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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu
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ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth and Yield of African Marigold (Tageteserecta L.) variety Pusa Narangi Gainda(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-17) Akhter, Iram; Dogra, SheetalThe present investigation entitled “Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth and Yield of African Marigold (Tageteserecta L.) variety PusaNarangiGainda” was carried out at Experimental Farm, ACHR Udeywala, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammuduring2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and comprised twelve treatments viz., 100 %RDF + FYM (Control), 100 % RDF + Vermicompost, 100 % RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 100 %RDF + FYM + Vermicompost, 100 %RDF +FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, 100 % RDF + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB, 75 % RDF + FYM (Control), 75 % RDF + Vermicompost, 75 % RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75 % RDF + FYM + Vermicompost, 75 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB and 75 % RDF + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB.The maximum plant height (57.05 cm), plant spread (42.07 cm E-W and 41.07 cm N-S direction), number of primary branches per plant (10.07), earliest days taken to flower bud initiation (52.60 days), days taken to first flower appearance (20.61 days), maximum flowering duration (69.80 days), flower diameter (7.49 cm), number of flowers per plant (37.10), average flower weight (10.00 g), shelf life (8.73 days), flower yield per plant (0.371 Kg), flower yield per plot (9.27 kg), flower yield per hectare (185.44 q), higher chlorophyll (47.94 mg/g)and carotenoid content (0.94 mg/g) , and highest B:C ratio was observed with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Bio-inoculants on Growth, Flowering and Corm Production in Gladiolus(Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-20) Sen, Vishvaish; Pandey, R.KThe present investigation entitled “Influence of Bio-inoculants on Growth, Flowering and Corm Production in Gladiolus(Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)” was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Sher-e-Kashmir university of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, during 2022-2023. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design consisting of 12 treatment combinations viz., T1 : Control (100 % RDF), T2 :RDF@75%, T3 :RDF @50%, T4 :RDF@100% + Pseudomonas fluorescens, T5 :RDF@100% +Actinomycetes, T6 :RDF@75% + Pseudomonas fluorescens, T7: RDF@75% +Actinomycetes, T8 :RDF@50% + Pseudomonas fluorescens, T9 :RDF@50% +Actinomycetes, T10 :RDF@100% + Consortia ( Pseudomonas fluorescens +Actinomycetes), T11 :RDF@75% + Consortia (Pseudomonas fluorescens +Actinomycetes) and T12 :RDF@50% + Consortia (Pseudomonas fluorescens +Actinomycetes). The results revealed that among the various treatments, T10i.e. RDF@100% + Consortia(Pseudomonas fluorescens +Actinomycetes) had the best results for floral characters like spike length (83.78cm), rachis length (61.41cm), number of florets per spike (18.85), as well as number of corms per plant (2.60), number of cormels per plant (22.58), weight of cormels per plant (8.76g) and the B:C ratio (3.88), while the parameters like plant height (121.16cm), leaf width (4.79cm), leaf area index (3.18) and diameter of floret (11.57cm) showed the best results in T11 (RDF@75% + Consortia). Number of leaves per plant (9.80), leaf length (64.19cm), days taken for spike emergence (60.93) and corm diameter (6.49) showed the best outcomes in the treatment T12 .The treatment T6 (RDF@75% + Pseudomonas fluorescens) comprising of recorded maximum corm weight per plant (80.07g), corm yield per plot (2.03kg) and corm yield per hectare (72.47 q). Thus, it can be concluded that usage of these bio-inoculants has helped to improve the quality and yield of the crop, thus increasing the profit of the produce considerably.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Planting Date and Spacing in Annual Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum coronariumL.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-20) Singh, Tarvinder; Singh, ArvinderThe present investigation entitled “Effect of planting date and spacing in Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.)” was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during the year 2022-2023. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design consisting of 12 treatment combinations viz., four planting dates (D1 - 10th October , D2 - 25th October, D3 - 10th November and D4 - 25th November) and three levels of spacing (S1 - 30 cm × 30 cm , S2 - 45 cm × 45 cm and S3 - 60 cm × 60 cm). The results revealed that among various planting date, 10th October planting date was found to be superior in terms of plant height (154.49 cm), plant spread (6361.09 cm2), number of side shoots per plant (14.24), number of flowers per plant (154.58), flower weight (5.36 g), flower diameter (6.57 cm), flowering duration (35.29 days), flower yield per plant (810.29 g/plant), seed yield per plant (36.69 g/plant), shelf life (8.49 days) and chlorophyll content (26.08 SPAD value) while minimum days taken to bud initiation (81.40 days) and 50 per cent flowering (117.27 days) were observed in 25th November planting date. Among various spacing levels, 45 cm × 45 cm spacing was found superior in terms of plant height (149.39 cm), number of side shoots per plant (13.45), plant spread (6346.27 cm2),days to bud initiation (83.03 days), days to 50 % flowering (120.17 days), number of flowers per plant ( 152.23), flower weight (4.90 g), flower diameter (6.52 cm), flowering duration (35.20 days), flower yield per plant (810.29 g/plant), seed yield per plant (35.97 g/plant), shelf life (5.45 days) and chlorophyll content (24.75 SPAD value). The highest B: C ratio (5.26) was recorded maximum with the treatment combination (D1S1) which was closely followed by D4S1 and D2S1. It can be concluded from the experiment that 10th October planting date with 45 cm x 45 cm spacing can be recommended for better performance of annual chrysanthemum under Jammu regionThesisItem Open Access In vitro propagation studies in rose (Rosa hybrida L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-18) Gupta, Vrinda; Dogra, SheetalThe present investigation entitled “In vitro propagation studies in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) was conducted at Tissue Culture Lab, Udheywalla, SKUAST- Jammu during the year 2022-23. Two explants i.e., axillary buds and shoot tips were used for the study. MS medium supplemented with BAP (1, 2 and 3mg/l), Kn (1 and 2 mg/l) and GA3 (1and 2mg/l) were employed for shoot regeneration. MS basal medium + 2mg/l BAP + 2mg/l GA3 was found superior for maximum survival of explants (69.67%), earliest shoot emergence (6.00 days), highest number of shoots per explants (2.50) and maximum shoot length (2.50 cm) and was at par with MS medium + 1mg/l BAP + 2mg/l GA3. Axillary buds were found to be suitable for culture establishment, since it gave maximum survival (53.67), earliest shoot emergence (9.90), highest number of shoots per explants (1.86) and maximum shoot length (1.74 cm). Interaction between explants and shoot regeneration media was significant except for number of shoots per culture. This medium was further used for multiplication of regenerated shoots. For rooting, half and full strength MS medium with IBA (1, 1.5 and 2mg/l) were used. Half MS medium with IBA (1.0mg/l) was found superior in earliest root emergence (14.67 days) and per cent rooting (74.33). However, number of roots per shoot (8.07) and root length (4.5 cm) were found best with 1/2 MS medium + 2.0mg/L IBA. For biological hardening bio-agents with potting media consisting: cocopeat, perlite and vermiculite were used. Trichoderma viride with Cocopeat 2:Perlite 1 gave highest survival (78.00%) and plant height (11.07 cm). Application of Pseudomonas flourescens with Cocopeat 2:Perlite 1:Vermiculite 1 resulted in maximum number of leaves per plant (9.33) whereas, maximum root length (8.57) was recorded when Trichoderma viride with Cocopeat 2:Perlite 1:Vermiculite 1 was used.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCEOF NPK DOSES ON CUT FLOWER PRODUCTION OF STATICE (LimoniumsinuatumL.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-11) R, Pooja; Laishram, NomitaThe present investigation entitled “Influence of NPK Doses on Cut Flower Production of Statice (LimoniumsinuatumL.)” was carried out to find out the optimum dose of NPK fertilizers for enhancing the quality of cut flower production of Statice. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during 2022-2023. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) which comprised of three replications and twelve treatments viz., T1 = 100 :100 :100 kg/ha NPK ; T2 = 100:75:50 kg/ha NPK ; T3 = 100:50:25 kg/ha NPK ; T4 = 150:125:75 kg/ha NPK ; T5 = 150:75:50 kg/ha NPK ; T6 = 150N :50 P :25K kg/ha NPK ; T7 = 200:125:75 kg/ha NPK) ; T8 = 200:75:50 kg/ha NPK ; T9 = 200:50:25 kg/ha NPK ; T10= 250:125:75 kg/ha NPK; T11= 250:75:50 kg/ha NPK; T12= 250:50P:25 kg/ha NPK. The results revealed that application of NPK @ 150:125:75 kg/ha (T4) was found to be superior in terms of plant height (95.40cm), number of leaves per plant (160.93), spike length (83.53cm), number of spikes per plant (20.13), number of flower bunches/spike (44.27) and fresh weight of flower (52.33 g) which was found to be at par withtreatment T7 (200:125:75 kg/ha NPK) in terms of plant height, number of leaves, spike length, number of spikes/plant and number of flower bunches/spike. However, days taken for spike emergence (81.53 days), first flowering (113 days) and spike harvest (140.80 days) were recorded earliest when T3 (100:50:25 kg/ha NPK) was applied. Flower longevity in field (51.10 days) and vase life (12.47 days) at ambient temperature was recorded maximum with the treatment T5 (150:75:50 kg/ha NPK). Non- significant effect with respect to plant spread was recorded by application of various treatments. The economic analysis revealed highest B: C ratio (4.72) with the treatment T4 (150:125:75 kg/ha NPK) which was closely followed by treatment T7 (4.66) and T10.(4.64).It can be concluded from the experiment that application of treatment T4 (150:125:75 kg/ha NPK) can be recommended for better performance of statice as well as for earning maximum economics returns under Jammu conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VALUE ADDITION IN MARIGOLD (Tageteserecta L.) AND CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Gurjar, Amita; Laishram, NomitaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on Value Addition in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)” was carried out in the Division of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu. The research was conducted with the aim of determining the most effective pre dryingpreservative treatments and most appropriate drying method for marigold and chrysanthemum flowers. In this study, flowers of marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda and chrysanthemum cv. Baggi were subjected to four different chemical pre-drying treatments, comprising of P0(control), P1(2% citric acid), P2(10% MgCl2), P3(1:3 glycerol: water) and five different drying techniques, viz., D0(air drying), D1(silica gel + hot air oven), D2(silica gel + microwave oven), D3(Borax + hot air oven) and D4(Borax + microwave oven), replicated thrice and analysed using factorial Completely Randomized Design. Results revealed that maximum dry flower weight (1.55 g and 0.83g), minimum percent moisture loss (78.89 % and 67.45 %), maximum dry flower diameter(4.64 cm and 4.24 cm), lowest diameter reduction(1.38 cm and 0.37 cm), minimum drying time(77.66 hr. and 71.43hr.), maximum score for colour(2.82 and 3.82), texture(2.64 and 2.76), shape(3.60 and 3.65), non-shattering of petals(3.84 and 3.87) and overall acceptability(3.62 and 3.64) were achieved in marigold and chrysanthemum respectively after pre-drying treatment with 1:3 glycerol:water for 24 hr. Silica gel embedded flowers dried in hot air oven resulted in less reduction in diameter(1.14 cm and 0.20 cm) and maximum score for colour(4.00 and 4.39), texture(4.10 and 4.18), shape(4.23 and 4.30), non-shattering of petals(4.18 and 4.20) and overall acceptability(4.55 and 4.54)in marigold and chrysanthemum respectively. Among the interaction effect,pre-treatment of glycerol: water (1: 3) and drying method (silica gel + hot air oven) showed the least amount of diameter reduction(0.97 cm and 0.23 cm) and maximum scores for colour(4.30 and 4.75), texture(4.50 and 4.60), shape(4.50 and 4.60), non-shattering of petals(4.50 and 4.55) and overall acceptability (4.80 and 4.75) for marigold and chrysanthemum respectively. Flowers dried in microwave oven with either of the desiccant used, took least time to dryrecording 0.16 hr. and 0.10 hr. in marigold and chrysanthemum respectively.Air dried flowers without embedding recorded the least dry flower weight (0.74g and 0.46g), maximum percent moisture loss (90.14% and 82.44%), minimum dry flower diameter (3.10cm and 3.57 cm)and largest diameter reduction (2.94 cm and 1.00 cm)in marigold and chrysanthemum respectively. However, air drying took longest drying time (352.33 hr. and 328.93 hr.) and also yielded unacceptable dried flower with minimum scores for colour(1.20 and 2.70), texture (1.28 and 1.35), shape (1.93 and 1.95) and minimum score for overall acceptability (2.30 and 2.35) inmarigold and chrysanthemum respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability studies in Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2021-02) Nazir, Maqeem; Dogra, SheetalThe present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Division of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during 2018-19 to study the variability studies in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Twenty-five genotypes of gladiolus were evaluated for twenty-one yield and flowering related traits to study their genetic parameters such as variability, heritability coefficient of variation, correlation and path analysis. Analysis of variance for all the traits showed significant differences among genotypes for flower and yield related traits. High range in mean performance was observed for plant height (79.13 cm - 125.10cm),number of leaves (5.00 - 8.00), leaf area (61.00 cm2 - 114.47 cm2), number of florets per spike (8.60 to 14.73), spike length (59.13 cm -105.10 cm), rachis length (33.63 cm- 71.90 cm), durability of first floret (4.60 - 8.63 days), flower duration (12.07-17.83 days), stem diameter (5.50 cm to 15.70 cm), floret size (4.36 cm to 7.26 cm), vase life (7.10 to 9.96 days), chlorophyll content (41.90-58.59), number of corms (1.66 - 3.66), weight of corm per plant (11.63 g - 36.63g), diameter of corm (3.26 cm - 5.43 cm) and numbers of cormels per plant (11.20-22.80). The high coefficient of variation was observed for days taken to sprouting, number of cormels per plant and weight of corm per plant. High heritability was observed for number of cormels per plant (98.60%) followed by number of corms per plant (97.70%), stem diameter (97.70%), durability of first floret (96.70%), spike length (96.6%), leaf area (95.40%), number of florets per spike (94.50%), plant height (92.50%) and days taken to spike emergence (87.3%).High values of genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of cormels per plant (48.42%) followed by days taken to sprouting (44.25%), weight of corm per plant (42.86%), rachis length (38.05%), number of corms per plant (42.86%), durability of first floret (28.79%), spike length (25.31%), leaf area (25.12%), number of leaves (22.28%), days taken to spike emergence (20.71%) and plant height (20.12%). The magnitude of correlation coefficient at genotypic level was found higher than the corresponding correlation at phenotypic level. Number of florets per spike had a positive and highly significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic levels with spike length (0.923, 0.956), rachis length (0.769, 0.735), weight of corm per plant (0.383, 0.299), number of cormels per plant (0.327, 0.310) and diameter of corms (0.326, 0.251) respectively. Path coefficient analysis revealed that diameter of corm (0.483, 0.406) exhibited maximum positive and direct effect on number of florets per spike at phenotypic and genotypic level followed by number of corms per plant (0.422, 0.370), plant height (0.353, 0.254), stem diameter (0.337, 0.301), spike length (0.152, 0.097), rachis length (0.024, 0.192) and number of leaves per plant (0.070, 0.053) respectively Hence selection for these traits would be effective for flower yield improvement in gladiolus. The clustering pattern based on Mahalanobis D2 statistic indicated the existence of wide genetic divergence among genotypes for various traits studied and categorized the genotypes into six distinct clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and cluster II (12656.00) whereas the lowest was found between cluster IV and cluster I (348.02).ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management in French marigold (Tagetes patula)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2020-02) Rashid, Assma; Singh, ArvinderThe present investigation entitled “Integrated Nutrient Management in French Marigold (Tagetes patula)” was carried out at Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and comprised of twenty three treatments viz., T1 = Farmers practice; T2 = Control (Recommended dose of marigold by PAU (200 kg N, 100 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O/ha); T3 = 75% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2); T4 = 75% RDF + Biofertilizers;T5 = 75% RDF + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34);T6 = 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers; T7 = 75% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T8 = 75 % RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T9 = 75% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T10= 50% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2); T11= 50 % RDF + Biofertilizers;T12= 50 % RDF + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34);T13= 50% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers; T14= 50 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T15= 50 % RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T16= 50 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MssKP (00:52:34); T17= 25 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2);T18= 25 % RDF + Biofertilizers; T19= 25 % RDF + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T20= 25 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers; T21= 25 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T22= 25 % RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34); T23= 25% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). The maximum plant height (90.10 cm) and highest number of laterals (21.89), were recorded with treatment T7 (i.e. 75% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). However, the maximum flower diameter (6.20g), weight of flower (5.78 g), 1000 seed weight (11.67g), available P (33.23 kg/ha), Flower yield per plant (0.50 kg), seed yield/plant (105.91 g), available N (257.17 Kg/ha), total leaf N(1.367g) was recorded maximum with treatment T9 comprising of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). Number of flowers per plant, and highest B:C ratio was observed with treatment T8 comprising of 75 % RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). The effects of treatments on flowering duration (days), shoot: root ratio, electrical conductivity (dS/m), was found to be non-significant.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) IN SOIL SUPPLEMENTED WITH VERMICOMPOST(Division of Vegetable Science and Floriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu (J&K), 2020-09-28) Shah, Ali Haidar; Laishram, NomitaThe present investigation entitled “Effect of mycorrhiza on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) in soil supplemented with vermicompost” was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu (J&K). The experiment was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with sixteen treatments replicated thrice viz., 04 mycorrhiza treatments (No application (M0), Glomus mosseae (M1), Acaulospora laevis (M2), Gigaspora margarita (M3) and 04 vermicompost Doses (0 g/ m2 (V0), 500 g/ m2 (V1), 750 g/ m2 (V2), 1 kg/ m2 (V3).Among the various mycorrhiza treatments used, maximum plant height (100.33 cm), number of side shoots per plant (13.08) number of flowers per plant (103.58), flower diameter (7.30 cm) and flower duration (49.33 days) was recorded with the application of Glomus mosseae. The effect of mycorrhiza on days to 50% flowering was found to be non-significant. Maximum flower weight (7.84 g), flower yield per plant (767.69 g), highest shelf life (7.75 days), highest shoot fresh weight (695.83 g), shoot dry weight (216.00 g), highest shoot: root ratio (12.84) and partitioning coefficient of shoot (87.17 %) was recorded with the application of Gigaspora margarita. Maximum plant spread of 1577.42 cm2, highest root fresh weight (53.83g), root dry weight (38.86 g) and partitioning coefficient of root (17.54 %) was recorded with the application of Acaulospora laevis. Among the various vermicompost doses, vermicompost @ 1kg/m2 recorded highest plant height (102.58 cm), number of side shoots per plant (13.66), plant spread (1582.28, earliest 50% flowering (148.83 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (102.88), flower weight (7.78 g), flower diameter (7.4 cm), flowering duration (51.92 days), flower yield per plant (799.90 g) and maximum shelf life (7.89 days). Highest shoot fresh weight (671.08 g), root fresh weight (53.83 g), maximum shoot dry weight (38.97g) was recorded with vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2. The effect of vermicompost on shoot: root ratio and partitioning coefficient was found to be non- significant. The interaction effect revealed highest plant height (107.00 cm), maximum number of side shoots per plant (18.22), maximum number of flowers per plant (107.88), flower diameter and flowering duration (57.00 days) was recorded with Glomus mosseae + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2. Least number of days for 50% flowering (146.67 days) with the application of no mycorrhiza + vermicompost @ 1kg/m2 days. Maximum flower weight (8.64 g), maximum flower yield (902.36 g) and shelf life (8.40 days) was recorded with Gigaspora margarita + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2).