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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)
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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN RICE GENOTYPES(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-12) Srikanth, B.; Subrahmanyam, D.Experiments entitled “Physiological basis of nitrogen use efficiency in rice genotypes” were conducted at ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during three seasons of kharif 2019, kharif 2020 and rabi 2021. Investigation was carried out with the objectives of assessment of genotypic variability in NUE and to identify efficient genotypes under field conditions, to identify physiological, agronomical and biochemical characteristics associated with nitrogen use efficiency, to study NUE in terms of uptake, translocation and utilization efficiency and to explore the relationship between NUE and root traits in selected rice genotypes. In the first year (kharif 2019 season) of study, field phenotyping for higher yield under low Nitrogen was undertaken with 307 rice genotypes under 3 N levels (0, 50 & 100 kg N ha-1 ). The genotypes included lines selected from SNP-RDP panel of IRRI and genotypes selected from NICRA and NEWS UK-India projects work. Increased nitrogen application led to a mean significant increase (mean of 307 screened rice genotypes) in plant height, number of tiller hill-1 , days to 50% anthesis, flag leaf length, width, area, thickness and dry weight, specific leaf area, SCMR value, flag leaf N content and grain yield hill-1 , while significant reduction was observed in specific leaf weight. Screening was done on the basis of flag leaf N content and grain yield and the entries BULGARE, LLANERO 501, BLACK GORA, TEQING, GHORBHAI, DD 62, IR-44595, JHONA 349, KIHOGO and ROJOFOTEY 738 performed well under 0 and 50 kg N/ha along with IR-64, MTU-1010, V L DHAN, INDIRA, HEERA, VASUMATHI, BIRUPA, DAYA, VARADHAN, GQ-25, ANJALI and NIDHI with higher grain yield per plant. Depending on the performance in terms of grain yield per plant under low nitrogen and suitable plant traits and availability of sufficient seed, 12 widely adopted varieties IR-64, MTU-1010, V L DHAN, INDIRA, HEERA, VASUMATHI, BIRUPA, DAYA, VARADHAN, GQ-25, ANJALI and NIDH were selected. Based on studies conducted earlier at ICAR-IIRR under NICRA and NEWS India-UK projects, N-22 and TELLA HAMSA were also included for further study. In-depth studies were carried out in kharif 2020 and rabi 2021 with 14 rice genotypes selected and a pot culture experiment was conducted to understand the relationship between root traits and nitrogen use efficiency in selected rice genotypes. Based performance under low N levels and on mean ranks for NUE indices, BIRUPA, INDIRA, HEERA, VARADHAN and VASUMATHI show high nitrogen use efficiency at low nitrogen levels. BIRUPA has exhibited relatively higher flag leaf thickness, chlorophyll b content, stomatal conductance, maximum quantum yield of PSII and 1000 grain weight. INDIRA has showed relatively higher flag leaf area, leaf area index, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content, filled grains per panicle, spikelets per panicle, total dry matter and grain yield. HEERA has showed relatively higher carotenoid content, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. VARADHAN has exhibited relatively higher specific leaf area, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, electron transport rate, total dry matter, grain yield and harvest index, and lowest specific leaf weight. VASUMATHI has showed relatively higher chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content, tiller number, panicle length and total dry matter. In conclusion the results of field and pot culture studies revealed that flag leaf area, flag leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, maximum quantum yield of PSII, electron transport rate (ETR) and radiation use efficiency are some of the important physiological traits influencing the performance of varieties under low nitrogen. Grain yield under low nitrogen is mainly dependent on number of filled grains per panicle, spikelets per panicle, test weight, total dry matter and harvest index and these traits are closely related with high nitrogen use efficiency in rice. Grain yield under low nitrogen supply is closely associated with grain N uptake, straw N uptake, total N uptake, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency of grain and nitrogen harvest index. Results of pot culture study revealed that performance of varieties under low nitrogen supply is dependent on better root system with higher total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, root biomass and root length density. VARADHAN which is having high NUE showed relatively higher values for the above mentioned root traits. Hence, all these parameters need to be improved to achieve higher nitrogen use efficiency in rice.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES FOR SILICA CONTENT AND LODGING RELATED TRAITS OF RICE(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-07-23) Babithraj Goud, G.; Saida Naik, D.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop. Rice is known as a Si accumulator. The lodging resistance of a rice plant could be achieved through a suitable plant height and shorter basal stems. The present study provides details on variations in the silica content in different parts of rice (viz., straw, grain, bran and husk). Reducing the plant height and increasing the culm diameter are the first responsive events of plants to lodging. The present research work entitled “Physiological and Genome Wide Association Studies for silica content and lodging related traits of rice’’ was carried out at ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The detection and mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL’s) for lodging, silicon and yield traits have been looked up on efficient way of improving lodging resistant varieties. A total of 152 germplasm lines were evaluated for lodging, silicon and yield traits in Kharif, 2019 to Kharif, 2020 and for silica traits during Rabi-2019-20 and Rabi- 2020-2021. Traits such as section modulous, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, panicle weight, single plant yield exhibited higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation indicated the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits among the germplasm lines studied. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for days to 50 % flowering, plant height, and number of filled grains during Kharif, 2019 to Kharif, 2020 which indicated the preponderance of high additive gene action involved in governing these traits. Simple and directional selection is sufficient for further improvement. Correlation studies revealed that grain yield per plant recorded significant positive association with traits like days to 50 % flowering, panicle weight, pushing resistance, second flag height, section modulous and silica in grain (endosperm) percentage. Results suggest that, indirect selection for these traits might improve the grain yield. Critical analysis of results obtained from character association and path analysis indicated filled grains per panicle displayed significant positive correlation as well as positive direct effect influence on yield. The positive direct effect of these traits on yield resulted in strong genetic correlation. Hence, due emphasis can be given to these traits in selection criteria to bring improvement in grain yield. Genetic variability indicated that phenotypic and genotypic variation for lodging and silica traits were high for silica in grain percentage, moderate for silica in bran, straw and husk. The silica in grain (endosperm) ranged from (0.513%) (IRRI 105) to (1.707%) (PR 113) with an average of (0.947%) during kharif 2019. While, in kharif 2020 a mean value of 0.933% and with range from 0.45% (IR13A294) to 1.59% (PR 124). The silica in bran exhibited a range from (1.133%) (SWARNA SUB1) to (2.443%) (IRRI 193) with an average of (1.765%) during kharif 2019, Whereas, in kharif 2020 a mean value of (1.805%) and ranged from (1.06%) (IR 52) to (2.55%) (CO51). Silica in straw exhibited to range from (5.117%) (CR DHAN 202) to (14.37%) (IR15A1533) with an average of (10.492 %) during kharif 2019. Similarly, in kharif 2020 a mean value of (10.38%) with a range from (4.89%) (CR DHAN 202) to (14.29%) (IR15A1533). The silica in husk exhibited to range from 12.98% (IR 8) to 25.16% (IRRI 141) with an average of 18.534% during kharif 2019. While in kharif 2020 a mean value of (18.483 % and ranged from 11.97% (IR 8) to 25.81% (IRRI 141). Genome wide association study through (GAPIT) revealed total number of nucleotides present in the DNA of germplasm lines of rice which is 2,67,992. In the whole genome, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine accounts for 24.53 %, for 22.59 %, 21.67 % and for 19.44 % respectively. Highest number of single nucleotide changes occurred from G to A (18.63%) respectively followed by C to T (16.52%), A to G (15.41%), T to C (13.63%), C to A (5.14%), G to T (4.46%), A to C (4.36%), T to G (4.33%), C to G (1.01%), A to T (1.16%) and G to C (0.68%). The total numbers of SNPs which were used for GWAS across the genome detected were 3,944. 72 germplasm lines were genotyped using Illumina rice 7K Chip, International Rice Research Institute. The genotypic data and phenotypic data have been used for genome wide association studies in GAPIT v.3 programme and the population structure analysis using STRUCTURE 2.3.3 revealed that these germplasm lines were stratified in to five sub-populations. GWAS using GAPIT, a total of 27 novel QTLs were identified out of it 19 novel QTLs for lodging traits, 7 novel QTLs for yield and 1 novel QTLs for silica traits were identified. Others included one QTL (qDFF9) for days to 50% flowering on chromosome 9, one novel QTL qTNT7 for total number of tillers per plant on chromosome 7, one QTL qENT7 for effective number of tillers per plant on chromosome 7, one QTL qNFG3 for number of filled grains per panicle on chromosome 3 and two QTLs qPL11, qPL12 for panicle length on chromosome (11and12). One QTL for panicle weight qPW12 on chromosome 12 and for silicon content one QTL were identified on chromosome 1 (ie: silica in brain percentage qSIBRP1). Moreover, for lodging related traits a total of 19 QTLs on chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4,7, 8, 9, 12) (qSM1, qSM1-1, qSM1-2, qSM2, qSM2-1, qSM3, qSM4, qSM4-1, qSM4-2, qSM7, qSM8, qSM8-1, qSM8-2, qSM8-3,qSM9, qSM9-1, qSM12, qSM12- 1, qSM12-2) were identified. The identified QTLs are directly applicable for introgression during marker assisted selection and the present work forms a valuable platform and long-term collective effort to discover valuable genes from the germplasm collection for the genetic improvement of lodging, silicon and yield traits. Further, the study provides a direction for breeding efforts in the selection of parents from the current germplasm collection with potential for novel QTLs for lodging, silicon and yield traits.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT TRAIT IN RICE(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-22) Mahesh, G.; Ramesh, T.Asia, Africa and South America possess rice genotypes that have the lowest protein content (4-8%) despite show food sufficiency. Only 20% of the world people have access to nutritious diet. Protein energy malnutrition approximately affects 230 millions of children in developing countries, towards achievement of the objective a field experiment entitled “Physiological and molecular characterization of grain protein content trait in rice” was conducted with 144 germplasm lines. Experiment was conducted at ICAR-IIRR, ICRISAT and PJTSAU farms, Hyderabad, during Kharif’ 2019 & Rabi’ 2019-20. 6 high grain protein content (HGPC) and 5 LGPC lines were selected and sown in Kharif, 2020. 20 lines had plant height in the range of 90-100cm, which has been considered as ideal height of new plant type. JAK686 has stay green type character (SCMR-HT =21.48) and minimum days to 50% flowering (64 days) with high protein content (12.68%). JAK396 has maximum leaf area index (6.62). JAK594 can be utilized as donor for development of lodging resistant genotypes because of its maximum stem girth (2.03 cm). JAK257-2 had maximum flag leaf area (FLA) (56.18 cm2 ) and flag leaf fresh weight (FLFW) (0.83g). JAK389, JAK10 and JAK688 recorded maximum yields of 28.25 (70.62q ha-1 ), 28.19 (70.47q ha-1 ) & 27.94 (69.85q ha-1 ) g plant-1 respectively. JAK688 a high yielder has high protein yield (69.85q ha-1 ), GPC (12.12), aspartate (13.31 g 100-g protein), threonine (6.87 g 100-g protein), alanine (6.13 g 100-g protein), Tyrosine (17.14 g 100-g protein), cysteine (8.49 g 100-g protein), methionine (9.52 g 100-g protein) and glutamate content (31.88 g 100-g protein). 11 lines shortlisted were sown in Kharif, 2020 out of which six genotypes showed high grain protein content (HGPC) viz.,JAK47 (12.06%), JAK713 (12.69%), JAK71 (14.08%), JAK686 (14.19%), JAK16 (15.63) and JAK75-2 (16%) and five genotypes showed low grain protein content (LGPC) viz., JAK390 (6.44%), JAK46 (7.19%), JAK145 (7.27%), JAK354 (7.94%) and JAK392 (8.88%). Rice grain showed variation for albumins (2.8-5.5%), globulins (12.6-17.8%), prolamins (6.3-11.9%) and iv glutelins (66.9-77.1%). JAK47 a high GPC line contain minimum glutelin (66.91) and maximum prolamin (11.90%) content and JAK354 has low protein and low glutelin among 11 lines studied. Correlation analysis revealed that the milled grain protein content has significant positive correlation with prolamin content (0.549), SCMR values (0.545), leaf translocated nitrogen (0.516), stem translocated nitrogen (0.769). Whereas LAI (- 0.427), days to 50% flowering (-0.618), FLFW (-0.514), Number of panicles (-0.58), number of grains (-0.55), milling% (-0.59), HRR% (-0.71), stem dry weight (-0.50), stem C:N ratio and leaf C:N ratio have significant negative correlation with grain protein content.The total amino acid content was higher in HGPC genotypes (JAK 16, JAK 47, JAK 71, JAK 75, JAK 686 and JAK 731; 112.44 g) as compared to the LGPC genotypes (JAK 46, JAK 145, JAK 354, JAK 390 and JAK 392; 90.19 g). 5 high GPC lines viz., JAK713 (117.67 cm), JAK71 (117.83 cm), JAK686 (120 cm), JAK75-2 (125.3 cm) and JAK47 (134.47 cm) had plant height in the range of 110 to 130cm, which suit escape submergence under deep water conditions. 3 high GPC lines viz., JAK713 (1.69 cm), JAK47 (1.61 cm) and JAK71 (1.55 cm) had maximum stem girth with on par values. These lines may be utilized in development of high GPC lines with lodging resistance. Marker-trait association analysis identified a total of 04 significant marker-trait associations (RM125, RM171, RM542, RM552) for gel consistency with R2 of 0.035%. Cluster analysis revealed that all high grain protein content genotypes were grouped into cluster X (12.66) followed by II (9.78), IX (9.57) and I (9.50). As per the PCA variables plot four traits viz., leaf dry weight, flag leaf area, leaf area index and stem girth contributed maximum variations in PC1, Four genotypes in PC1 and three genotypes in PC2 contributed to the maximum genetic diversity. GPC and SPY are dominating in PC2 and PC13 respectively. Among 144 genotypes studied, 19 lines were found with stable milled rice grain protein content of ≥11.5% in two seasons. Among 19 lines, maximum yields were recorded in JAK688 (28.5 & 27.4 g plant-1 ) and JAK713 (21.12 & 19.95 g plant-1 ) which genotypes also possessed 10 and 7 desirable traits respectively. JAK 686 genotype exhibited the highest aspartate (13.31 g 100-g protein), threonine (6.87 g 100-g protein), alanine (6.13 g 100-g protein), Tyrosine (17.14 g 100-g protein), cysteine (8.49 g 100-g protein), methionine (9.52 g 100-g protein), histidine (8.99 g 100-g protein) Isoleucine (7.93 g 100-g protein) and glutamate content (31.88 g 100-g protein) and also contained 6 desirable desirable GPC and yield related traits. JAK16 genotype exhibited with highest phenyl alanine and lysine content (2.91 & 5.61 g 100-g ) with 5 desirable quality traits. Such genotypes viz., JAK713, JAK688, JAK686 and JAK16 with superior quality, morpho physiological and yield traits can be utilized in future breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF RICE GENOTYPES FOR THE DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY TO PHOTO AND THERMO PERIODS(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-07-01) Bhavana, S.; Ramesh, T.The recently released cultivars by Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) are already in seed chain. However, the farmers are reporting about their differential response at different places in terms of duration, growth and yields. Though these cultivars were released as photosensitive and insensitive types from the research centers, their strength and degree of sensitivity to photoperiod can vary. Therefore, the present study was aimed to standardize the degree of sensitivity to different growing environments. The present investigation entitled “Characterization of rice genotypes for the degree of sensitivity to thermo and photo periods” was conducted at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the year 2018-2019. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with six cultivars as main treatments Viz., WGL 24071, IR-64, JGL 3844, JGL 3855, JGL 11470 and RNR 15048 and twelve different dates of sowing as sub plot treatments and the experiment was replicated four times. Studies on phenology showed significant variation among the cultivars across the dates of sowing. Based on the PSP (Photoperiod sensitive phase) calculation, all the cultivars under the investigation were reported to be photoperiod sensitive. The range in the difference of growth duration i.e., for the days to Panicle initiation (PI), 50% Heading (HD) and Physiological Maturity (PM) across the dates of sowing lead to the classification of six cultivars into three photoperiod sensitive categories Viz., strongly sensitive (JGL 11470 and JGL 3855), moderately sensitive (JGL 3844 and RNR 15048) and weakly photoperiod sensitive (WGL 24071 and IR-64). All the cultivars triggered panicle initiation and put forth flowering irrespective of the dates of sowing. On basis of correlation study between the temperatures and duration at different pheno phases, RNR 15048 was found to be sensitive to mean maximum and mean temperatures, as all the pheno phases recorded significant and negative correlation values. Similarly, Cv. RNR 15048, JGL 3855 and JGL 11470 were sensitive to mean minimum temperatures, as all pheno phases except P2 recorded significant and negative correlation values. When the pheno phases were compared, it can be deduced that P5 (PI to PM) phase was sensitive to mean maximum temperatures for all the cultivars while, P1, P4, P5 and P6 phases were sensitive to mean minimum and mean temperatures. Based on the correlation value (r), Cv. WGL 24071 was found to be sensitive to mean maximum and mean temperatures; and Cv. JGL 3844 was sensitive to mean minimum temperatures, while Cv. JGL 11470 was weakly sensitive to all temperature variations (Viz., mean Maximum, mean Minimum & Mean temperatures) as it recorded the minimum correlation values. Correlation studies between the prevailed mean maximum temperatures and biomass stated that, the Cv. WGL 24071 & JGL 3844 were sensitive, while Cv. RNR 15048 was insensitive to mean maximum temperatures with respect to biomass accumulation. All the cultivars under study have recorded non-significant correlation values for the mean minimum and mean temperatures in relation to the biomass accumulation stating, that the prevailed mean minimum and mean temperatures showed no effect on the biomass accumulation across the pheno phases Statistical analysis on morpho-physiological parameters, growth parameters, yield attributes and yield, among the cultivars across different dates of sowing showed significant interaction effect. Sowing date D1 (20th June’2018) and Cv. JGL 3855 were found to be the best combination treatments to attain maximum yields. Further, the interaction studies revealed that the Cv. JGL 3855, JGL 11470 and RNR 15048 to be better performing, followed by were Cv. JGL 3844 and IR-64 as moderately performing and Cv. WGL 24071 as least performing. The association of specific weather parameter on the performance of the cultivar in terms of growth parameters were studied by a simple correlation analysis between the various weather parameters (Viz., temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours, wind pressure, evaporation rate, Growing Degree Days (GDD), Helio Thermal Units (HTU) and Photo Thermal Units (PTU) and growth parameters (Viz., tiller count, Leaf Area Index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield) for each cultivar individually, across the pheno phases. Correlation analysis revealed the significant effect of each weather parameter at each growth phase for the growth parameter under concern among the cultivars. Further, multiple regression studies carried out for each cultivar showed, the percentile effect of weather parameters on the performance of growth parameter at different pheno phases. These multiple regression equations were developed to identify the suitable areas to be recommended for cultivation of different cultivars under investigation. The calibration using DSSAT CERES-RICE model resulted in development of genetic coefficients for each cultivar across the dates of sowing. Further, the d-Stat and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) values in validation analysis revealed that the model could simulate the anthesis date, physiological maturity date and yield across the different dates of sowing for the cultivars JGL 3844, JGL 3855 and JGL 11470. However, the model could not simulate the yield values for certain dates of sowing in the cultivars RNR 15048, WGL 24071 and IR 64ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF RASTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA IN TELANGANA STATE.(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-01-07) RAJASHEKAR, B; SUDHA RANI, VThe present study entitled ‘A Study on Critical Analysis of Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana in Telangana State’ is taken up. Three districts were selected randomly i.e Adilabad district from northern Telangana zone, Mahaboobnagar district form southern Telangana zone and Warangal urban district from central Telangana zone. From each district 80 respondents from agriculture and allied sectors were selected randomly. A total of 240 respondents selected randomly. Interview schedule was used for data collection and was analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. Salient findings of the study are, most of the respondents were middle aged, had primary level education, had small farm size, low farming experience, medium extension contact, information seeking behaviour, farm mechanization status, achievement motivation, risk orientation and had high innovativeness and subsidy orientation and had low level of socio political participation. Findings with respect to documentation Telangana state Rs. 536.74 crores were utilized for implementation of various projects and interventions in agriculture and allied sectors i.e., agriculture mechanization, crop development, horticulture, sericulture, animal husbandry, innovative programmes, fisheries, cooperatives, integrated pest management, seed, fertilisers and integrated nutrient management, extension, marketing and post-harvest management, non-farm activities, information technology, research (agri/horti/animal husbandry etc), natural resource management, micro/minor irrigation, organic farming, bio fertilizer, dairy development etc. In the study area Rs. 3997.661 lakhs were utilised for implementation of agriculture farm mechanisation, horticulture veterinary and fisheries interventions in field level and covered 1,53,358 farmers. Findings with respect to attitude majority of the respondents had favourable attitude towards RKVY components / interventions. Whereas majority of the respondents had medium level of utilization of various components / interventions under RKVY. In case of gain in returns most of the respondents belonged to medium level of gain in returns after utilization of interventions under RKVY and significant difference was there at 1 per cent level of probability between the attitude, extent of utilization and gain in returns. Findings with respect to mechanism of planning most of the respondents had medium level of stakeholder participation and low level in activities conducting for preparation of plans. Correlation analysis indicated that profile characteristics of education, farm size, farming experience, trainings received, extension contacts, innovativeness, farm mechanization, risk orientation and subsidy orientation had a positive and significant relation on attitude, extent of utilization and gain in returns. Mechanism of planning influenced by preparation of village, black and district level plans through extension personnel and so, that government should recruit adequate staff and facilitate resources for effective preparation of plans. The major problems elicited by the respondents were less knowledge on preparation of plans and its benefits, delay in distribution of inputs, inadequate staff in various levels in concern departments, lack of coordination among the extension official’s selection of beneficiary is time taking, lack of proper documentation on preparation of plans at various level The major suggestions offered by the respondents were departments should organize awareness programmes, group discussion and meetings in various levels in district and extension personnel should maintain regular contact with farmers and provide proper information, departments should follow the eligible criteria in selection and distribution of the inputs, increase the staff strength in various levels in departments concerned by regular recruitment, government should release funds in time with proper planning and departments should conduct the training programme on documentation process. Planning stage Department of Agriculture and allied sectors should create awareness on importance of preparation of plans in various levels in the district by organizing group meetings and awareness programmes for extension personnel and villagers involving SHGs, NGOs, voluntaries of NSS, local institutes and students of nearby educational institutes can also be utilized. Department of Agriculture and allied sectors should focus on capacity building of extension personnel by conducting training programmes on preparation of village and black plans by conducting PRA, SWOT analysis and identification of core areas with the help of technical experts and departments should inform to extension personnel well in advance and facilitates resources. Government related Government should recruit sufficient staff for effective planning and execution of RKVY activities by avoiding work load with non technical works and Government should follow proper timeline for preparation of plans Implementation stage Departments should strictly follow the guidelines in selection of beneficiaries and distribution of inputs to avoid local powerful people interference, timely provision of good quality seeds and availability of appropriate inputs. Departments officials should conduct regular review meetings on both physical and financial to cross check the activities as per the plans for reducing delaying of implementation of plans. Departments should document the entire process from farmers participation in preparation of plans and distribution of inputs to the farmers and government related Government should release the funds in time for timely distribution of inputs to the farmers for reducing delay of funds and input distribution and Government should strictly follow the guidelines to avoid diverting of the funds for other purposeThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL STUDY ON STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS OF MARKET LED EXTENSION IN TELANGANA(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-01-07) VINOD KUMAR, T; SREENIVASULU, MThe present study entitled “A critical study on stakeholder analysis of Market led extension in Telangana” was undertaken to assess the Knowledge level, Role perception and Managerial ability of stakeholders of Market led extension with the following objectives; to study the knowledge level of stakeholder, to assess the perception of stakeholder about their role in market-led-extension, to study the managerial ability of stakeholder for Market led extension, to find out the association between selected profile characteristics with knowledge level, role perception and managerial ability of stakeholder towards market-led-extension, to identify the factors influencing the managerial ability and obtain their strategic suggestions for enhancing the market led extension activities and to formulate an appropriate strategy to scale up Market led extension activities. Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the study. The State of Telangana was selected purposively. Northern Telangana Zone was selected purposively for current study because more number of APMCs were present in Northern Telangana and they were in functional stage compare to central and south Telangana zones. 12 districts comes under Northern Telangana zone, from this, 7 districts were selected randomly. Out of 7 districts from each district 2 APMCs were selected randomly, total 14 APMC were selected for the current study. Two villages from each district were selected randomly based on the location of APMC in the district. The list of villages within the 15 km and 15 to 20 km of radius were separated under each APMC and out of them one from each APMC were randomly selected. Thus 14 villages were selected for the study. The respondents were selected randomly based on the location of APMCs in the particular district. For the selection of respondents Multi stage random sampling method was used. From each district 20 farmers, 5 APMC office bearers, 5 Agricultural officers and 5 Traders. Thus a total of 140 farmers, 35 APMC office bearers, 35 Agricultural officers, 35 Traders were selected as respondents for the study. The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of the farmers: majority of the farmers were medium (69.28%) to young (15.72%) age group with high school level of education (22.14%), having marginal size (49.29%) of land holding, low level of farming experience (44.29%), low level of social participation (61.43%), low annual income between Rs. 21000-75667 (62.14%), low level of training (87.14%), low cropping intensity (46.43%), moderate market distance category (56.43 %), high level of marketable surplus (97.30%), high level of marketed surplus (86.49 per cent), medium level of mass media exposure (55.72%), low use of information sources (50.00), low extension contact (50.00), low extension contact (50.00) and low interpersonal relationship (55.00%). Majority (15.00%) of the farmers cropping pattern was cotton – maize and majority (82.86%) of the farmer’s source of information on marketing was local traders and commission agents. The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of the APMC office bearers: majority (65.72%) of the APMC office bearers were 45 to 54 years of age with Under graduation (82.86 %), having medium work experience (51.43%), medium level of social participation (57.14 %), low annual income between Rs. 354000 – 596000 (51.43%), medium level of training (65.72%), short market distance (60.00%), high level of mass media exposure (42.86%), medium use of information sources (60.00%), medium extension contact (45.71%), medium interpersonal relationship (57.14%). Majority of APMC office bearers’ source of information on marketing was mobile apps (97.14%). The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of the AOs: majority (54.29%) of the AOs were 36 to 45 years of age with Under graduation (80.00 %), having low work experience (85.71%), medium level of social participation (71.44 %), low annual income between Rs. 528000 – 672000 (65.71%), medium level of training (77.14%), short market distance (71.43%), medium level of mass media exposure (68.57%), medium use of information sources (51.43%), medium extension contact (60.00%), high interpersonal relationship (45.71%). Majority of AOs source of information on marketing was mobile apps (97.14%). The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of the Traders: majority (51.43%) of the Traders were 36 to 45 years of age with Intermediate (37.14 %), having low work experience (57.14%), low annual income between Rs. 720000 – 960000 (45.71%), medium level of training (57.14%), short market distance (68.57%), medium level of mass media exposure (65.71%), medium use of information sources (54.28%), low extension contact (45.71%) and medium interpersonal relationship (62.86%). Majority (54.28%) of the farmers, APMC office bearers (48.57%), AOs (57.14%) and traders (40.00%) had medium level of knowledge about market led extension. Majority (65.00%) of the farmers reported with low level of role perception, majority (45.71%) of the APMC office bearers had low level of role perception, more than half (57.14%) of the AOs had medium role perception and majority (45.72%) of the Traders had low role perception in market led extension. Majority (32.86%) of the farmer had medium Managerial ability, majority (37.14%) of the APMC office bearers had low Managerial ability, majority (42.86%) of the AOs had medium Managerial ability and majority (34.29%) of the Traders had low Managerial ability for market led extension. The results of correlation between the profile characteristics of farmers and knowledge level about Market led extension indicated that the variables such as Farming experience, Training received, Interpersonal Relationship Mass media exposure and Extension contact found to be positive and significant relationship with knowledge level about Market led extension. The variable i.e. Market accessibility had negative and significant relationship with knowledge level about Market led extension. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was carried out between profile characters of all the stakeholders with their Knowledge level, Role perception and Managerial ability. The obtained R2 (Co-efficient of multiple determination) Values of farmer profile characters with their Knowledge level, Role perception and Managerial ability were 0.545, 0.601 and 0.574 respectively. Regard to APMC office bearers the R2 values were 0.582, 0.780 and 0.702. Subject to AOs the R2 values were 0.572, 0.717 and 0.639. In case of Traders the R2 values were 0.541, 0.627 and 0.585. Unavailability of inputs at right time (95.71%) and Lack of adequate extension support and technical guidance in recommended practices (93.57%) were major technical factors influencing the farmers managerial ability for Market led extension. Ensure timely availability and adequate quantity of quality inputs by the Government’ and Conduct field visits regularly by the AOs, AEOs and scientists of KVK and provide technical guidance to the farmers were major suggestions given by the farmers to overcome technical factors. Under the Market factors, higher market price fluctuations/ non-remunerative prices/Less profit due to low market price and Lack of minimum physical facilities / market infrastructure facilities at APMC were major factors expressed by the respondents. Suggestions under the Market factor ‘Government should establish the cold storages besides the APMCs so when the price was low, he can store his crop produce. Or provide pledge finance on crop produce to the farmers and Create market infrastructure facilities/ Develop infrastructure on the basis of requirement at APMC.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS AND ZINC FOLIAR SPRAY(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) NAGESHA, B.V; RAMESH, TAn investigation entitled “Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different nitrogen levels and zinc foliar spray” was conducted at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for two seasons during kharif and rabi seasons, 2018. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications and three rice genotypes as main treatments and six nitrogen levels and zinc application as sub treatments. In the present investigation, among the genotypes Telangana Sona (G3) and fertilizer treatment application of 25 % higher than RDN + 0.5 % ZnSO4 foliar spray (N5) has recorded significantly higher values for morpho-physiological parameters such as number of tillers m-2 (371), LAI (5.13), CGR (28.24 g m-2 day-1 ), SCMR (41.7) and photosynthetic rate (23.9 µmol CO2 m -2 s -1 ). Enzymes activity was maximum at vegetative stage and their activity showed decreasing trend towards reproductive stage. NR (0.42 µmol NO3 - reduction hr-1 g -1 FW), GS (3.99 µmol glutamine formed min-1 g -1 FW), GOGAT (4.51 µmol min-1 g -1 FW) enzymes were significantly affected by various nitrogen levels and zinc application among genotypes. GS and GOGAT activity is one of the selection criteria to identify nitrogen use efficient cultivars and their use in developing genotypes for high NUE. Nitrogen content in different parts of plant such as leaf, stem and grain was significantly increased with increased application of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer. Nitrogen content in leaf was maximum at flowering stage (0.91 %) and thereafter showed decreasing trend towards harvest stage in all the genotypes indicating the remobilization of nitrogen to grains at harvest. Telangana Sona (G3) and fertilizer application of 25 % higher than RDN + 0.5 % ZnSO4 foliar spray (N5) has significantly influenced number of panicles m-2 , spikelet panicle-1 , grains panicle-1 , number of filled grains panicle-1 , filled grain percentage, lowest spikelet sterility. Spikelet sterility and number of unfilled grains panicle-1 were minimum in this treatment. Highest grain yield of 5419 kg ha-1 was obtained in Telangana Sona (G3) with application of 25 % higher than RDN + 0.5 % ZnSO4 foliar spray (N5). This indicated that this genotype results in higher nitrogen use efficiency and harvest index. Maximum yield here can be attributed due to maximum SCMR (41.7), photosynthetic rate (23.9 µmol CO2 m -2 s -1 ), number of productive tillers (371), panicles m-2 (371), grains panicle-1 (364), higher filled grain percentage (83.89 %) and lower spikelet sterility (14.3 %). Quality parameters such as amylose (28.3 %) and proteins content (9.8 %) were also significantly affected by nitrogen and zinc application. Correlation and path analysis revealed the importance of SCMR, photosynthetic rate, GS and GOGAT activity, N uptake, number of productive tillers, number of panicles, spikelet sterility % and NUE were the most important characters contributing towards grain yield. Therefore, the cultivars with high uptake efficiency could reduce the losses of N and facilitates increased N uptake in turn increase the NUEThesisItem Open Access PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC STUDIES FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2018) GOUTHAMI, P; RAMESH, TWater Use Efficiency (WUE) is especially an important physiological trait which is influenced by many other complex traits. WUE is the strategy where, the crop can produce more biomass under limited supply of water. Therefore, breeding for high WUE can ameliorate water shortage through saving irrigation water. Hence, the present study has been undertaken with the objective of identifying chromosomal regions/QTLs that regulate the water use efficiency and co-inheritance of traits in castor F2 mapping population. Two elite castor genotypes viz., PCS-106 and PCS-345 having contrastingcharacters for drought tolerant were crossed to develop F2 mapping population. This population was screened for water use efficiency related traits viz., leaf area, SLA, RWC, SPAD, Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, intrinsic and extrinsic WUE traits. A total of 400 F2 generation derived from a cross between PCS-106 and PCS-345 was used to screen for various physiological traits. Among the 400 F2 population, 254th line has reported superior traits included less leaf area and SLA, high RWC and greening index, high intrinsic WUE with maximum seed yield and TDM. The line 181 has recorded low leaf area and high greening index, low stomatal conductance with maximum no of spikes and no of capsules per spike. Low leaf area and SLA and high leaf RWC with maximum seed yield and no. of spikes were observed in superior 149 line. The F2 generation derived from a cross between PCS-106 and PCS-345 was used to map QTLs governing water use efficiency and related traits. These two parental varieties were screened for parental polymorphism using 38 EST microsatellite markers. Of these, 12 microsatellite markers showed polymorphism (31.57%). QTL mapping was carried out employing Single marker regression analysis, which showed leaf area, stomatal conductance and intrinsic WUE were governed by QTL closely associated with RcDES596 marker. Whereas SLA, transpiration rate and extrinsic WUE were controlled by QTL positioned closely to marker RcANGRAU43, indicating the contribution of SLA, leaf area, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to WUE. Correlation studies showed Pn has significantly correlated with gs (0.604**), T (0.691**), WUEi (0.225*), WUEe (0.359*) and Fv/Fm (0.321*). And RWC has shown a significant positive correlation with WUEi (0.139*). Significant positive correlation of SCMR and Photosynthetic rate with 100 seed weight (0.112*) and seed yield (0.214*) shows contribution of these traits in economic seed production. The characters like Leaf area, SLA, RWC, Pn, gs, T, WUEi, WUEe and fluorescence with significant genetic variability and heritability (>75%) were of special interest as they will be less influenced by environment and phenotypic selection for improvement of these characters would be effective. However among the Yield related traits, seed yield/ plant was significantly correlated with no. of spikes, effective spike length, no. of capsules/spike and 100 seed weight. The result of the study suggests that the no. of spikes and no of Capsules/Spike can be used as selection criteria as they have both higher heritability (0.66 and 0.83 respectively) and Genetic advance (44.34 and 59.17 respectively). Large genotypic variation available in the working population for WUE and related physiological traits related to drought tolerance can be utilized for applied breeding programmeThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HIGH TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE IN RICE IN RELATION TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2017) RAMESH, RClimate change associated phenomenon especially high temperature has become an important constrait for rice production. To develop high temperature tolerant rice genotypes, thorough understanding of genetics, biochemical and physiological processes hasbecome essential for identification and selection of traits and to enhance tolerance mechanism.The experiments were conducted at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during kharif, 2012-13 and 2013-14. Twenty two rice genotypes were evaluated for their thermo tolerance using a novel techniqueviz., Thermo Induction Response (TIR).Among the evaluated genotypes, only one genotype IET-21415 was identified with high level of thermo tolerance in terms of higher seedling survival percent and no reduction in root and shoot growth. Crop phenology,morphological, physiological traits, reproductive characters and yield components were significantly affected by the high temperature stress and such affects varied in rice genotypes. Under high temperature stress crop duration was reduced to a maximum in IET-22116(134 days), while it was minimum affected in N-22(118 days). Physiological traits viz., SCMR and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly affected by high temperature stress over control (normal temperature).IET-22218(1.11),US382(1.05), IET-21577(0.84), PA-6444(0.85),IET-22100(0.25)and KPH-2(0.25) exhibited superior chlorophyll fluorescence compared to other genotypes under high temperature stress conditions. Of the gas exchange parameters measured, photosynthetic rate was found to decline while transpiration rate showed increase under high temperature stress.Maximum photosynthetic rates were observedin IET-21582(19.6) and IET-21515(17.3)compared to other genotypes under high temperature stress conditions. Reproductive traits such as pollen viability, stigma exertion and spikelet fertility were significantly affected by high temperature stress conditions. The genotypes which were found superior in term of pollen viabilitywere PHB-71, PR-113, IET-21582and IR64.Spikelet fertility % was more in N-22, IET-22116,PR-113 and PA-6129genotypes, IET22116 and DRRH-3 were found superior for stigma exertion.The genotypes which had higher values for pollen viability, spikelet fertility, stigma exertionand panicle number recorded higher grain yield were N-22(7927 kg ha-1) and IET-22116(6338 kg-1). The temperature acclimated plantscompared to non-induced showed higher peroxidase (24.37μmol H2O2 reduced min-1 g-1 protein), super oxide dismutase (31.63U/Min/gm fresh weight proteins) and catalase activity (24.97μmol H2O2 oxidized min-1g-1 protein) Temperature had positive significant correlation with SCMR values, spikelet fertility. It recorded negative significant correlation with leaf dry weight, total dry matter, pollen viability, stigma exertion, spikelet sterility and 1000 grain weight.Grain yield registered positive significant correlation with panicle dry weight, total dry matter, chlorophyll fluorescence, stigma exertion, spikelet fertility panicle number, grain number and harvest index under elevated temperature. Hence, these characters could be considered as criteria for selection for higher yield. The rice genotypes viz., N-22, IET-22116, IET-21515, IET-22100, IET-21582 and IET-21415 have been adjudged as tolerant to elevated temperature stress conditions from panicle initiation to physiological maturity.PA-6201, IR-64, IET-22218, LALAT and PHB71 have been considered as thermo sensitive.
