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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DUAL TOXIN TRANSGENIC Bt COTTON HYBRIDS AGAINST INSECT PESTS OF COTTON(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2014-05-06) B.DILEEP KUMAR; Dr. D.SRIDEVIThe performance of dual toxin transgenic Bt cotton hybrids viz., Bunny, Mallika, Neeraja, Brahma, Tulasi-9, RCH-2, RCH-530 and a non-Bt hybrid, Orugallu Krishna (WGHH-2) against insect pests of cotton in both field and laboratory were undertaken during Kharif, 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal. The population (pooled mean for both the years) of aphids and whiteflies showed no significant variation among the various BG-II/non-Bt hybrids under protected conditions. The population ranged between 3.87 and 5.32 and 1.50 to 2.04/top 3 leaves in aphids and whiteflies, respectively. However, leafhoppers and thrips varied significantly amongst the various BG-II/non-Bt hybrids. The population of leafhoppers was significantly lowest in non-Bt Orugallu Krishna (1.53 leafhoppers/top 3 leaves) and was on par with only Neeraja (1.60 leafhoppers/top 3 leaves). The population ranged between 1.80 and 3.29 leafhoppers/top 3 leaves in the remaining hybrids, the highest (3.29 leafhoppers/top 3 leaves) being in RCH-2. The population of thrips ranged between 9.77 and 17.80 thrips/top 3 leaves. A total of six need based sprayings were required for dual toxin Bt hybrids to manage the sucking pest complex in both kharif, 2011-12 and 2012-13. During both the years the cost-benefit ratio was found to be higher in RCH-530. Egg laying by bollworms in dual toxin Bt cotton hybrids was almost nil in BG II/non-Bt hybrids during kharif 2011-12, while in kharif 2012-13, non significant differences with respect to the number of eggs laid in different BG-II/non-Bt hybrid were observed. Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Erias vitella (Fabricius) were observed in non-Bt Orugallu Krishna but below ETL while in dual toxin Bt hybrid none were recorded. The incidence of pink boll worm[Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)] during both the years was nil. There was significant difference in mortality of H. armigera and S. litura larvae between BG-II and non-Bt Orugallu Krishna. BG-II hybrids were highly effective against the first instar larvae of both H. armigera and S. litura compared to later instars. Irrespective of the age of leaves and squares, Neeraja and Mallika, respectively, were superior in suppressing all the three instars of H. armigera while in S.litura variable responses were observed. The studies on effect of age of different plant parts of BG-II cotton hybrids on the mortality of larvae of H.armigera have shown that irrespective of the age of leaves and squares, Neeraja and Mallika, respectively, were superior in suppressing all the three instars. However, with respect to bolls, 90 day old bolls of RCH-530 and 120 day old bolls of RCH-2 and Mallika were effective against all the three larval instars. The studies on the effect of age of different plant parts of BG-II cotton hybrids on the mortality of larvae of S.litura has shown variable responses to different plant parts. 60 and 90 days old leaves of RCH-530 were effective against all three instars, while 120 days of RCH-2 and Mallika were effective against first and second instars and first and third instars, respectively. With regards to squares, irrespective of age of squares, Tulasi-9 gave better control of third instar larvae. However, the performance of bolls varied i.e 90 days bolls of Tulasi-9 were effective against third instar while 120 days old bolls of RCH-530 were effective only at 5 DAR while at 10 DAR Bunny, Mallika and Neeraja were superior. Also, the mortalities of S. litura larvae were greater on leaves followed by squares and bolls. The effect of age of various plant parts (leaves, squares and bolls) on the pupation and adult emergence of third instar larvae of H. armigera and S.litura showed that the percentage pupation and adult emergence in non-Bt Orugallu Krishna was significantly high compared to Bt hybrids. The effect of age of leaves on the larval weights of different instar larvae of S. litura showed that there was significant reduction in the larval weights when fed with dual toxin Bt cotton leaves compared to non-Bt leaves. Cry 1Ac content was highest in leaves compared to squares and bolls, while Cry 2Ab recorded highest levels in squares compared to leaves and bolls. Cry1 Ac levels were higher in leaves at 90 DAS compared to 60 and 120 DAS. Significantly lowest trichomes were registered in RCH-2 (35.60 / 4 x microscopic area) indicating that this hybrid was highly susceptible to leafhoppers attack. The efficacy of different insecticides against leafhoppers in RCH-2 revealed that diafenthiuron 50% WP was the most effective.ThesisItem Open Access TRIALLEL ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND FIBRE CHARACTERS IN UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(SRI VENKATESWARA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TIRUPATI ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2012-06-01) RAJAMANI, SALIVENDRA; GOPINATH, MThe present investigation was carried out with six parents, fifteen single crosses and 60 three way crosses to study genetic variability, character association , heterosis in diallel and triallel crosses, combining ability and gene action and three way specific effects by triallel analysis for seed cotton yield and fibre characters. In diallel analysis the characters number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint index, seed index, ginning out turn and 2.5 per cent span length were governed by non additive gene action in the inheritance except bundle strength. Parents 241-4-2 and Hyps 152 exhibited positive and significant gca effects for seed cotton yield per plant whereas parents Suvin and Hyps 152 were the best combiner with positive and significant gca effects for 2.5 per cent span length and bundle strength. Intra-specific cross combinations viz., 241-4-2 × Hyps 152, 241-4-2 × RFS 3438 and G Cot 100 × 65-2(s)-3 exhibited positive significant sca effects for seed cotton yield per plant. Inter-specific crosses viz.,65-2(s)-3 × Suvin, G Cot 100 × Suvin and Hyps 152 × Suvin exhibited significant positive sca effects for 2.5 per cent span length whereas cross RFS 3438 × Suvin exhibited significant sca effects for bundle strength. Parent Suvin contributed for significant improvement of fibre characters with other parents. The analysis of variance for triallel indicated that parent 241-4-2 is the best general combiner for boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant with positive and significant general line effect of first kind (hi) whereas parent Suvin shown positive and significant hi effect for 2.5 per cent span length and bundle strength. These parents were utilized as one of the grand parents in three way crosses. Parents 241-4-2 and Hyps 152 shown significant general line effect of second kind (gi) for seed cotton yield per plant. These parents would produce superior three way crosses when used as a parent to cross with single crosses. The two line specific effects of first kind (dij) was significant for number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield per plant, seed index, lint index, ginning out turn, 2.5 per cent span length and bundle strength. Crosses 241-4-2 × G Cot 100 and 65-2(s)-3 × Hyps 152 exhibited positive significant effect for number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant to utilize as grand parents in production of superior three way crosses. Crosses RFS 3438 × 65-2(s)-3, G Cot 100 × Suvin, 241-4-2 × RFS 3438 and G Cot 100 × Hyps 152 exhibited positive significant effect (dij) for 2.5 per cent span length to utilize as grand parents in production of three way crosses. The three line effect was significant for number of bolls per plant, seed index, lint index and ginning outturn. Three way cross 241-4-2 × RFS 3438 × Hyps 152 proved to be the best combination for seed cotton yield per plant. All the characters were governed by additive × dominance gene action in inherence except lint index which was governed by dominance × dominance gene action. An over view of correlation analysis indicated that number of monopodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, harvest index and lint index exhibited significant positive association with seed cotton yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that seed cotton yield per plant was directly influenced positively by number of monopodia per plant, harvest index and bundle strength. But 2.5 per cent span length exerted direct negative effects on seed cotton yield per plant. Heterosis studies revealed that crosses 241-4-2 × RFS 3438 with highest relative heterosis and 241-4-2 × Hyps 152 with highest heterobeltiosis exhibited for seed cotton yield per plant. Triplet 241-4-2 × G Cot 100 × Suvin exhibited highest relative heterosis for seed cotton yield per plant.ThesisItem Open Access ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE WORK ENVIRONMENT IN DURRIE WEAVING UNITS(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) GAYATHRI DEVI, M; VIJAYA LAKSHMI, VHandloom industry is decentralized or unorganized sector and domestic oriented. In India, about 1.30 per cent of the households were engaged in durrie making. Durrie weaving is one of the oldest industries in India and unorganized in nature. A durrie is a smooth, hard, pileless, woven cotton fabric. Durries are produced in almost every state in India like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, UP, and West Bengal. Durrie weaving involves activities like dyeing, yarn winding, warping, setting the warp on the loom, weaving and finishing. Only female workers were involved in yarn winding and finishing. Dyeing was done by male workers and other activities were carried by both genders. Weavers work for long hours in a very small space with minimum ventilation and low lighting levels with awkward postures. Weaving and allied activities are high risk activities and causes musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore the main aim of this investigation was to explore the musculoskeletal issues, postural discomforts and work environment of weavers involved in durrie weaving, to analyze the relationship between work process, work environment and the musculoskeletal issues, to identify the ergonomic needs of weavers and formulating suitable interventions and to study the effect of the interventions on weaver’s performance and occupational health. Study was conducted in Kothawada, Warangal (Urban) district, Telangana. A total of 120 weavers were selected as respondents. An exploratory study was conducted to measure the musculoskeletal discomforts, postural discomforts and visual strain. An experimental study was conducted on a 30 sub sample drawn from the surveyed sample vii to gather information on work environment viz., air quality, temperature, noise, light, weavers health viz., grip strength and lung functioning capacity. Based on the needs of the weavers the interventions like reed frame handle, soft handle ratch, shears, moveable tray and exercises were developed to overcome visual strain and body pain. Interventions were evaluated with 12 respondents for its satisfaction and comfort. General information shown that most of the weavers were men and age of the weavers ranged between 29-51 years. Majority (69%) of the weavers were educated and nearly 31 per cent weavers were illiterate. Most of the weavers belonged to a small family. Monthly income of the weavers between the range of Rs. 3000-6000. Most of the weavers were having membership. Majority of the weavers were getting financial assistance from the government and saving the money under Thrift savings and security scheme. Majority of the weavers were having normal body weight and mesomorph body type. Regarding work details of weavers around 61 per cent of the weavers worked for 6 to 8 hours/day. Nearly 41 per cent of the weavers worked for 21-25 days/month and most of the weavers were having more than 25 years of experience. Three-fourth of the weavers were working as a wage workers. Mostly plain durrie was produced and considerable amount of ikat, shantranji, prayer rugs were also produced. Dyeing and winding activities were mainly done by wage workers and rest of the activities viz., warping, threading the heddles, threading the reed, warp setting and weaving were carried out by the weavers. Majority of the respondents reported muscle pain/discomfort and breathlessness. Most the weavers reported pain in neck, shoulder, lower back and ankles/feet. Regarding visual strain and symptoms tired eyes, head ache, difficulty in focusing a distance, impaired visual performance, eye pain, blurred vision, eye irritation and itching were highly prevalent. Most of the weaver’s working posture has to be changed and need further investigation and the risk of upper distal extremity disorders was high among the weavers. Weavers were having severe problem in expiratory flow rate of lungs and develop breathing problems. Regarding environmental conditions, weavers were working in low lighting. Noise level was within the permissible limit. Both particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 was measured and found that particulate matter was not exceeding the permissible limit. Majority of the weaving workshops required changes in work station and demands further investigation about the ergonomics of weaving workshops. Ergonomic interventions namely reed frame handle, ratch with soft handle, shears and moveable trays were designed and implemented in the weaving workshops. To overcome the visual and body pain ergonomic education booklet was developed and weavers were asked to practice the exercises as per given protocol. Weavers opined that the designed tools were well fitted to the hands, lightweight, easy to operate and helped to maintain comfortable postures. Respondents reported that exercises helped to overcome the visual strain and musculoskeletal pain/ discomfort.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF BIO-TREATED WASTEWATER TO STUDY SOIL PROPERTIES, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND CROP YIELD IN MAIZE, CHICK PEA, SORGHUM AND SOYBEAN UNDER SEMI-ARID TROPICS REGION(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) GIRI YOGESHGIR YASHWANTGIR; ANJAIAH, TThe present field experiment entitled “Use of bio-treated wastewater to study soil properties, water use efficiency and crop yield in Maize, Chick Pea, Sorghum and Soybean under semi-arid tropics region” was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons in the two successive years i.e., 2014and 2015 at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India. The site is geographically situated at 170 53' N Latitude, 78 0 27' E Longitude and at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level. It falls under Southern Telangana Agro-climatic zone. The experiment was carried out at field in randomized block design with three treatment i.e. irrigation with untreated wastewater, treated wastewater and fresh water in five replications. The recommended dose of particular crop (Maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean) was applied uniformly in all treatments. The experimental soil was sandy loam , dark reddish brown colour, low in organic carbon (0.26 %), slight alkaline in reaction (7.7), non-saline (0.15 dS m-1 ), low in available nitrogen (238 Kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (19 Kg ha-1 ), medium in available potassium (264 Kg ha -1 ) and low in CEC (13.8 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 ). Secondary nutrient content in experimental soil was 2048 ppm of Ca, 364 ppm of Mg and 3.9 ppm of S. Micronutrient in sandy loam soil of ICRISAT were in the order of Fe>B>Mn>Cu>Zn. Heavy metal content in experimental soil was below the permissible limit of soil in the order of Cr>Pd>As>Cd. Author : GIRI YOGESHGIR YASHWANTGIR Title : USE OF BIO-TREATED WASTEWATER TO STUDY SOIL PROPERTIES, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND CROP YIELD IN MAIZE, CHICK PEA, SORGHUM AND SOYBEAN UNDER SEMI-ARID TROPICS REGION Degree : DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE Faculty : AGRICULTURE Discipline : SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Chairperson : Dr. T. ANJAIAH University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERISITY Year of submission : 2019 The untreated wastewater used in maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was found to be slightly alkaline in reaction (7.8) and non- saline (1.7 dS m-1 ). The value of bicarbonate in untreated wastewater was found to be 139.8 mg l-1 and carbonate was found below detectable limit. The sulphate and chloride of untreated wastewater was found to be within permissible limit of 250 mg l-1 . The value of calcium and sodium in untreated wastewater was found to be within permissible limit of 200 mg l-1 . Nitrate and magnesium content in untreated wastewater was also found in permissible limit of 50 mg l-1 . The value of phosphorus and potassium in untreated wastewater was found to be within a permissible limit of 12 mg l-1 . The value of ammonium and boron in untreated waste water was found to be 57.26 and 0.08 mg l-1 respectively. The value of SAR and RSC in untreated wastewater was found below permissible limit of 8.66 and 1.8 respectively. The value of BOD and COD in untreated waste was 137.3 and 306.2 respectively. Cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, arsenic and lead found in untreated wastewater was below the detectable limit. Micronutrient content in untreated wastewater was also found below the permissible limits. Whatever parameter recorded and calculated in untreated wastewater was also recorded in treated wastewater and fresh water which found to be below the permissible limits. Growth parameters in maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean viz., plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production were recorded. Yield attributes viz., grain per cob/ pod, test weight, grain and Stover/ straw yield were recorded at harvest in maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean. Water use efficiency of maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean was calculated with the help of grain yield data and applied water. Nutrient content and uptake (N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) in grain and straw/ Stover of maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean were recorded at harvest. Physico-chemical properties of soil viz., pH and EC were observed at harvest. Chemical properties of soil viz., organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, exchangeable Ca, Mg, SO4, Na, micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As and Pd) were estimated at harvest. Growth attributes i.e. plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was significantly influenced by different irrigation water quality. Highest plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean were recorded in untreated wastewater treatment followed by treated wastewater and fresh water irrigation treatment. Different irrigation of different water quality treatments showed significant effect on grain and Stover/ straw yield of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean but non significant effects observed on test weight and grain number per cob/pod. In untreated wastewater irrigation treatment, highest grain and straw/ Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was recorded while lowest grain and straw/ Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was observed in fresh water treatment. Highest content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain and straw/Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was recorded in untreated wastewater treatment while lowest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake in grain and straw/Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was observed in fresh water treatment. Highest micronutrient concentration and uptake ( Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn ) in grain and straw/ Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was recorded in untreated wastewater treatment while lowest Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content and uptake in grain and straw/Stover of maize, chickpea, sorghum and soybean was observed in fresh water treatment. Physico-chemical properties (pH and EC) of soil were significantly affected by different irrigation of water quality. pH and EC of soil was increased by the application of untreated wastewater compared to treated wastewater and fresh water treatment. Chemical properties of soil viz. organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable Ca and Mg, sulphur and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) were significantly affected by different irrigation of water quality. These properties were increased in untreated wastewater treatment as compared to treated wastewater and fresh water treatment. highest organic carbon content, available N, available P , exchangeable Ca, Mg, sulphur and micronutrient in soil were observed in untreated wastewater treatment followed by treated wastewater treatment while lowest organic carbon content, available N, available P , exchangeable Ca, Mg, sulphur and micronutrient in soil were observed in fresh water treatment. Microbial population i.e. bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes was increased affected by in soil after the harvest of maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean in untreated wastewater treatment followed by treated wastewater treatment while lowest bacteria, fungal and actinomyctes population in soil after the harvest of maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean in fresh water treatment. From above results, it is concluded that among all treatments, untreated waste water treatment is recommended to farmer for growing field crops recorded highest grain and straw/ Stover yield and water use efficiency, nutrient content and uptake in grain and straw / Stover of maize, chick pea, sorghum and soybean. Untreated waste water application tended to improve the soil fertility status by increasing the organic carbon content in soil, available nitrogen available potassium, exchangeable Ca, Mg, sulphur and micronutrient content in soil might be due to more availability of all these nutrients in untreated wastewater compared to treated waste water and fresh water.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR MAPPING OF GENETIC LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH TOLERANCE TO LOW SOIL PHOSPHORUS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) KALE RAVINDRA RAMRAO; SUNDARAM, R MRice is one of the most important cereal crops and occupies second prominent position in global agriculture. A significant proportion of rice growing soils across the world and in India is either phosphorus (P)-deficient or has a high P-fixing capacity resulting in reduced productivity levels. The basic mechanism plants follow for P utilization are P acquisition efficiency and internal P–use efficiency. Presence of genetic variability for P uptake has been reported in rice and a major QTL called Pup1 conferring tolerance to low soil P has been identified earlier. The present study was taken up in order to characterize available germplasm lines for low P tolerance and QTL mapping for low soil P tolerance in recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population developed by crossing, Wazuhophek (which has significant tolerance to low soil P condition and completely devoid of Pup1 genomic region) and Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM; Which is highly sensitive to low soil P). In the first objective, i.e. a set of 56 germplasm lines of rice were analyzed for their genotype with respect to markers spanning the Pup1 locus along with phenotypic characterization for low soil P tolerance. Significant genetic variability was observed with respect to plant height, number of productive tillers, root volume, dry root weight, dry shoot weight and grain yield under low P condition. Cluster analysis based on the stress indices and low soil P tolerance ability, grouped the genotypes into three groups, viz., highly tolerant, tolerant and sensitive. Genotyping of the rice lines with a set of Pup1 specific markers (viz., K46-1, K46-2, K52 and 46CG-1), revealed the presence of partial or complete Pup1 genomic region in most of the tolerant genotypes. A total of 15 genotypes showed tolerance to low soil P based on yield reduction in comparison to the tolerant and sensitive checks. Interestingly, the tolerant genotype line, IC216831 was observed to be completely devoid of Pup1, and hence it can be explored for identification and characterization of new loci underlying low soil P tolerance. The second objective focused on SSR marker-based molecular mapping of genomic regions associated with low soil P tolerance in the non-Pup1 type, low P tolerant rice line from North-eastern part of India, Wazuhophek. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to low soil P tolerance were identified in recombinant inbred lines (RILs), developed from cross Improved Samba Mahsuri/Wazuhophek. A total of 16 QTLs related to yield and other physio- morphological traits were identified under low soil P condition. Out of them, 10 QTLs were found on chromosome 8, spanning a 4.49 Mb region in the genomic interval of RM22554-RM8005. Two QTLs were identified on chromosome 7, spanning a 2.71 Mb (RM5847-RM22031) region and 11.31 Mb (RM21521-RM21103) region for root volume and P content of grains, respectively. Four QTLs were identified on chromosome 1, spanning a 9.2 Mb region in between the markersWR1.7-RM8105. In silico analysis of identified genomic regions spanning the identified QTLs was carried out. A total of 538 genes were predicted in the QTL region on chromosome 8, of which eight genes related to phosphorus uptake or utilization, including genes related to auxin signalling, phosphatase activity and zinc figure transcription factor appear to be of interest. A total of 1339 genes were predicted in the QTL region on chromosome 1, of which 14 genes related to phosphorus uptake or utilization, including auxin responsive genes and genes involved in maintenance of Pi homeostasis are of interest. A total of 712 genes were predicted in the QTL region controlling root volume, located on chromosome 7. Among them, 12 genes related to phosphorus uptake or utilization, including auxin responsive genes and transcription factors involved in regulation of stress related genes appear to be of interest. Similarly, in silico analysis of another QTL for P content in seed located on chromosome 7, predicated 570 genes. Among them, 16 were found to be possibly related to phosphorus uptake or utilization. All the QTLs detected in the present study, appear to be novel and did not overlap with the already reported genes/QTL. The novel low P tolerant rice line, IC216831, which is devoid of Pup1 can be subjected for genetic and molecular marker analysis to identify novel low P tolerance genes/QTLs. Further, the novel QTLs associated with low soil P tolerance identified from Wazuhophek, after their fine-mapping and validation, can be transferred into elite rice varieties and parental lines, which are sensitive to low soil P levels through marker-assisted breeding.ThesisItem Unknown OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS TO ENHANCE RESISTANT STARCH CONTENT IN SELECTED RICE VARIETIES(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) NIHARIKA, G; VIJAYA LAKSHMI, VRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop and an important and nutritionally indispensable food commodity that feeds more than half of the world’s population. In India, rice is the most important and extensively grown food crop, consumed widely as a staple and considered as a safe food even for infants after six months of age. The nutritional value of rice is an important component to predict the health status of millions of people who consume it. Twenty five rice varieties were selected for the present study and determined milling characteristics, physico-chemical, amylose, resistant starch using standard methods and conditions to enhance the resistant starch content in foods. Milling characteristics including hulling, milling and HRR, physical parameters 1000 kernel weight, volume, density, chalkiness and aroma were measured among rice varieties The cooking quality such as gelatinization temperature, gel consistency, water uptake, elongation ratio and volume expansion ratio were assessed and rice varieties were categorised by standard methods. Proximate composition of rice varieties concluded moisture per cent range between 7.31 (Kasturi) to 10.33 per cent (Sampada) (p<0.05), fat ranged from 0.41 (Akshayadhan) to 0.85 (Ravi), protein ranged between RCM5 (6.57%) and MTU1010 (10.33%) and crude fiber ranged from 0.98 per cent (BPT5204) to 10.1 per cent (RCM5). The ash content of all twenty five rice varieties ranged from 0.30 (DRRDhan39) per cent to 0.97 per cent (Rasi). The total protein and protein fractions were isolated by extraction buffers and quantified and statistically significant among varieties (p<5%). The albumin, globulin, prolamin, glutelin and total protein content of xvi twenty five rice varieties ranged from 0.011 (Sugandhamati) to 0.543 per cent (Vibhava); 0.023 (Sampada) to 0.073 per cent (Mahsuri); 0.183% (Kasturi) to 1.207% (DRRDhan38); 0.129% (Mahsuri) to 0.908 (MTU1010) and 3.033% (Mahsuri) to 6.517% (BPT5204). The minimum cooking temperatures were identified for selected twenty five milled rice varieties. The identified minimum cooking temperatures were 85oC, 95oC and 100oC. Effect of different polishing times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 sec) on milling yield, degree of milling and MCT were studied among rice varieties. The amylose content (Juliano method) ranged from 36.99 per cent (Rasi) to 16.81 per cent (Kasturi). The amylose content was statistically significant among varieties at p<5 % (CD 1.901). By Williard equation the range of amylose was 22.38% (Akshayadhan) to 5.22 (Kasturi), amylopectin 37.91% (Sampada) to 78.04% (Jaya) and total starch 52.62% (Sampada) to 92.62% (Jaya) in selected varieties. Compared to traditional Juliano method, Williard equation amylose values were much lower due to non-interference of amylopectin in iodine complex. The RS content was determined in raw milled rice flour and ranged between 0.549% (Sampada) to 1.161% (Vikramarya) (CD 0.108). RS content was increased by using repeated heating and cooling by autoclave technique. At first cycle of heat and cool, the RS content ranged from 0.855% (BPT5204) and Lalat (1.584%) (CD 0.098), at second cycle, the RS content were significantly increased in all selected rice varieties and ranged between Sampada (1.275%) and Lalat (2.422%) (CD 0.195) and at third cycle, the RS content ranged from 1.294% (Sampada) to 2.281% (Tellahamsa) and followed by 2.196% (Lalat) (CD 0.054). The present study concluded that Lalat and Tellahamsa varieties are promising in yielding more RS with alternate heat and cooling treatments compared to Vikramarya, Mandyavijaya, MTU1010, Sampada and BPT5204 varieties.ThesisItem Unknown GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR ANAEROBIC GERMINATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) UMARANI ERRABELLI; HEMALATHA, VThe present investigation was carried out at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, with the objectives to screen the different rice genotypes for anaerobic germination traits, to assess the variability present in the experimental material, to evaluate the combining ability and heterosis for anaerobic germination traits, yield and its component traits, to estimate the extent of association among anaerobic germination traits, yield and its contributing characters and determining the direct and indirect effects of these characters on yield and validation of the reported markers for anaerobic germination traits. Set of 500 rice genotypes were screened during kharif, 2015 for tolerance to anaerobic germination based on three parameters viz., germination percentage, seedling length and seedling vigour index-I. A total of 13 entries namely E779, E775, E1810, E596, E1786, E753, E773, E1846, E1195, E1049, E1772, E1723 and E1701 with 100% anaerobic germination and high seed vigour index-I were identified as tolerant genotypes for the anaerobic germination. Hence, these lines can be used as parents in various breeding programmes to develop the cultivars with anoxia or hypoxia tolerance. A total of 25 experimental hybrids were generated through Line × Tester mating design during rabi, 2015-16 by using the five tolerant lines (E773, E775, E1049, E753 and E779) and five testers (IR 64, Jaya, MTU 1010, BPT 5204 and Swarna) identified through initial screening. The resulting 25 experimental hybrids along with their 10 parents and 3 checks (E1701, IR 64 and Akshayadhan) were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications during kharif, 2016. Data were recorded on a total of twelve metric characters. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among the genotypes under study for all the twelve traits. Seedling vigour index-I exhibited highest PCV and GCV values whereas lowest PCV and GCV were recorded for spikelet fertility. All the characters under study except days to 50 % flowering and spikelet fertility exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean, which indicated the preponderance of additive gene action in controlling these xvi traits. Hence direct selection of genotypes based on these characters would be effective in improving the seed yield. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences among the lines, testers and their hybrids for all the traits studied. The ratio of gca and sca variances for all the traits except days to 50 % flowering revealed that the expression of these traits were governed by non-additive gene action. Hence, heterosis breeding may be employed for the improvement of these traits. The estimates of general combining ability effects of the parents revealed that, three lines namely E775, E773 and E1049 and three testers viz., BPT 5204, Swarna and MTU 1010 were considered as promising general combiners, could be utilized in the crop improvement programmes for the development of hybrids with high yield and tolerance to submergence during the germination. Among the hybrids, three crosses viz., E1049 x IR 64, E753 x MTU 1010 and E775 x Swarna were found to be the best specific combiners based on sca effects with respect to yield, its contributing traits as well as for anaerobic germination traits. Among the hybrids evaluated, E1049 x IR 64, E773 x BPT 5204, E773 x IR 64, E775 x Swarna, E773 x MTU 1010, E773 x Jaya, E779 x IR 64, E775 x BPT 5204 and E1049 x MTU 1010 were found to be best specific crosses, as they have performed exceedingly well in terms of high per se performance, gca of parents and sca effects. These hybrids may be advanced for further breeding programmes before being commercially exploited. Character association studies revealed that single plant yield registered positive significant association with number of tillers per hill, number of productive tillers per hill, panicle length, spikelet fertility, number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight indicating that these characters were important for yield improvement. A critical analysis of the results by path analysis revealed that number of grains per panicle exerted the highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by plant height, panicle length, spikelet fertility, anaerobic germination percentage, number of productive tillers per hill, seedling length and number of tillers per hill. Hence, these traits must be considered as important attributes in formulating selection criteria for achieving desired targets in future breeding programmes. Validation of 31 reported SSR markers for anaerobic germination in the F2 population of E1049 × IR 64 was done during rabi, 2016-2017. Phenotypic data on three anaerobic germination traits were recorded in 409 F2 individuals. Normal bell shaped curve with continuous distribution was observed for all the three traits suggesting the polygenic nature of trait. The parental polymorphism survey was done by using 31 reported SSR markers between two parents. Out of that, 14 SSR primer pairs exhibited polymorphism. Selective genotyping was carried out by using 14 polymorphic markers, of which 3 markers viz., RM234, RM263 and RM11125 were found to be polymorphic. On comparing genotypic and phenotypic data of F2 population, co-segregation analysis revealed that RM234 markers present on chromosome 7 showed lowest recombination frequency and co segregated with phenotype and linked to the anaerobic germination traits, which can be further exploited in hybridization programme with MAS for improving tolerance of rice genotypes for submergence during the germination.ThesisItem Unknown MARKER BASED HETEROTIC POOLING OF DIVERSE ASIAN AND AFRICAN PEARL MILLET [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] POPULATIONS(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) SUDARSHAN PATIL, K; KULDEEP SINGH DANGIA set of 45 diverse Asian and African populations of pearl millet were investigated for molecular and morphological genetic diversity. Multivariate analysis based on multi-location evaluation for grain yield and its component traits grouped these populations into five clusters. Most populations of Asian origin grouped into common cluster and separated from rest of the populations of African origin indicating the presence of correspondence between clustering pattern and geographical origin. Molecular diversity assessed using 29 SSRs detected 435 alleles (average of 15 alleles per locus) and grouped 45 pearl millet populations into seven different clusters. Clustering pattern, population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed intermixing of African and Asian origin populations, whereas most of all the African origin and Asian bred populations were found grouped into common clusters. The correlation between genetic distance estimated through morphological traits and through SSRs was non-significant (r = -0.13). Fourteen parental populations representing seven marker based clusters were used to develop 91 population hybrids (in diallel fashion). These population hybrids were evaluated at three locations for grain yield and its component traits. The correlation between genetic distance (GD) between parental lines and heterosis for grain yield was negative and significant (r = -0.37, p < 0.001) indicating that prediction of hybrid performance based on GD may not be feasible. However, lesser negative correlation was found at lower GD (0.60-0.68) than in comparison of hybrids developed using parental populations with higher GD (0.78-0.86). Based on hybrids performance, heterosis and combining ability among marker group based crosses, two heterotic pools (PMPHP-1 and PMPHP-2) were identified having significant levels of heterosis (PMpH = 20% and PBpH = 6.8%). Populations of PMPHP-1 had linkages with African origin and Asian origin populations, whereas PMPHP-2 composed of exclusively African origin and Asian bred populations. Following the second approach of heterotic pool formation which is based on grain yield based combining ability patterns, 14 parental populations were grouped into three heterotic pools (PMPHP-A, PMPHP-B and PMPHP-C). Fertility restoration/maintainer frequency of 45 populations on three diverse CMS systems (A1, A4 and A5 cytoplasm) evaluated in two contrasting seasons (summer and rainy) revealed that fertility restoration frequency (%) was highest for A1 CMS (86%) followed by A4 CMS (37%) and least for A5 CMS (7%). Based on fertility restoration/maintainer frequency, heterotic pool PMPHP-1 populations with high grain yield and bold seeds were proposed to be utilized in maintainer lines (B-lines) and PMPHP-2 having populations with high fertility restoration ability were identified for restorer lines (R-lines) development programs, which can further be utilized to diversify the existing maintainers and restorer parents of different CMS systems.ThesisItem Unknown A STUDY ON FUNCTIONING AND IMPACT OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS IN KARNATAKA(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) DARSHAN, N.P; SAMUEL, GThe present study was conducted in Bidar and Kalaburagi districts of Karnataka state during 2017-18 to analyse the functioning and impact of farmer producer organisations (FPOs) in terms of comparison of knowledge level and extent of adoption of red gram cultivation practices among members and non-members. The study also analysed the income generation aspects of respondents, network linkages of farmer producer organisations and the constraints and suggestions as perceived by the respondents. The findings revealed that majority of the members and non-member belonged to medium age group (57.33 % and 59.33 % respectively) with intermediate level of education (35.33 % and 34.67 % respectively), belonged to general caste (46.00 % and 46.67 % respectively) had 5-8 members per family (56.67 % and 68.67 % respectively), had medium (30.00 %) and semi-medium (60.67 %) farm size, medium farm mechanization status (56.00 % and 48.00 % respectively), medium (62.67 %) and high (49.33 %) level of income, medium (34.00 %) and high (58.00 %) level of indebtedness. They also had high (50.67 %) and medium (56.00 %) level of participation, medium level of information seeking behaviour (40.67 % and 44.67 % respectively), medium level of leadership ability (37.33 % and 54.00 % respectively), medium (40.00 %) and low (54.67 %) level of capacity building, medium (36.67 %) and low (48.67 %) risk orientation, high (42.67 %) and low (54.67 %) innovativeness, medium (44.00 %) and low (72.67 %) level of achievement motivation, medium level of self-confidence (41.33 % and 76.00 % respectively), medium (47.33 %) and low (46.67 %) level of communication behaviour and medium (42.00 %) and low (48.67 %) level of decision making power. Findings with respect to formation revealed that except Jai Kisan Souharda Multipurpose Cooperative Limited (JKSMCL), all the FPOs were registered in 2013. FPOs under Vrutti Livelihood Resource Centre (VLRC) had five villages each whereas ten villages were clustered under FPOs of Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP). 61.02 per cent of board of directors faced problems in convincing farmers during formation. Majority of members enrolled into FPOs to get remunerative price for their crop to produce, however, due to the high membership fee, the majority of nonmembers (6.43 %) show reluctance in joining FPOs. Members under VLRC and ISAP had a high level of training (77.78 % and 86.67 % respectively). With respect to functional aspects, FPOs under VLRC and ISAP had medium level of supportive environment (51.11 % and 51.67 % respectively), high and medium level of cohesiveness (46.67 % and 60.00 % respectively), medium level of role differentiation (50.00 % and 71.67 % respectively), high and medium level of group leadership (44.44 % and 58.33 % respectively), medium level of communication (57.78 and 45.00 % respectively), medium level of group sustainability (56.67 % and 51.67 % respectively), low critical issues (63.33 % and 50.00 % respectively) and medium level of team spirit (50.00 % and 45.00 % respectively). With respect to the level of knowledge on red gram cultivation practices, the majority of the members and non-members had a high and medium level of knowledge (72.66 % and 61.33 % respectively). There was a significant difference in the knowledge levels of members and non-members. The variables such as age, secondary, intermediate and undergraduate levels of education, medium and high family size, low and high farm size, medium and high indebtedness, medium and high income, medium and high information seeking behavior, medium and high innovativeness of member farmers, medium and high supportive environment, medium and high group cohesiveness and medium and high group sustainability had influenced the gain/increase of knowledge of member farmers on red gram cultivation practices. Majority of members and non-members had high (50.00 %) and medium (63.33 %) extent of adoption of red gram cultivation practices. There existed a significant difference between them. The variables such as low and medium age, low and medium family size, medium and high farm size, medium and high indebtedness, medium and high income, medium and high innovativeness, medium and high group cohesiveness, medium and high group sustainability and knowledge of the member farmers had influenced the increase of adoption of member farmers on red gram cultivation practices. With respect to the cost of cultivation of red gram cultivation, the members had incurred 11.06 per cent lesser cost for red gram cultivation when compared to that of non-members and in case of returns they had gained 18.95 per cent returns when compared to non-numbers. There observed a significant difference between costs and returns of red gram cultivation between members and non-members. It was also noticed that if a non-member joins FPO, his/her returns will increase by 14 per cent. Majority of members perceived that irregular procurement of produce and inadequate infrastructure facilities were the major technical constraints and non-uniform rotation of governing body followed by competition among villages for getting benefits were the major organisational constraints. In addition to that members also felt NGOs were focusing on resource-rich areas followed by they were showing profit motive were the constraints related to NGO support. With respect to the technical constraints in red gram cultivation, both for members and non-members felt labor shortage as the major problem. But the non-members also felt a lack of technical guidance and costly inputs as the serious constraints. In case of marketing, members and non-members felt lack of assured procurement facilities and price fluctuations of produce as the major constraints respectively. Major suggestions expressed by the members to overcome technical constraints in FPOs were the provision of regular procurement of their products every year and giving equal importance to every village for overcoming organisational constraint. They also expressed that NGOs should give importance to all the areas irrespective of resource availability. With respect to suggestions for overcoming technical constraints in red gram cultivation, respondents suggested for the provision of infrastructure facilities and inputs at subsidized rates. To overcome the marketing constraints of red gram cultivation, respondents suggested for the regular procurement, establishing organised supply chains in the non-FPO operated system.
