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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)
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ThesisItem Open Access ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE WORK ENVIRONMENT IN DURRIE WEAVING UNITS(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) GAYATHRI DEVI, M; VIJAYA LAKSHMI, VHandloom industry is decentralized or unorganized sector and domestic oriented. In India, about 1.30 per cent of the households were engaged in durrie making. Durrie weaving is one of the oldest industries in India and unorganized in nature. A durrie is a smooth, hard, pileless, woven cotton fabric. Durries are produced in almost every state in India like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, UP, and West Bengal. Durrie weaving involves activities like dyeing, yarn winding, warping, setting the warp on the loom, weaving and finishing. Only female workers were involved in yarn winding and finishing. Dyeing was done by male workers and other activities were carried by both genders. Weavers work for long hours in a very small space with minimum ventilation and low lighting levels with awkward postures. Weaving and allied activities are high risk activities and causes musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore the main aim of this investigation was to explore the musculoskeletal issues, postural discomforts and work environment of weavers involved in durrie weaving, to analyze the relationship between work process, work environment and the musculoskeletal issues, to identify the ergonomic needs of weavers and formulating suitable interventions and to study the effect of the interventions on weaver’s performance and occupational health. Study was conducted in Kothawada, Warangal (Urban) district, Telangana. A total of 120 weavers were selected as respondents. An exploratory study was conducted to measure the musculoskeletal discomforts, postural discomforts and visual strain. An experimental study was conducted on a 30 sub sample drawn from the surveyed sample vii to gather information on work environment viz., air quality, temperature, noise, light, weavers health viz., grip strength and lung functioning capacity. Based on the needs of the weavers the interventions like reed frame handle, soft handle ratch, shears, moveable tray and exercises were developed to overcome visual strain and body pain. Interventions were evaluated with 12 respondents for its satisfaction and comfort. General information shown that most of the weavers were men and age of the weavers ranged between 29-51 years. Majority (69%) of the weavers were educated and nearly 31 per cent weavers were illiterate. Most of the weavers belonged to a small family. Monthly income of the weavers between the range of Rs. 3000-6000. Most of the weavers were having membership. Majority of the weavers were getting financial assistance from the government and saving the money under Thrift savings and security scheme. Majority of the weavers were having normal body weight and mesomorph body type. Regarding work details of weavers around 61 per cent of the weavers worked for 6 to 8 hours/day. Nearly 41 per cent of the weavers worked for 21-25 days/month and most of the weavers were having more than 25 years of experience. Three-fourth of the weavers were working as a wage workers. Mostly plain durrie was produced and considerable amount of ikat, shantranji, prayer rugs were also produced. Dyeing and winding activities were mainly done by wage workers and rest of the activities viz., warping, threading the heddles, threading the reed, warp setting and weaving were carried out by the weavers. Majority of the respondents reported muscle pain/discomfort and breathlessness. Most the weavers reported pain in neck, shoulder, lower back and ankles/feet. Regarding visual strain and symptoms tired eyes, head ache, difficulty in focusing a distance, impaired visual performance, eye pain, blurred vision, eye irritation and itching were highly prevalent. Most of the weaver’s working posture has to be changed and need further investigation and the risk of upper distal extremity disorders was high among the weavers. Weavers were having severe problem in expiratory flow rate of lungs and develop breathing problems. Regarding environmental conditions, weavers were working in low lighting. Noise level was within the permissible limit. Both particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 was measured and found that particulate matter was not exceeding the permissible limit. Majority of the weaving workshops required changes in work station and demands further investigation about the ergonomics of weaving workshops. Ergonomic interventions namely reed frame handle, ratch with soft handle, shears and moveable trays were designed and implemented in the weaving workshops. To overcome the visual and body pain ergonomic education booklet was developed and weavers were asked to practice the exercises as per given protocol. Weavers opined that the designed tools were well fitted to the hands, lightweight, easy to operate and helped to maintain comfortable postures. Respondents reported that exercises helped to overcome the visual strain and musculoskeletal pain/ discomfort.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTATION OF CHERIYAL PAINTING TECHNIQUES AND MOTIFS FOR APPLICATION ON INTERIOR FURNISHINGS(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) PAVANI, NUNE; RATNA KUMARI, DCheriyal painting was a fascinating custom of combining a vocal version of stories with accompanying pictures. These paintings painted by local artists are scrolls of Indian mythology, which are used as visual aids by the story tellers (called as ‘Kaki Padagollu’ locally). Earlier, these paintings were used to tell stories, the onslaught of television and cinema in villages has diminished all support. Once several families painted these scrolls, but over the years, due to lack of patronage, painters had taken up other profitable livelihoods. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out with the following objectives: i. To investigate the socio- economic status of Cheriyal artisans and market for Cheriyal Paintings. ii. To explore Cheryial Paintings Technique and motifs for suitability to interior furnishings. iii. To select and adopt suitable techniques and designs on selected interior furnishings and estimate cost. iv. To conduct consumer acceptance study of designed interior furnishings. v. To explore possibilities of enterprise development for designed interior furnishings. Exploratory research design was adopted to explore the Cheriyal artists using case study schedule, to discover painting techniques and motifs and to analyze market status with market survey questionnaire. Experimental research design was assumed to adopt suitable techniques by selecting the motifs with the evaluation of motifs schedule, by fifteen experts. Action research was used to conduct consumer acceptance study of developed interior furnishings with consumer acceptance rating scale by thirty consumers selected randomly. The Village of Cheriyal (native place) and Hyderabad (had huge market for handicrafts) were selected as study areas. Case studies of the artisans revealed that there were only seven families who took Cheriyal paintings as their profession. These artisans use ‘Nakash’ as their surname. There family members are involved in painting and carry out the work together. These artisans’ prepare products like painting frames, scrolls, god idols, masks, pen stands, key chains, specs holders, etc. They mostly sell their products in ‘Golconda Handicrafts’ (Lepakshi earlier), and organizes stalls in the handicraft exhibitions held by the Government and also to their personal clientele. As Cheriyal painting was a unique art form, these artisans’ don’t have any competition in the market. The market survey among the shopkeepers of the handicraft outlets found that out of twenty outlets, only eight sells Cheriyal products. The market of Cheriyal products was average and was declining from last few years. Nakashis are not much aware of consumer’s need to manufacture functional products. Promotional and skill upgrading tricks can be trained to Nakashis to create awareness among consumers were suggested by the Handicraft Shop keepers. Market survey among consumers exposed that out of the thirty respondents only six know about Cheriyal paintings and only two knew about masks. Out of the six, only three had purchased these products. Expensive cost is the main reason for not purchasing the product followed by the nature of the product being only decorative and not functional. Most of the respondents who were not aware of the Cheriyal paintings would like to know about the history of Cheriyal paintings. Out of eleven motifs selected for the study, motifs named Woman with Hay Bundle, Woman with Pot, Man with Dolu, Dolu- Sanayi, Hamsa Vahanam and Pallaki scored high ranks in evaluation by fifteen experts which were further adopted to develop Interior Furnishings which were displayed for consumer acceptance revealed that the cushion covers with Dolu- Sanayi on silk fabric were highly accepted. The study also focused on possibilities of enterprise development with interior furnishings developed by adopting Cheriyal painting motifs. There were many possibilities to develop an enterprise with the developed interior furnishing like a) Establish an enterprise b) Establish an online enterprise c) Networking with fashion designers and interior designers and d) Conducting workshops to the learners.ThesisItem Open Access CREATIVE INTERIOR DESIGN INTERVENTIONS USING HANDLOOM PRODUCTS AND ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) MACHAVARAPU MILCAH PAUL; RADHA RANI, PThe field of interior design and decoration is an ever expanding and a rapidly changing one. Two recent trends in this field is the creation of ‘Sustainable’ or ‘Green’ interiors and ‘Theme based interiors’. One of the ways to incorporate Sustainable quality in interiors is through the use of Handloom materials for interior furnishings. The use of Handloom materials in a theme based approach is an innovative approach and interesting approach along with following the trend. Hence, this study was framed with the following objectives: (1) To explore the handloom products produced for interior design in the selected clusters of Telangana, (2) To study about the consumer preferences regarding interior design products, (3) To design and develop creative themes for interiors using handloom products, (4) To conduct suitable interventions with the developed themes and (5) To elicit the consumers opinion and satisfaction about the interventions conducted. In the first phase, an exploratory research method was adopted. As a part of this, a study was conducted on 90 independent handloom weavers from (1) Kothawada cluster and (2) Kamalapur cluster from Warangal (Urban) district and (3) Siripuram – Yellanki cluster, Yadadri district of Telangana; in order to study the design features of the interior design products manufactured by them. Another study was conducted on 30 consumers from the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Telangana in order to study their preferences regarding interior design products. Later, six theme based interiors i.e., three for residential spaces and three for commercial spaces using handloom products were designed and developed as study interventions. Around 71 products were developed related to six themes. In the second phase, an experimental research method was adopted by conducting a pre - test and post - test with the same 30 consumers involved in the evaluation study by showing them the six existing and modified interior environments which were decorated using the study interventions to study their opinions and satisfaction regarding the environments. Results revealed that the weavers manufactured furnishing fabrics, bedsheets, durries, door mats, hall carpets, bath towels, pillow covers, curtains, cot tape (nawaar), mosquito nets, diwan sets, chair cloth and janamaaz. Cotton, jute, wool, polyester, teri - cotton, mercerised cotton, polyester - cotton yarns were commonly used to make the products. Vat, naphthol, direct, reactive, natural dyes were used. Plain fabrics or fabrics with lines, checks, ethnic, naturalistic, floral, animal and geometric design or motifs were woven using a plain weave. Shades for local markets, tints for exports or a mix of tints and shades were used in double or multi - colour variants. No surface finishes, value addition, standardization marks and care labels were given; and product testing was not done mainly for the products sold in India. Stitching or knotting the raw edges were the product finishing techniques used. Plastic covers, threads and newspapers were some of the packaging materials used. Related to the consumer preferences regarding the interior design products; majority designed their house/ room interiors based on their self - choice using a theme/ colour/ material and changed their interiors once in 5 - 6 years. Majority purchased them only whenever required. Interest to decorate their home was quoted by majority as the reason for changing furnishings and accessories. Majority purchased furnishings at retail/ wholesale stores and accessories at exhibitions. Appearance was the first factor considered for purchase. Living room and master bedroom were giving prime importance during decoration. Majority preferred to spend Rs.20,001 and above for decoration of living room, dining room, master bedroom and children’s bedroom; and lesser amounts for kitchen, master bathroom, children’s bathroom, pooja room, guest bedroom and store room. Majority preferred to spend more amount on furnishings compared to the accessories. They preferred furnishings made from handlooms/ natural/ eco-friendly/ sustainable materials; and traditional artefacts/ antiques and handicrafts for accessories. Heavy, light, smooth, rough, sheer or semi - sheer fabrics were preferred for furnishings. Cotton, silk, satin, brocade, lace, plastic and leather were preferred. White, red, blue, green, yellow, orange, pink, black and brown were some of the colours preferred. Plain fabrics or fabrics with lines or checks or geometric or ethnic or floral motifs/ designs were preferred. For the accessories; glass, plastic, ceramic, metal, fabric/ cloth, stone, wood and paper were the materials preferred. White, red, blue, green, orange, black, cream, grey/ ash/ silver and brown were some of the colours preferred. Accessories which were plain or had lines or geometric or abstract or floral or animal or bird or nature inspired or ethnic designs on them; or which were in that shapes were preferred. Light, medium, dark and bright colour values were preferred for accessories and furnishings. In the evaluation study, the evaluation rating given by the consumers for the different design attributes in all the existing environments ranged between 2.13 to 3.00. For the modified environments designed using the study interventions the rating ranged 4.13 to 4.87. Majority belonged to the category of low satisfaction level for the Existing environments; and to the high satisfaction level for the Modified environments. Among the three interventions developed for the residential spaces; children’s bedroom designed using the theme ‘Rainbow’ gained Rank 1. Among the commercial spaces; Rank I was gained by the guest room which was designed using the theme ‘Etnico’. Among all the six interventions; the first and most preferred one was the theme based interior developed for the children’s bedroom designed using the theme ‘Rainbow’ and the least preferred one was the living room designed using the theme ‘Geometry’. Majority expressed willingness to adopt all six themes in their living spaces; if they owned or given a choice in the case of commercial spaces. The study interventions developed in an innovative theme based approach gave an increased satisfaction to the consumers and will surely motivate the consumers to buy and use handloom products for the decoration of their living spaces and this will offer a three - fold benefit to the consumers, weavers and the environment.ThesisItem Open Access ENTERPRISE VIABILITY AND ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS ON DHOKRA TRIBAL CRAFT(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2018) LOGESWARI, S; MRUNALINI, AIndia is the only country in the world with an unbroken, living vibrant tradition of crafts. Dhokra was one of the traditional 200 years old craft which was found in the tribal belts of Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Orissa, West Bengal and Telangana. This work has good demand both in the domestic and international market due to its aesthetic look and primitive simplicity. Artisans of this craft work hard to sustain their livelihood in the changing socio-economic context of the society. Introduction of ergonomic interventions by enhancing their access to better technologies for improving productivity, development of new designs and new products were considered as promoters of the enterprise viability. Therefore this study was proposed with the following objectives. Objectives 1. To study the enterprise viability of dhokra craft. 2. To study the occupational health and safety of dhokra craft workers. 3. To prioritise and conduct experimental interventions in selected product design and process factors. 4. To study the effect of the interventions on the factors of viability. The study was taken up in tribal villages namely Jamgaon, Ushagaon and Kesalaguda of Adilabad district of Telangana. Exploratory research design was adopted to explore the viability factors viz; enterprise viability, product viability and worker well being of the craft. A pre/post-experimental design was used for conducting and evaluating the effect of interventions. Thirty families comprising of 120 craftsmen were selected by criterion sampling method as sample for the study. An observational enquiry was conducted on thirty sub sample on work environment and workers health. A consumer survey on the product attributes was conducted among sixty consumers to evaluate the product viability of the traditional items belonging to Adilabad and the modernized items from Chattigarh. The interventions on new prototypes of product designs and ergonomic interventions such as 16 modification of tools were introduced to six units for a period of three months. The post intervention data was collected to know the effect of interventions. Dhokra craft at the study area was an age old occupation since 73 per cent of units were established for more than 20 years. It is a household occupation involving all the family members as workers. Majority of the heads of the family were men and they were considered as the entrepreneur. Sixty three per cent of the heads of enterprise were between the age group of 38-56 years. The average Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) for the dhokra craft was 0.62 which explained that the dhokra enterprise was not viable. Age, duration of enterprise and location did not show any variation in BCR. A survey was conducted on product viability of the craft. Literate consumers of above 20 years of age represented the sample for the survey. The awareness of the consumers on dhokra craft product was low. The decorative and personal utility items (jewellery items) scored more than the traditional items. The product attributes score was low in visual appearance, design and art work of the products. Thus, product attributes score and awareness of the craft indicated that dhokra craft products need to be improved in diversification of designs and attributes. As per the occupational health and safety study, the demographic details of the workers revealed that the mean age of the workers was 39 years. Sixty three per cent were illiterate and were earning monthly income of Rs. 3000/- only. Fifty five per cent of them had work experience of more than 20 years. All the workers were habituated to alcohol, paan, gutkha, and smoking. The workers physical status and health revealed that thirty nine per cent of the workers were underweight category according to the BMI, 40 percent of the workers were hypertensive as per blood pressure.Age was not associated with the respiratory health, skin health, and heat stress and eye health level of the workers. The total MSD score for the neck was 8.7 and lower back region was 8.8 which were higher resulting due to the repetitive nature of work. Leg and hand were found as the major affected body parts due to injury. Seventy seven per cent of workers were at medium level and twenty one per cent were found at low level in occupational health and safety status and it did not significantly vary with age and work experience of the workers. The effect of work and work environment on the worker was studied. As per the heart rate of the workers dhokra craft was categorized as sedentary to light work. The mean core body temperature (40.22°C) and mean WBGT (34.3°C) of outdoor activities was higher than the TLV recommended by WHO and ACGIH resulting in heat stress of workers. Suspended particulate matter level was found higher than the CPCB recommended value in smelting and heating of core. During product intervention, 57 prototype designs of three new category of products viz., personal utility (jewellery), decorative and decorative cum functional items were introduced to the artisans through a training programme conducted at the study area. Decorative items were improvised with functionality to improve the value of the products designed. The effect of product interventions revealed that though there was no siginificant difference, a visible increase in the product attributes scores of the modified products was observed when compared with the control (Chattisgarh 17 products). This provided evidence that through product intervention, the Adilabad artisans were able to design products like Chattigarh products which are of good market demand. During process intervention, three tools viz; mechanized blower, long handle tongs and mechanized cleaning tool were introduced as ergonomic interventions for process viability. On introduction of mechanized blower it was found that the heat stress of the workers was reduced. The mean WBGT and the mean core body temperature were at the range of TLV recommendations. The work process time also reduced with the use of mechanized blower and cleaning tool. The musculoskeletal risk of the workers was decreased due to the ergonomic interventions of tools. There was a positive effect due to the process interventions that showed better output and productivity. Overall the study revealed that dhokra craft was suffering for improvement in enterprise viability, increase in product diversification and improvement in work environment for worker well being. The interventions demonstrated a positive effect of all the above factors. The interventions have a greater scope and to be continued in future so that, finally dhokra craft would be demanded in the market and thus result as a sustainable livelihood for the craftsmen.
