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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)
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ThesisItem Open Access ENGINEERED GREEN PAINTS FOR COMMERCIAL TEXTILE PRINTING(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-04-15) Lakshmi Pooja, S.; Padma, A.India is the country with rich biodiversity and traditional knowledge and skill to produce eco-friendly natural dyed textiles. India is also in the second place as the largest producer of textile products including handmade and industry processed. Recently, the textile wet processing industry is becoming famous not in terms of production or improved GDP, but in-terms of shut down due to the heavy pollution emission. As, textile wet processing units demands a heavy load on their ETP’s, the cost incurred in maintenance became a major concern to the industry and as well as to the government resulting in leaving a very high carbon foot print. The research is aimed at using all natural textile auxiliaries and pigments to produce bottled textile paints suitable for ready application on textiles. The textile auxiliaries selected are, two thickeners such as tamarind seed kernel powder and precipitated calcium carbonate; two resins such as cashew nut seed liquid and chitosan; two plasticizers such as cold pressed castor oil and linseed oil. They were tested for their substantively, finally a wet base consisting tamarind seed kernel powder (TSKP), castor oil (CO), cashew nut seed liquid (CNSL) were used for the study. Five natural dye sources were selected for the study including annatto seed, marigold flower, sappan heartwood, pomegranate rind and indigo. All natural dye sources were boiled in water as aqueous method except indigo to produce the liquid pigment. Indigo fermented pot liquor was used for the study. Textile paints in seven colours viz, yellow, orange, red, purple, indigo, green and black were produced from Name of the Author : Lakshmi Pooja Sanku I.D. No. : HHD/2016-009 Title of the Thesis : Engineered Green Paints for Commercial Textile Printing Degree to which it is submitted : Doctor of Philosophy in Home Science Major field : Textiles and Apparel Designing Faculty : Home Science Major Advisor : Dr. (Mrs.) A. Padma University : Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2020 liquid natural dye pigments along with base in combination of three mordants including alum, stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate. Three preservatives including cow urine, cow arku, sodium benzoate were used and their efficiency in improving the shelf life of the pigments for one year was studied, from which cow urine found to be the best preservative for pigments. The shelf life of paints in terms of microbial growth and packaging stability were tested using IS and ASTM standards. All paints prepared were printed on pre washed cotton, viscose rayon, silk and polyester plain woven fabrics using screen printing technique and the printed fabrics were treated with steam and vinegar washed for better fixation of pigment and to maintain the clear white background of the fabric. All the printed fabrics were evaluated for their geometrical and mechanical properties like yarn and fabric count, thickness, wickability, stiffness and tear strength. Colourfastness test methods for fastness to sunlight, washing dry and wet crocking and acidic and alkaline perspiration were also done by adopting AATCC, BIS, ASTM, JIS test procedures. The advance properties of the printed fabrics for their efficiency in UV protection and bacterial resistance were also tested following AS/NZS and AATCC test protocols. The effluents from the process was analysed for heavy metal content and oxygen demand in terms of COD and BOD3, which helped in testing developed paints for their eco-friendliness. Costing and consumer acceptance of the paints prepared and printed fabrics were studied respectively so as to check their commercial feasibility Therefore, engineered ‘green’ paints for commercial textile printing was a unique product, developed after analysing its attributes in terms of its end-use characteristics, environmental friendliness, quality checking, market feasibility, direct application, speed of production and consumer acceptability. In this study, all these aspects are satisfied in production of green paints for direct printing of natural and synthetic fabrics with natural dyes which itself is a unique product. With thorough research review, it was learnt that such organic paint product is not developed for commercial purpose so far. Therefore, the possibility of patenting the engineered natural pigment paint and the process will be explored through the use of developed paints and supply of raw materials. The research was focused on engineering an end to end product understanding the characteristics of various auxiliaries, pigments and effect of preservatives on them, developing an oil in water paint for textiles applications, analyzing the keeping quality of the paints developed and fabrics printed with them. Taking these things into concern the present study is aimed to engineer a product that can readily be used as textile paint with minimal effluent discharge without heavy metal content and reduced oxygen demand, without any volatile solvent resulting no air pollution. The product is also aimed at using natural raw materials so as to benefit the farmers and rural folk in cultivation or collection of raw materials. Having considered as green paints they open a huge export market too resulting in solving the major issues of concern for the survival of textile dyeing and printing industry. The developed paints can find a huge share in handmade textile industry too, as availability of natural dyes and auxiliaries to print or paint textiles, time incurred in preparation of natural colours and skill in developing fast colour became a major concern for once flourished craft from India.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS OF MARRIED COUPLES(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-07-01) Asha Jyothi, T.; Sarada Devi, M.Young adults are treasurable resources of any country. Currently more than 50 percent of population is below the age of 25 and over 65 percent below the age of 35 representing half of the Indian population in the young adulthood period. Young adulthood is characterized by developing a stable identity, preparing for a career and transitioning into the workforce and starting intimate relationships, learning skills and developing habits to live independently. As their self-concept is still budding from adolescence to adulthood, and it is not odd for them to experience periods of emotional instability and negative emotions related to the daily stress of life. Therefore, it is evident that mental health problems during young adulthood can delay or even halt the transition period resulting in affecting their marital quality and well-being. Marriage has been an important social institution. It is the basis for the family. Hence it is important to understand the relationships between a man and women in marriage. It involves emotional and legal commitment that is quite important in any adult life. The functions of marriage include regulation of sexual behaviour, reproduction, nurturance, protection of children, socialization, consumption, and passing on of the race. Marriage is the greatest event in an individual's life and brings with it many responsibilities. Individuals with marriage mal adjustment and poor problem skills can cause marital dissatisfaction. If these persistent and untreated stressors may lead to imbalanced psychological well- being which -comes unexpectedly to anyone or may be present and growing for some time. It has effects on one’s thoughts, physical body, feelings, and behaviour. According to WHO, over 90 million Indians or 7.5 percent of the country’s population of 1.3 billion, suffer from some form of the mental disorder. However, a countrywide 2015- 2016 study by (NIMHANS), the prevalence rate could be much higher and it revealed that nearly 150 million Indians needed active intervention, while fewer than 30 million were getting it and according to Lancet Global Health Study in 2016, suicide was the leading cause of deaths among young people – aged 15 to 39. Research studies revealed that lack of communication and interpersonal skills leads to marital dissatisfaction and psychological well-being of married couple. Hence, the attempt was made to examine the effect of family life education on marital satisfaction, psychological well-being and problem-solving skills of married couple. Therefore, it is important to address this issue. One of the vital methods is family life education programme, which can facilitate married couples to overcome their mental health issues through varied intervention programme. Research reviews on people with marital dissatisfaction, mental health issues and marital conflicts who had interventions and found that they were, on average, significantly increasing marital intimacy, enhanced mental health and problem-solving skills than before the intervention. The research focused on varied problems faced by married couples and their marital satisfaction, psychological well-being and problem-solving skills were xviii examined. This family life education is a training helps individuals to improve their relationships and at the same time preserve the quality of these relationships over the time. In this intervention, couples learnt develop empathy, intimacy and effective communication. The study had adopted descriptive and experimental research design in two villages Ramchandraguda and Dubbacherla from Rangareddy District. Rural couple who is married for at least 3 years in the age group of 18-38 years were selected as sample for the study. The sample comprised of 60 men and 60 women. Thus, the total sample for the study is 120.The present study consists of data from 2 stages: one before intervention (pre-test) and the other after intervention (post-test). The collected data was analysed by using frequencies and percentages, paired t-test, correlation and step-down regression. Series of intervention programmes were provided to married couple to increase the marital satisfaction, well-being and problem-solving skills. The intervention programmes were provided weekly 3-4 times for a period of 45 days and each group had 15 married couple. These programmes were conducted with the assistance of anganwadi workers and health workers. Family life education programme proved to be very effective in improving the marital satisfaction, psychological well-being and problem-solving skills among the sample. There is a significant difference in scores in the sample after intervention. Most of the sample had scored better on problem solving skills after the intervention. The pre- test results of the study revealed that the majority of the married couples were scored poor in marital satisfaction which is indicates that couple had difficulty in managing their emotions and poor communication skills also might be reason for low scores on marital satisfaction of married couple. More than half of the married couple scored low in all the dimensions of psychological well-being which is evident in revealing their low levels of satisfaction, efficiency, sociability and mental health. More than half of the sample had low problem-solving skills in pre-test depicting their inability to deal with their physical health condition, family life, financial management, interpersonal and communication related problems. On the contrast, post-test results revealed that significant differences were found with respect to marital satisfaction among married couple between pre and post-test. This revealed, after intervention, married couple had better adjustments in all domains such as social, emotion, interpersonal and sexual. Highly significant differences were also noticed with regard to psychological well-being among married couple as they had better mental health, and sociable as their satisfaction levels were improved in post intervention. Significant differences were also observed with regard to problem solving skills from all the domain which results sample had better problem-solving skills in post-test The results of the study further revealed that demographic variables such as age, income, duration of marriage were significantly positively correlated and number of children had negatively correlated with marital satisfaction before intervention. Whereas, with regard to psychological wellbeing- gender, income and duration of marriage were significantly positively correlated and with regard to problem solving skills- age, income, type of family and duration of marriage were significant positive correlated. Which indicates that higher the age, income, and duration of marriage, higher the problem-solving skills. The results from step down regression depicted that age, effective communication and conflict resolution skills trainings were positive predict factor contributing to improve marital satisfaction. With regard to psychological well-being - income, stress management and effective communication were positive predict factor contributing to enhanced psychological well-being xix among married couple which means that now couple had better sociability, efficiency, satisfaction, interpersonal relationship and mental health. With regard to, problem solving skills- duration of marriage, conflict resolution skills and empathy were commonly observed as the determinants to enhance the couple’s problem-solving skills and establishment of communication. This helped in increased marital intimacy and reduced marital conflicts. As evidenced by the results of the study, it can be concluded that family life education training programme is an effective intervention to deal with marital problems and mental health problems of married couples. Family life education has as its primary purpose to help individuals and families to learn about human growth, development, and behaviour in the family setting and throughout the life cycle. After intervention programme, married couple had better adjustments in all domains. Couple who participated in the program became better in communication skills than previous and increased skills among the spouses which in turn have improved their intimacy, emotional status, ability to solve their problems. It can be concluded that intervention programme had helped them to reduce stress, enhance problem-solving skills, better mental health and sociability. Intervention was found to be an effective tool to deal with mental health problems and therefore suitable intervention programmes should be planned based on different age groups.ThesisItem Open Access NEW MEDIA MANAGEMENT FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT AMONG KGBV ADOLESCENT GIRLS OF TELANGANA AND JHARKHAND STATES(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-04-06) Pretty Rani; Geetha Reddy, R.Skill India is a smart initiative launched by the Government of India. The vision of this scheme is to create an empowered workforce. Adolescence is a vital stage of growth and development. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (KGBV) is an innovative and constructive step to empower adolescent girls. New Media can help make the students’ skill learning experiences more engaging and can foster ‘deep learning’. Hence, the present study was proposed to know the existing level of life skills and vocational skills of KGBV girls of Telangana and Jharkhand states as these two skills contributes in the labor market and further to intervene with new media interventions in improving life skills and vocational skills of KGBV girls. The location for the study was the adolescent girls from 4 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs) each of Ranga Reddy district in Telangana state and Ranchi district in Jharkhand state. The Random sampling method was followed in selection of 30 adolescent girls from each school 15 as control group and 15 as experimental group. Thus, the sample comprised of 240 adolescent girls i.e. 120 each from selected states. Exploratory research design along with Pre/post experimental design was used for the present study. The data was collected by using personal interview method with the help of a structured interview schedule, combine with direct observation. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents (80.83%) belonged to 13 - 15 years age group and primarily (65.00%) belonged to nuclear family. Data pertaining to paternal education status confirmed that majority of the respondents’ fathers’ (62.08%) and respondent’s mother (60.00%) had primary level of education respectively. Farming was the main occupation for respondents’ parents. Low mass media exposure (65.42%) was observed among the KGBV girls, but majority of (49.16%) respondents had high print media exposure. Taking into consideration the new media exposure, it was found that majority (51.67%) respondents had low new media exposure. Teachers were considered as main source (Ranked 1) to gather information in the areas of daily life routines, academics, physical health, careers, social /legal norms, sexual safety and identity. KGBV girls had mostly ((87.92%) low computer literacy skills and had average levels of achievement motivation (50.83%). An average self-esteem level (48.75%) was seen in the KGBV girls. The maximum respondents had collaborative (51.67%) and dependent learning styles 70.84%). KGBV girls had an average mean score in all the life skill areas. Correlation analysis revealed that mass media exposure, information seeking behavior, computer literacy skills, achievement motivation, self-esteem and learning styles, were positively and significantly related with Life skills. Regarding Vocational skills, majority of KGBV girls (72.08%) had low knowledge on identified areas. KGBV girl’s positive attitudinal levels towards vocational skills ranged from medium to high levels. The data showed that the respondent’s competency levels in vocational skills ranged from low to medium levels before intervention. Correlation analysis revealed that mass media exposure, information seeking behavior, computer literacy skills, achievement motivation, and self-esteem were positively and significantly related to knowledge on vocational skills. Mass media exposure, computer literacy skills, achievement motivation, and self-esteem were positively and significantly related to positive attitude on vocational skills. The information-seeking behavior, computer literacy skills, achievement motivation, and learning styles were positively and significantly related with vocational skills competency. The suitable new media, streaming of videos through online both developed and procured from YouTube was used to conduct interventions on selected life skills and vocational skills. An increase in post intervention mean scores in experimental group in all areas of life skills and vocational skills confirmed the new media effectiveness in improving the life skills and vocational skills. With regard to the regional comparison, before intervention both the states had different levels of life skills, positive attitudinal levels, and vocational skill competency. Thus, confirming the interregional difference in the same. It was observed that there were no interregional differences in the vocational skill knowledge in the identified areas. Also, after intervention there were interregional differences in life skill levels, knowledge levels on the identified vocational skill, attitudinal levels on vocational skills, and competency levels on vocational skills in both the Telangana and Jharkhand states attributed to the cultural differences among the girls.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ON SELF-EMPOWERING PERSONAL SKILLS OF TRIBAL ADOLESCENT GIRLS(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-20) Sandhya Rani, M.; Sarada Devi, M.We are in the 21st century, which has been declared as century for women. In this century which girl’s empowerment and success are not viewed the same way as they were before. Girl’s empowerment refers to empower the girl in the context of human rights, basic needs, economic security, capacity building, decision making, to generate the choice. Empowerment links with the awareness, knowledge about skills, consciousness, and education of girl. (Pramod and Gulista, 2014) Empowerment addresses the capacity to gain power and control over one's decisions and resources that affect one's life (Shah, 2011). Empowerment of adolescent girls promotes and recognizes the strengths, interests, abilities and rights of adolescent girls to contribute to their individual development and that of their families and societies. Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights. This enables them to recognize and use their resources. Empowerment as action refers to the process of self-empowerment. Self-empowerment means that you take charge of your own life. This involves recognizing that within each of us the ability to live from our natural being. Another way to put it is to say that a self-empowered individual does not let go of the power as the expert of self. Self-empowerment is the process which leads people to exert greater control over their lives. Self-empowerment includes cultivating skills that would take charge of your destiny. The respondents not only understand how to get things done but are also confident, focused, and comfortable making decisions that guide them toward their future. Adolescent girls are very important section of our society. Women in India have been deprived of equal education, equal employment, equal pay and equal status with men, robbed of dignity, pride and self-worth (Pramod and Gulista, 2014). Empowerment of adolescent girls is indispensable for achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs under goal 5). Adolescence is an ideal phase of life for reshaping gender roles and restoring a sense of empowerment. Generally, adolescents enter the labour force to help support their families financially and therefore, it is neither realistic nor desirable to isolate girls from their social fabric and expect them to be financially independent. Moreover, empowered adolescent girls will become adult women who are involved in different spheres of decision making at the local and national levels and who contribute toward the achievement of gender parity in representation. Self-empowering personal skills are emerging as an important area of inquiry for researchers in education and psychology as it promotes successful adaptation across life especially in adolescent girls in tribal areas. Self-empowering personal skills refers to the ability of taking control of your own life, and making positive decisions based on needs. It enables the individual to channelize personal skills, that lead them to be self empowered which comes when actual intentions coverts into action. India has the second largest concentration of Scheduled Tribes, which is estimated at 8.6 per cent of the total population. The State of Telangana consists of 32 tribes with a population of 31.78 lakh. The region has a population of around 10 per cent. There are 4 primitive tribal groups which inhabit the state and lowest female literacy rate is 40.64 whereas state it is 57.92 per cent. Despite providing certain constitutional safeguards, the Scheduled Tribes are still severely excluded from the mainstream economy. The tribal population in Telangana is the most vulnerable and deprived group in the country. This is due to severe economic exclusion. (Suresh and Padma ,2005., 2011 census and MCRHRDI, 2019). Therefore, it is important to address this concern and equip the tribal adolescents girls with necessary self-empowering personal skills to broaden their horizon, understand and adopt those traditional beliefs which are rational and practical and become gender sensitive so as to be a part of the national development by building better society through varied personal skills intervention programme. A good many research studies gave emphasis on life skills, self-concept, self-esteem and empowerment but not on personal skills of tribal adolescent girls. Hence, there is a great need to identify the personal skills of tribal adolescents as a starting point for self empowerment. The present study focused on the impact of personal skills interventions, assessing the self-empowerment among tribal adolescent girls to reduce or minimize their hurdle for being empowered through personal skills. This area is not much covered in India especially in Telangana state. A detailed scale on adolescent girl’s self-empowerment on personal skills was developed by researcher for the present study by using attitude scale format which consisted of 126 statements under 12 core personal skills. The scale is highly valid which is confirmed through content validation and spilt half reliability. The study had adopted experimental and correlational research design in eight villages from Adilabad and Komaram Bheem Districts. Tribal adolescent girls in the age group of 17-21 years were selected as sample for the study. The sample comprised of 80 from Adilabad and 80 from Komaram Bheem districts of tribal adolescent girls. Thus, the total sample for the study is 160.The present study consists of data from 2 stages: one before intervention (pre-test) and the other after intervention (post-test). The collected data was analysed by using frequencies and percentages, paired t-test, correlation and step-down regression. Series of intervention programmes were provided for tribal adolescent girls to increase the self-empowering personal skills. The intervention programmes were provided weekly 3-4 times for a period of 48 days. These programmes were conducted with the assistance of anganwadi workers and supervisors. Personal skills education programme proved to be very effective in improving the self-empowerment among the respondents. There was a significant difference in scores in the sample after intervention. Most of the sample had scored better on self empowering personal skills after the intervention. The pre- test results of the study revealed that the majority of the tribal adolescent girls scored poor in all the core self-empowering personal skill which indicates that tribal adolescent girls had difficulty in being self-empowered through personal skills. This might be because adolescent girls were disadvantaged and marginalised due to the unemployment which leads to various factors like geographical and cultural isolation, lack of proper health facilities, inability to satisfy basic needs, lack of control over resources and assets, lack of education and skills, lack of access to proper facilities and technologies and lack of political freedom and voice. All these challenges can make the tribal adolescent girls to reduce or minimize their personal skills and hurdle for being empowered (Lakshmi and Paul, 2019). On the contrast, post-test results revealed that significant differences were found with respect to self-empowering personal skills among tribal adolescent girls between pre and post-test. This revealed that after intervention, respondents had improved in all core self-empowering personal skills which include self-awareness, problem solving, decision making, effective communication, self-regulation, self-responsibility, self motivation, self-determination, self-confidence, self-reflection and self-esteem. Highly significant differences were also noticed with regard to self-empowering personal skills among respondents as they had better awareness, confidence and efficiency which improved in post intervention. The results of the study further revealed that independent variable such as parental perceptions and attitudes on empowerment were significantly correlated with self-empowering personal skills like effective communication, self-responsibility, self motivation, self-efficacy and self-esteem were positively correlated with personal skills before intervention. The results from step down regression depicted that number of siblings, mothers age and mother’s education were major positive contributing factors for improving self empowering personal skills of tribal adolescent girls. As evidenced by the results of the present study it can be concluded that intervention had significant impact on self-empowering personal skills of tribal adolescent girls. The intervention planned for the present study was found to be effective in enhancing the core self-empowering personal skills of tribal adolescent girls. It brought desirables changes in the respondents like being aware, making possible solutions, taking wise and appropriate decisions, confident, motivated, determined and efficient. The present study supports the theories such as intervention, empowerment, motivation, efficacy and self-esteem. Such type of intervention programmes should be offered to tribal adolescent girls by different personnel to improve the self-empowerment. The developed scale can be used for upcoming studies. Well trained respondents can better utilize resources for a sustainable positive change in community and building better society.ThesisItem Open Access CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE ROLE OF ICT BASED SUPPORT SERVICES AMONG WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS OF TELANGANA STATE(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-04-28) Spandana, B.; Jamuna Rani, B.The emergence of internet-based e-business has provided significant opportunities to entrepreneurs to grow their customer base and streamline their operations. Entrepreneurs are gradually using information and communications technologies (ICTs)- in their businesses to gain competitive advantages and access to global markets. In the context of developing countries, ICTs have become very useful business tools especially for women entrepreneurs. The Government of India has initiated and implemented a series of plans and programmes to encourage the use of technology to improve the performance of micro and small entrepreneurs. Hence, the present study entitled “Critical analysis on the role of ICT based support services among women entrepreneurs of Telangana state” has been initiated focusing on the services and usage of ICTs among women entrepreneurs. An ex-post facto research design was adopted in the present investigation. The Telangana state was selected purposefully. From three agro-climatic zones of Telanaga state three districts were selected, one from each agro-climatic zone i.e. North Telangana Zone- Adilabad district, Central Telangana Zone- Sangareddy district and South Telangana Zone- Rangareddy district. From each selected district 2 mandals were xvii selected, where in 30 women were selected from each mandal. Thus 60 women from each district thus constituting of 180 respondents from three districts. Data was collected by using personal interview method with the help of structured schedule and scales. Statistical procedures such as mean, frequency, percentage, ranking, t-test, correlation coefficient regression analysis and anova were used. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in the young age group (46.67%), college level education (31.11%), BC category(46.67%), married (99.00%), nuclear family (87.78%), had low family annual income (63.89%) and low enterprise annual income (78.33%), had 60.00 to 78.00 per cent profit margin (66.11%) and belonged to middle class socio-economic category (67.78%). Majority of the respondents had medium extension support (48.33%), mass media contact (42.22%), medium family support (51.11%) and high level of information seeking behaviour (42.22%), Majority of the respondents (61.11%) invested their own amount or the enterprise, majority (32.78%) of the respondents were involved in boutique and tailoring sector, had 2-5 years entrepreneurial experience (68.89%), 1-5 employees in their enterprise (69.44%). Majority of the respondents had high infrastructure facilities (48.89%) and marketing facilities (45.00%), majority of the respondents had medium level of economic motivation (59.44%), risk taking ability (51.67%), achievement motivation (57.22%) and managerial competence (50.00%). With regard to entrepreneurial behavior, majority of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness (50.56%), leadership ability (45.00%), management orientation (52.78%) and technology orientation (48.89%), while some of the respondents had high level of self-confidence (46.67%) and decision making ability (57.22%). With regard to overall entrepreneurial behaviour majority (59.44%) of the respondents had medium level of entrepreneur behaviour. Correlation analysis revealed that overall entrepreneurial behaviour was significantly positively correlated at 1% level of significance with education, family income, income of the enterprise, profit of the enterprise, socio-economic status, information seeking behaviour, mass media contact, ICT support, infrastructure facilities, entrepreneurial experience, marketing facilities, economic motivation, risk taking behaviour, achievement motivation, managerial competence and empowerment, whereas extension support was significantly positively correlated at 5% level of significance. The results of step-down regression analysis showed education, economic motivation, managerial competence and empowerment were contributed significantly to the variation in entrepreneurial behaviour. Anova revealed that there was a significant variation in entrepreneurial behaviour between the groups in three districts. With regard to the information needs of the respondents, technical information need ranked as first with 4.39 mean score. Majority of the respondents had medium information support services (55.56%), ICT usage (66.11%), social empowerment (47.22%), economic empowerment (51.67%), entrepreneurial empowerment (50.00%) and overall empowerment (59.44%). xviii Correlation analysis revealed that ICT usage was significantly positively correlated with social empowerment, economic empowerment, entrepreneurial empowerment, overall empowerment and profitability. Majority of the respondents had high level of e-readiness (60.00%). Correlation analysis revealed that e-readiness was significantly positively correlated at 1% level of significance with education, family income, income of the enterprise, profit of the enterprise, socio-economic status, extension support, information seeking behavior, mass media contact, ICT support, infrastructure facilities, entrepreneurial experience, marketing facilities, economic motivation, risk taking behaviour, achievement motivation, managerial competence and empowerment. The results of step-down regression analysis showed education, family income, socio-economic status, entrepreneurial experience, economic motivation and managerial competence contributed significantly to the variation in e-readiness. Anova revealed that there was a significant variation in e-readiness between the groups in three districts. The major problems elicited by the respondents in acquiring information through ICTs were high cost of ICTs (61.67%), lack of time (52.22%), frequent changes in ICTs (46.11%), lack of training (43.89%) and lack of knowledge on importance of ICTs (41.11%). Multiple responsibilities (64.44%), stiff competition (48.89%) and lack of information (41.11%) were major problems identified by the respondents while running an enterprise. A strategy for promotion of ICT services to the women entrepreneurs was suggested based on the findings of the studyThesisItem Open Access EMPOWERING FARM WOMEN KNOWLEDGE GROUPS (FWKGs) ON CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE THROUGH MOBILE PHONE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) SUNITHA, N; SARAH KAMALA, TWomen play a core role in agriculture and contribute to sustainable development. Farm women who predominate among the world’s poor, are at greater risk of environmental challenges, as they often lack the necessary means, to successfully adapt themselves the negative effects of climate change. The World Bank estimates that women farmers make up almost half of the world’s farming population. But these women do more than just farming. They are caretakers to the land as well as for their families. They play a critical role in sustaining not only their homes, but also the entire food system, and this is especially true in developing nations. And they are especially more vulnerable to the threats posed by the climate change which is not just a rise in global temperatures. It impacts the farming industry, of which women make up more than 49 percent. They are more burdened with the issues of climate change, which includes irregular rainfall, floods, droughts and cyclones, and make their lives very miserable. Women’s empowerment is a pre-requisite for enhancing. Social, economic and climate-resilience benefits. Rural women have unique knowledge, skills and experiences that are critical to promoting sustainable practices and combating the ill effects of climate change. Research also established that rural women farmers, who were formed into groups, are playing a very key role, in conserving biodiversity and protecting ii indigenous crops that are more resilient to erratic climatic variability. They are also often at the forefront in adopting sustainable production methods in farming, energy and water. India is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and significant measures are needed to build climate resilience and assist communities with adaptation. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, out of which 56.6 per cent of the Indian populations are dependents on agriculture (GoI, 2011b). Agriculture in India defines familial tradition, social relations and gender roles. Female in the agricultural sector, whether through traditional means or industrial, for subsistence or as an agricultural laborer, represents a momentous demographic group. Agriculture is directly tied to issues such as economic independence, decision-making abilities, agency and access to education and health services and this manner has created externalities such as poverty and marginalization, and compounded issues of gender inequality. Research shows that ICT as an important tool, in the communication of climate change mitigation technologies to the resource poor farm women. The new and emerging ICTs applied to mitigate impacts of climate change, highlights some smart applications, such as smart grid, mobile phone, ICT-enabled technologies. Among these, mobile phone has emerged as a most powerful, simple tool which can be operated by rural farm women and be empowered by the Climate Smart Agricultural practices with full participation to achieve sustainable development. It is easy to approach women farmers with improved knowledge and practice on sustainable agriculture practices when they are in groups. For the women farmers, it is also easy to come out of their household as the member of a Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGs), who are also part of self-help group in which they share their group identity. Once considered a luxury of the rich, mobile phones are now an everyday gadget for people across the globe. A mobile phone user in India crossed 581 million users in 2014 and has been on a steady rise over the last decade. India is estimated to have over 800 million mobile phone users in 2019. The Smartphone penetration into rural India is growing with around 36 percent of all Indian mobile phone users expected to own a Smartphone. With their mobile phones, the farmwomen can access data and relevant information on climate change, weather, pests and disease control and even access to finance and larger markets. This will help improve production and increase revenue generation for sustainable farming. The present study entitled “Empowering Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGs) on Climate Smart Agriculture through Mobile phone” was carried out in iii Moinabad and Maheswaram Mandals of Ranga Reddy district Telangana State. The study was proposed with the following objectives (i) To assess the knowledge and utilization of ICTs by the farm women (ii) To study the awareness of farm women on climate smart agriculture (iii) To conduct intervention on usage of mobile phone applications for climate smart agriculture among Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGs) (iv) To study the impact of mobile phone applications intervention for climate smart agriculture among the Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGs) (v) To assess empowerment of farm women on climate smart agriculture Experimental research design was adopted for the study. Telangana state was chosen as the locale of the study. A total of 6 villages from Maheswaram Mandal /Block viz., Pendyal, Kalwakole, Ramachandraguda, Dubbacherla and Lillipur and 1 village from Moinabad Mandal/ Block i.e., Tholkatta were purposively selected for the study. Thus a total of 6 villages were selected from two selected mandals. A situational analysis was done with 120 farmwomen who are actively involved in farming, selected randomly. Out of this group, fifteen farm women who are actively engaged in farming, and literate, with access to Smart Mobile Phone were selected from each of the six (6) adopted villages of AICRP on Home Science purposively, totaling 90 members. The independent variables selected for the study were profile characteristics of farm women and profile characteristic of farm women knowledge groups. . The dependent variables selected for the study were knowledge on use of mobile phones, awareness of farm women on climate smart agriculture, knowledge index on climate smart agriculture, empowerment of farm women on climate smart agriculture were studied by using suitable scales. Descriptive analysis, chi-square, ANOVA and paired‘t’ test were used for analyzing the statistical data. More than half percent (57.78%) of farm women belonged to the middle age group i.e. 26-35 year, 37.78% percent had completed their intermediate education and nearly cent per cent (86.67%) of farm women were married while 13.33% percent of farm women were widowed or divorced, highest percentage 91.11% of the farm women were having owned cultivable land with cent per cent of dry lands. Nearly forty per cent 38.89% of the farm women were having medium size of farms in between 3-5 acres of land. Cent per cent (100%) of farm women have knowledge on receiving calls source of SMS received from mobile phones were from relatives (36.67%) and Cent per cent of farm women were having their knowledge on charging, receiving and making calls, iv 82.22 percentage in using calculator, calendar, alarm. Nearly 94.44 per cent of farm women were learning the knowledge about mobiles by attending training programmes reported. Highest percentages (86.67%) of the farm women were not aware of global warming. Cent per cent of farm women were aware, regarding the incidence of increased temperature and change in seasonal climate variations. While nearly cent per cent of farm women responded positively in changing traditional irrigation methods (95.55%) 86.66 per cent responded in changing the use of chemicals pesticides and fertilizers. Awareness of Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGs) on climate smart agriculture revealed that majority of farm women were aware about importance of organic fertilizers (80%) and usage of vermicomposting (13.33%) in soil management, crop rotation (46.67%) and mixed cropping (42.22%) in crop management, farm pond (64.44%) in water management, Hedge Lucerne (15.56%) in livestock management and crop tree livestock system (42.22%) in agro diversification. The of association between age, educational qualification and awareness of farm women knowledge groups on climate smart adaptive strategies i.e., soil, crop, water, livestock and agro-diversification management was found to be non-significant. According to Farm Women Knowledge Groups on adaptive strategies, analysis of variance was performed among village wise overall impact. The ‘F’ value was found to be significant at 0.05 level in soil health test, vermicomposting, super Napier and hedge Lucerne and 0.01 level significance was found in intercropping, drip irrigation system, mulching and non-significant in seed treatment. According to Farm Women Knowledge Groups on adaptive strategies, analysis of variance was performed with mobile phone usage. The ‘F’ value was found to be significant at 0.05 level in soil health test, vermicomposting, drip irrigation, mulching, super Napier and hedge Lucerne and 0.01 level significant was found in seed treatment and intercropping. According to Correlation coefficient between Profile Characteristics of Farm Women Knowledge Groups and Knowledge Index of Farm Women Knowledge Groups on Adaptation Strategies for Climate Smart Agriculture Knowledge had significant positive relation was evident with age, marital status and work experience at 0.05 level of probability and at 0.01 level with education qualification, whereas non-significant relation in case of occupation and annual income.ThesisItem Open Access REATIVE INTERIOR DESIGN INTERVENTIONS USING HANDLOOM PRODUCTS AND ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY) MILCAH PAUL MACHAVARAPU; RADHA RANI, pThe field of interior design and decoration is an ever expanding and a rapidly changing one. Two recent trends in this field is the creation of ‘Sustainable’ or ‘Green’ interiors and ‘Theme based interiors’. One of the ways to incorporate Sustainable quality in interiors is through the use of Handloom materials for interior furnishings. The use of Handloom materials in a theme based approach is an innovative approach and interesting approach along with following the trend. Hence, this study was framed with the following objectives: (1) To explore the handloom products produced for interior design in the selected clusters of Telangana, (2) To study about the consumer preferences regarding interior design products, (3) To design and develop creative themes for interiors using handloom products, (4) To conduct suitable interventions with the developed themes and (5) To elicit the consumers opinion and satisfaction about the interventions conducted. In the first phase, an exploratory research method was adopted. As a part of this, a study was conducted on 90 independent handloom weavers from (1) Kothawada cluster and (2) Kamalapur cluster from Warangal (Urban) district and (3) Siripuram – Yellanki cluster, Yadadri district of Telangana; in order to study the design features of the interior design products manufactured by them. Another study was conducted on 30 consumers from the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Telangana in order to study their preferences regarding interior design products. Later, six theme based interiors i.e., three for residential spaces and three for commercial spaces using handloom products were designed and developed as study interventions. Around 71 products were developed related to six themes. In the second phase, an experimental research method was adopted by conducting a pre - test and post - test with the same 30 consumers involved in the evaluation study by showing them the six existing and modified interior environments which were decorated using the study interventions to study their opinions and satisfaction regarding the environments. Results revealed that the weavers manufactured furnishing fabrics, bedsheets, durries, door mats, hall carpets, bath towels, pillow covers, curtains, cot tape (nawaar), mosquito nets, diwan sets, chair cloth and janamaaz. Cotton, jute, wool, polyester, teri - cotton, mercerised cotton, polyester - cotton yarns were commonly used to make the products. Vat, naphthol, direct, reactive, natural dyes were used. Plain fabrics or fabrics with lines, checks, ethnic, naturalistic, floral, animal and geometric design or motifs were woven using a plain weave. Shades for local markets, tints for exports or a mix of tints and shades were used in double or multi - colour variants. No surface finishes, value addition, standardization marks and care labels were given; and product testing was not done mainly for the products sold in India. Stitching or knotting the raw edges were the product finishing techniques used. Plastic covers, threads and newspapers were some of the packaging materials used. Related to the consumer preferences regarding the interior design products; majority designed their house/ room interiors based on their self - choice using a theme/ colour/ material and changed their interiors once in 5 - 6 years. Majority purchased them only whenever required. Interest to decorate their home was quoted by majority as the reason for changing furnishings and accessories. Majority purchased furnishings at retail/ wholesale stores and accessories at exhibitions. Appearance was the first factor considered for purchase. Living room and master bedroom were giving prime importance during decoration. Majority preferred to spend Rs.20,001 and above for decoration of living room, dining room, master bedroom and children’s bedroom; and lesser amounts for kitchen, master bathroom, children’s bathroom, pooja room, guest bedroom and store room. Majority preferred to spend more amount on furnishings compared to the accessories. They preferred furnishings made from handlooms/ natural/ eco-friendly/ sustainable materials; and traditional artefacts/ antiques and handicrafts for accessories. Heavy, light, smooth, rough, sheer or semi - sheer fabrics were preferred for furnishings. Cotton, silk, satin, brocade, lace, plastic and leather were preferred. White, red, blue, green, yellow, orange, pink, black and brown were some of the colours preferred. Plain fabrics or fabrics with lines or checks or geometric or ethnic or floral motifs/ designs were preferred. For the accessories; glass, plastic, ceramic, metal, fabric/ cloth, stone, wood and paper were the materials preferred. White, red, blue, green, orange, black, cream, grey/ ash/ silver and brown were some of the colours preferred. Accessories which were plain or had lines or geometric or abstract or floral or animal or bird or nature inspired or ethnic designs on them; or which were in that shapes were preferred. Light, medium, dark and bright colour values were preferred for accessories and furnishings. In the evaluation study, the evaluation rating given by the consumers for the different design attributes in all the existing environments ranged between 2.13 to 3.00. For the modified environments designed using the study interventions the rating ranged 4.13 to 4.87. Majority belonged to the category of low satisfaction level for the Existing environments; and to the high satisfaction level for the Modified environments. Among the three interventions developed for the residential spaces; children’s bedroom designed using the theme ‘Rainbow’ gained Rank 1. Among the commercial spaces; Rank I was gained by the guest room which was designed using the theme ‘Etnico’. Among all the six interventions; the first and most preferred one was the theme based interior developed for the children’s bedroom designed using the theme ‘Rainbow’ and the least preferred one was the living room designed using the theme ‘Geometry’. Majority expressed willingness to adopt all six themes in their living spaces; if they owned or given a choice in the case of commercial spaces. The study interventions developed in an innovative theme based approach gave an increased satisfaction to the consumers and will surely motivate the consumers to buy and use handloom products for the decoration of their living spaces andThesisItem Open Access DESIGNING ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS FOR COOKS IN COMMERCIAL KITCHENS(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2016) SHIRIN HIMA BINDU, E.; MAHALAKSHMI V. REDDY, VThe food service industry in India caters to the demands of the consumers by serving a variety of traditional and multi-cuisine foods from across the world. The commercial food service establishments are an important service sector in the Indian economy and have grown strongly in recent years. Food service industry is poised for huge growth creating employment for a large section of population. Due to the demand of supply of food the workers employed in this industry are as well increasing. Commercial kitchens are complex environments where the cooks are exposed to harsh work environment and many work-related hazards that may cause injuries and illnesses that in succession impact their lives, income, and family members. Due to their constant exposure to harsh heat for long hours and exertions of different body parts, most often they struggle with musculoskeletal strain. Most of the aches arise from manual handling of loads, standing for long hours, carrying heavy items or pushing and pulling the object from one place to other, poor posture and repetitive movement of body parts. Such work profiles warrant immediate attention for an in depth ergonomic evaluation for safeguarding productivity and health of the cooks. The present investigation was aimed to explore the variables that contribute towards developing work related musculoskeletal symptoms and occupational hazards among cooks in commercial kitchens and design ergonomic interventions to control and prevent occupational hazards. An exploratory research design followed by action research was adopted. The study was taken up in twin cities of Telangana state Andhra Pradesh namely Hyderabad and Secunderabad. A sample of 90 cooks from restaurants, catering centres and fast food centres, satisfying the selection criteria viz, age above 25 years, a minimum 5 years of work experience were selected using proportionate random sampling technique. xiv The data was collected through structured interview schedule. The questionnaire sought information on general profile of cooks, prevalence, intensity and frequency of the musculoskeletal symptoms, work stress, work place layout, physical work environment and occupational hazards. To assess the indoor air quality parameters, particulate matter was measured by the Environmental meter EVM-7, temperature, dew point and relative humidity was measured using thermo hygrometer, sound was measured using sound level meter and light meter was used to measure the illumination levels. Risk factors associated with upper limb disorders were measured using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique. Statistical analysis of the data was done through frequencies and percentages. Chi-square analysis was computed to understand the association between dependant and independent variables of the study. The general information revealed workers were only men and mostly middle aged. Majority of the respondents had only primary education. Larger proportion of the sample had work experience of 6-9 years. The cooks are involved in the cooking activities for duration of 8-15 hours per day. The findings revealed that there is significant association between age, work duration, dimensions of the commercial kitchen workstations, posture, quality of physical work environment, work place lay out on the musculoskeletal discomforts experienced by the cooks. No significant association was found between musculoskeletal discomforts and literacy levels, marital status of the respondents and work experience. The cooking activities postures as per RULA scale were not ergonomically compatible for the cooks. Particulate matter levels viz., PM10, PM4 and PM2.5 were found to be above the acceptable limits in the selected commercial kitchens. Temperature and relative humidity exceeded the threshold levels and lighting facility was inadequate in all the three cooking environments. The daily noise exposure to cooks and dew point in the working environment is nearer to the maximum permissible limit. Majority of all injuries in three different types of commercial kitchens were burns and scalds followed by repetitive motion injuries and cuts and lacerations. The ergonomic principles were deduced relevant to the work station under study as per the standards and recommendations by various authors to control and prevent the identified risk factors among cooks working in commercial kitchens. Ergonomically designed commercial kitchen layout has been developed and executed with the aim to achieve a work area which creates maximum efficiency and safety to the cooks and keeps wastage of labour, energy and material to a minimum. To mitigate the occupational hazards personal protective aids were designed and developed viz., aprons, elbow caps, anti-fatigue cum anti-skid shoes, cut resistant and heat resistant gloves. These were evaluated by fifteen cooks. The post evaluation results revealed that the developed protective aids was effective in providing thermal comfort, protection against hot surface, steam and hot liquid and reducing the injuries in the existing cooking environment. The study concluded that personal protection aids improved with due consideration to the users’ needs contributed to the comfort in working. The study contributes to improve the occupational well being of cooks who are most important part in food service industry.ThesisItem Open Access Adjustment Patterns Of Adolescents Of A Typical Families(Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University;Hyderabad, 2005) Nurjahan, S.; Mayuri, K.
