5,GWJ6,GWJ10,GWJ18,GWJ19,GWJ34,GWJ35,GWJ36,GWJ37, GWJ38, GWJ45, GWJ52, GWJ54, GWJ59 GWJ69, GWJ89 and GWJ91 showed resistant reaction in seedling stage against stripe rust pathotypes but these lines become susceptible at adult plant stage. Eleven germplasm viz., GWJ3, GWJ6,GWJ33,GWJ51,GWJ54,GWJ55,GWJ69,GWJ76,GWJ81,GWJ83,GWJ84,showedseedlingresistant reaction against leaf rust pathotypes but these lines become susceptible at adult plant stage. Forty-one germplasm were observedwithACIvaluebetween>0to10asresistantatadultplantstagetostriperust,fifty-sixgermplasmwiththeACI value ranges between >0 to 10 to leaf rust.ACI values between >10 to 20 was recorded in fifteen germplasm for stripe rust and 23 germplasmfor leaf rust consideredasslowrustier line.Molecularcharacterization ofeight Yrgenelike Yr2, Yr5, Yr9, Yr10,Yr15, Yr16, Yr18 and Yr29andthreeLr genelike Lr32, Lr50, Lr67. Yr5 withACI valuein between 0to 5 in thirteen germplasm with frequency of 13.5%. Yr10 race specific withACI range between 0-5 postulated in twelve germplasm with frequency of 12.5 showed resistance response. Yr15 withACI range between 0-5 was postulated in 22 germplasm with frequency of 22.2%. Yr16 non -Race specific ACI value 6 to 12 showed Moderately susceptible to moderatelyresistantresponse and postulatedintwenty germplasmwith20.08%frequency. Yr18 withACIvalue6to60 showed moderately resistance to moderate susceptible response in thirty-two germplasm with 33.33 % frequency and Yr29 non-race specific with ACI value 6 to 60 showed moderately susceptible to susceptible response with 20.8 % frequency. Yr9 was postulated in seventeen germplasm with andACI value ranges between 6 to 40 showed susceptible response with 27.4 % frequency. Yr2 ACI value ranges between 9 to 70 showed susceptible response with in in forty germplasmwith40.4%frequencyforstriperust.RacespecificandallstageleafrustresistantgeneLr32ACIvalueranges between 0 to 3 showed resistance response in six germplasm with 7.29 % frequency. non -Race specific and adult plant resistancegeneLr50withACIvalueranges1to30with23.9%frequency.Anon-Racespecificandadultplantresistance geneLr67withACIvaluewaspostulatedintwenty-germplasmwithvalue1to21showedresistanttomoderateresistant with20.8%frequencytoleafrust.InIndia,prevalentpathotypesforyellowrustinclude46S119,110S119,and238S119. Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, YrSP, and YrSkgenesare resistant toPstpathotypesin Indian conditions, while in the case of leaf rust of wheat, prevalent pathotypes are 77-5, 77-9, and 104-2. Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr25, Lr29, Lr32, Lr39, Lr45, and Lr47 are the genes having resistance to Ptrpathotypes in Indian conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Occurrence and management of chickpea dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-02-16) Gupta, Aniket; Jamwal, SonikaSurveys were carried out to determine the status of Rhizoctoniabataticola(Taub.) Butler in major chickpea-growing areas of three district of Jammu during 2022. Three tehsils viz., Jammu, Samba, and Kathua were selected for survey and five locations from each district were surveyed to find out the severity of Rhizoctoniabataticola(Taub.) Butler disease. The survey that Rhizoctoniabataticola(Taub.) Butler disease was prevalent in all locations of Jammu district. During survey it is observed that the range of the disease incidence in all district was 28.66 to 65.34 percent. 43.34 to 65.34 percent, 37.23 to 52.9 percent and 28.66 to 39.34 percent in Kathua, Samba and Jammu district respectively. In in vitro conditions, the fungicide Tebuconazole @ (1ml/l) gives the best results in reduction of the disease incidence 89.58 percent at 250 ppm concentration. Among biocontrol agents the Trichodermaharzianum had the highest growth inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen 78.16 percent. Under the field experiments for the growth parameters, it is concluded that the Tebuconazole @ (1ml/l of water) had the higher growth in all parameters, while the bio control agent Trichodermaharzianum @5gm/l of water, both treatments statistically at par from other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence and management of citrus canker of Lime (citrus auranlifolia)under jammu subtropics(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-02-02) Bhagat, Rakesh Kumar; Vaid, AmrishAmong agricultural pests and diseases that threaten citrus crops, citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases. The disease is caused by Xonihomonas axonopodis pv. cifri and occurs in large number of countries including India. At least 3 distinct types of citrus cankcr are recognized and among these, Asiatic form (Canker A) is most destructive and affecting major citrus cultivars. Severe infection of the disease produces a variety of effects including defoliation, dieback, severely bleinished fruit, reduced fruit quality and premature fruit drop. Extensive survey of different citrus growing areas of Jammu division was conducted during 2022-23 and it was revealed that highest PDI was recorded in district Sainba and least PDI was recorded in district Reasi. However, among the locations, irrespective of the concerned districts, maximum PDI was recorded in Amli of district Samba and least was recorded in Pouni of district Reasi. Weather parameters plays a crucial role in disease development of citrus canker and it was found during the present study that maximum temperature and maximum Relative humidity was positively correlated to disease development. During the dual culture assay Pseudomonas fluorescens was found highly effective with a inhibition zone of 14.56 mm while Trichoderma Asperllum(6.89 mm) was found least effective. However, In vitro evaluation of botanicals revelaed that garlic extract was found highly effective with maximum inhibition zone of 9.66, 7.56 and 4.13 mm. Among the chemicals, copper oxychloride was ti›und highly effective with maximum inhibition zone of 22.78, 17.32, 15.90, and I 3.85 mm while among antibiotic, minimum inhibition zone of 20,04, 15.32, 10.73 and 8.1 1 mm was recorded in tetracycline hydrochloride followed by norfloxacin (13.78, 10.90, 7.b0 and 4.34 mmJ. Management of disease through cultural practices showed that Basin making+ Black film mulch+ Training and pruning of twigs+ Burning of fallen leaves gave minimum PDI of 26.28 % with a PDC of 44.36 per cent. From the present investigation it was found that djs 9by gq sfully managed by integrating the cultural practices like Bairn mâking+ black film mulch+ Training and pruning of twigs+ Burning of tallen leavm with three sprays of tetracycline hydrochloride (250 ppm} + Copper oxychloride (2000 ppm) + Garlic (20 %) at an iqt als of 30 days.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Foliar Blight Complex of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its Integrated Management(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-16) Manzoor, Ansab; Singh, S. K.To ascertain the status of foliar blight disease, extensive survey was conducted in major wheat growing areas of Jammu division, viz., Jammu, Samba and Kathua in Rabi, 2022-23. Average infection index (AIDX) was recorded in village Jangichak (50.65%) of Kathua district and minimum in village Birpur (23.87%) of Samba district. Seven fungi viz., Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria triticina, Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Penicillium spp., Aspergilus spp. were isolated from the blighted wheat leaf samples. Ten wheat cultivars were sown under protected and unprotected conditions to estimate the yield loss. Among ten cultivars Agra local showed the maximum reduction in grain yield (36.08%) and test weight (20.22%), however minimum reduction in grain yield (11.05%) and test weight (8.88 %) was recorded in the cultivar RSP-561. Out of fifty two wheat genotypes screened for disease resistance under artificially epiphytotic conditions. Nine genotypes viz., DBW- 222, HD-3418, HD-3440, RSP-303, WH-1080, HD-3171, DBW-327, VL-2043, DBW-90 were found resistant with the AUDPC value in the range of 242.85-396.55. Among seven fungicides tested, tebuconazole+trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin + difenoconazole were found highly effective and inhibited (100%) radial growth of test fungi viz., B. sorokiniana and A. triticina under In vitro conditions. Moreover, the bio control agent Trichoderma harzianum was found most effective against foliar blight pathogens with 79.00 per cent mycelial inhibition. Under field conditions, maximum per cent disease control (64.76%) and maximum yield (39.08q/ha) were recorded in trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole followed by azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (57.36 %) and (38.52 q/ha).ThesisItem Open Access Status and Management of LeafBlight of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-09) Bhat, Nasir Ali; Singh, RanbirCabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. capitata) is an economically important vegetable crop of the family Brassicaceae. One of the most destructive disease that causes widespread losses in cabbage is leaf blight. A set of investigations were conducted during rabiseason of 2022-2023 regarding the epidemiology and management of leaf blight of cabbage. An extensive survey of cabbage fields was conducted in different locations of district Jammu, Samba and Udhampur and the data revealed that disease was prevalent in all the locations surveyed and varied from 11.30 to 34.10 per cent. Epidemiological studies revealed that temperature, both maximum and minimum exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with the development of the disease while, relative humidity, (maximum and minimum) showed a significant and negative impact, however rainfall had no significant effect on disease development. Under field conditions, thirteen cabbage germplasm/genotypes were screened against leaf blight and it was observed that no germplasm/genotype was found immune. However, Green voyager, Cabbage No-139, AnkurManas, Cabbage No-118, Sumit and H-139 were found resistant, while Cabbage NS-25, Cabbage No-5624,Green Challenger and Veer-333 were found moderately resistant. However, Kranti and Golden acre were found susceptible. Evaluationofdifferentfungicides and plant extracts against the diseaserevealedthattebuconazolewasmosteffectivefollowedbyPropiconazole,Propineb,Metalaxyl+Mancozeb, Hexaconazole, Azoxystrobin, Copperoxychloride, Garlic, Ginger extract andTurmeric extract.ThesisItem Open Access Status and management of Karnal bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) under Jammu sub tropics(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-10) Abrol, Megha; Vaid, AmrishWheat is one of the major cereal crops cultivated worldwide. It is a healthy food that provides multiple nutrients and dietary fibres and is pivotal to global food security. In India, area under wheat cultivation is 30.47 million hectares with a total production of 106.84 million tonnes, whereas in the U. T. of Jammu and Kashmir it is cultivated over 282.78 thousand hectares with a production of 584.2 thousand tonnes.Wheat is susceptible to a wide range of fungal pathogens. Among these,Tilletia indica, causing Karnal bunt is a quarantine disease with great economic impacts on grain quality. Keeping in view significance of the crop and the disease, the present study concerning the occurrence and disease management of Karnal bunt of wheat in the Jammu subtropics was carried out during cropping years 2021-22 and 2022-2023. A survey was conducted to assessthe incidence of Karnal bunt in different locations of six districts, viz., Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Reasi, Udhampur and Rajouri during the years 2021-22 and 2022-23. Maximum disease incidence was recorded in Jammu district (3.29%) followed by Reasi (2.76%), while minimumwas recorded in district Rajouri (0.33%). Hundred germplasm lines obtained from National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources and twenty-six cultivars obtained from SKUAST-Jammu were evaluated under artificial epiphytotic conditions against Karnal bunt. Out of 126, 6 genotypes/cultivarsviz.,IC416075, IC145334, IC572925, IC279616, HS-375 and VL-829 were found highly resistant. Disease management through different IDM components was carried out under field conditions and it was found that wheat crop sown on 5thNovember with a row spacing of 25 cm recorded minimum disease incidence of3.68 and 8.05 per cent, respectively. However, management through natural farming inputs and botanicals revealed that foliar spray of neem leaf extract was found most effective followed by Panchgavya with a disease incidence of 3.10 and 3.17 per cent respectively. It was also found during the study that seed treatment with T. asperellum followed by foliar spray gave the best results with disease incidence of 3.00 per cent. The efficacy of different fungicides on seed germination of bunted seeds was also evaluated and it was found that seed treatment with trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole (91.67%) and propiconazole (90%)showed maximum germination both of which were equally and highly effective and. However, seed treatment with tebuconazole followed by a foliar spray of trifloxystrobin + tebuconazolewas found most effective in the management of the disease under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO [Phytophthorainfestans(Mont.) de Bary] IN JAMMU REGION(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-13) Sharma, Saurabh; Singh, A.K.The present investigation onthe status and management of late blight of potato in Jammu regioncaused by Phytophthora infestanswere undertaken to study the status, epidemiology and management of the disease. Survey of potato fields conducted during Rabi season 2022-23, revealed that disease was prevalent in four districts of Jammu region, viz., Jammu, Kathua, Samba and Udhampur where in disease intensity varied from 14.56to 28.57percent with an overall mean of 21.31percent. Role of abiotic factorsin the development of disease, such asthe minimumtemperature, maximum relative humidity and rainfall showed highly significant andpositive correlation with the disease development,whereas maximum temperature hadsignificantlynegative correlation.In cultural practices, different dates of sowing at ten days interval viz., 31th October, 10th November, 20th November and 30th Novemberhad great impact on the disease severity. Earlyplanted cropexhibited less disease severity(31.97 %) of late blight. Identification of host plant resistance was assessed through screening of 21 potato germplasm against late blight. KufriSangam, KufriKiran, Kufri Mohan, KufriJyoti was found resistant, while KufriPukhraj, P-38, KufriBaharwere highly susceptible.Chemical management withnine fungicides evaluated under fieldconditions revealed thatCymoxanil 8% +Mancozeb 64% WPwas most effective recording minimum disease severity (26.46%) followed byMetalaxyl 8%+Mancozeb 64% WP (30.19%), and Carbendazim50% WP wasleast effective fungicide with maximum disease severity (48.67%).The cost-benefit ratio was highest in cymoxanil + mancozeb(1:2.5) followed by metalaxyl + mancozeb(1:2.0).ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence and Management of strawberry wilt(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-19) Altaf, Ifra; Kumar, DeepakThe investigation entitled “Prevalence and Management of Strawberry Wilt” was undertaken to study the status, epidemiology and management of the disease. Survey of strawberry fields conducted during 2022-23Rabi season revealed that strawberry wilt was prevalent at all the locations wherein disease incidence varied from 15.44to 28.52 percent with an overall mean of 23.00 percent. Weather parameters played animportant role in the development of disease as minimum and maximum temperature showed significantly positive correlation with the disease incidence,whereas maximum and minimum relative humidityshowed negative correlation with the disease incidence. Rainfall showed significantly positive correlation with the disease incidence. Among the four bio-agents evaluated in vitro against Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. fragariae,Trichodermaharzianum was most effective with mean mycelial growth inhibition of 75.74 per cent, whereasBacillus subtilis was least effective with mean mycelial growth inhibition 54.32 per cent.Among six fungicides evaluated in vitro, Mancozeb 63% + Carbendazim 12% WP and Tebuconazole 50 % + Trifloxystrobin 25 % WG were most effective in suppressing radial growth ofFusariumoxysporumf. sp.fragariae exhibiting 100 per cent mycelial inhibition and Propineb was least effective withminimum mycelial inhibition at the tested concentrations. Both the fungal antagonists were highly sensitive to Propiconazole, Flusilazole,Mancozeb 63% + Carbendazim 12% WPand Tebuconazole 50 % + Trifloxystrobin 25 % WG recording no growth of T.harzianum and T.viride. Propineb recorded least inhibition of both the bioagents.Combination treatment comprising of Trichodermaharzianum (1X106 conidia ml-1) and Propineb (0.1%) was most effectivefor disease management under field conditions and resulted in lowest disease incidence (12.19%) whereas, Propineb (0.2 %) was least effective with the highest disease incidence (29.65 %).ThesisItem Open Access MYCOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-09-18) Sharma , Nitika; Gupta, SachinIn the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were mycosynthesized using fruit body of Pleurotusfloridaand Agaricus bisporusas reducing and capping agent. The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized visually by observing change in colour of solution from light yellowish to dark brownish red, by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for Surface plasmon resonance peak between 400-450 nm. DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) showed the average particle size of mycosynthesized nanoparticlesto be 15.44 nm and 77.7 nm for 1:9 and 1:1 ratio of mushroom extract (Pleurotus florida) to silver nitrate respectively. FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis showed the presence of mainly( O-H), (C=O), (N-H) functional groups,amide I and II group and (C-N) stretching vibrations of aromatic ringfor the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver and acted as capping agents for the stabilization of synthesized AgNPs. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) showed the shape of synthesized nanoparticles as spherical. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) spectrum exhibited the 2θ values corresponding to face centered cubic crystal packaging of silver.The synthesized AgNPs showed effective antimicrobial activity against the test pathogenic bacterial strainsviz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonellasp. The AgNPs synthesized using Pleurotus florida in 1:9 ratio of mushroom extract to silver nitrate showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with 17.6 mm mean zone of inhibition at 30 µg/ml followed by Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coliandwith 16.3 mm and 16.0 mm respectively.
