Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)

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Open Access
NUTRIENT AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SEMI DRY RICE FOLLOWED BY ZERO TILLAGE MAIZE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM FOR CENTRAL TELANGANA ZONE
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-03) Naganjali, K.; Vani, K. P.
A field investigation was carried out during kharif and rabi of 2016-17 and 2017- 18 entitled ‘Nutrient and weed management practices in semi dry rice followed by zero tillage maize based cropping system for central telangana zone’ at College Farm, Agricultural College, Aswaraopet in sandy clay loam soil. The experiment consisted of three nutrient management practices as main treatments {M1: 100% RDF, M2: 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost and M3: 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM} and four weed management practices as sub treatments {S1: Control, S2: Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb Hand weeding @ 20, 40 DAS, S3: Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Early Po Emg.) fb (Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 62.5 g a.i ha-1 + 2,4 – D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) at 35 - 40 DAS and S4: Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 25 g ha-1 + 2, 4-D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) + HW @ 50 DAS} which was replicated thrice. During rabi, maize was grown under zero tillage in sequence to semi dry rice and followed similar nutrient treatments to that of semi dry rice i.e. {M1: 100% RDF, M2: 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost and M3: 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM} and weed management practices {S1: Control, S2: Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 + Paraquat 24% SL @ 0.6 kg a.i ha-1 fb 2,4 – D @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 at 25 DAS, S3: Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha 1 fb (Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 ) at 25 DAS and S4: Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 at 15 DAS fb intercultivation / HW @ 35 DAS – Farmer’s Practice} were imposed in maize as sub plot treatments in split plot design. The field trial was taken up to evaluate and suggest suitable nutrient and weed management practice for semi dry rice followed zero tillage maize cropping system. There was significant improvement in growth characters like plant height, tillers m-2 , no. of leaves hill-1 , dry matter and leaf area index with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost of nutrient management and at par with 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM in semi dry rice. Yield attributing components viz., number of panicles m-2 , panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains panicle-1 and number of filled grains panicle-1 and yield were significantly higher with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost while lesser values of the above parameters were obtained with 100% RDF treatment. On contrary to the crop, density of diverse weeds (broad leaved weeds, grasses and sedges) and weed dry matter were found minimum with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost. Nutrient uptake by rice crop was significantly higher and lower nutrient removal by weeds was noticed with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost, in contrast to higher nutrient uptake by the weeds under 100% RDF. However, 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost recorded higher values with respect to gross and net returns, energetics (energy output, net energy, energy efficiency, energy productivity) and soil available nitrogen. Nutrient management practices did not exert any significant influence on B-C ratio and soil physico-chemical properties except soil available nitrogen. Among weed management practices imposed to kharif rice, S4 i.e. Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 25 g ha-1 + 2, 4-D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) + HW @ 50 DAS significantly enhanced growth parameters like plant height, tillers m-2 , no. of leaves hill-1 , leaf area index, dry matter, yield parameters such as no. of panicles m-2 , panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains panicle-1 , number of filled grains panicle-1 , yield (grain and straw) and uptake of nutrients by the crop. Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 25 g ha-1 + 2, 4-D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) + HW @ 50 DAS significantly lowered the density of broad-leaved weeds, grasses, sedges, total weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and nutrient removal by weeds and thereby improved weed control efficiency. Higher weed density and weed dry matter was registered with control. Energetics (energy output, net energy, energy efficiency and energy productivity) and economic returns (gross and net) were higher with Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 25 g ha-1 + 2, 4-D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) + HW @ 50 DAS. Even though higher yield and high gross returns were obtained with S4, B-C ratio earned was higher with S2 [Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb Hand weeding @ 20, 40 DAS]. There was no substantial impact of weed management on soil physico-chemical properties except for soil available nitrogen. During rabi in zero till maize, significantly higher plant height, dry matter production, no. of leaves plant-1 , leaf area index was obtained with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost (M2) and was at par with 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM (M3). Similar trend of enhanced yield components viz., no. of grains row-1 , no. of grain rows cob-1 , total no. of grains cob-1 , cob weight, cob yield and grain and stover yield of maize were noticed with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost in contrast to 100% RDF. Density of weeds (broad-leaved, grasses, sedges and total density), weed dry weight and nutrient removal by weeds had shown significant reduction with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost however, nutrient removal by weeds in 100% RDF (M1) treatment was high. Subsequently, nutrient uptake by crop, economics (gross and returns) and energy parameters (energy output, net energy, energy efficiency, energy productivity) in zero till maize were maximum with 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost. Effect of nutrient management on B-C ratio and soil physico-chemical properties was non significant, except for soil available nitrogen. In zero till maize, S4 i.e. Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 at 15 DAS fb intercultivation / HW @ 35 DAS – Farmer’s Practice registered significantly lower weed density, dry matter and nutrient removal by weeds which was evident by recording higher growth characters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake by crop and at par with S3 [Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 fb (Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 ) at 25 DAS]. Lower values of growth and yield attributes were observed by control along with higher values of weed density and dry matter of weeds. Higher gross and net returns were fetched with S4 [Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 at 15 DAS fb intercultivation / HW @ 35 DAS – Farmer’s Practice] nevertheless, higher B-C ratio was obtained with Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 fb (Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha 1 ) at 25 DAS {S3}. Gain in energetics and soil available nitrogen was also observed with Topramezone @ 0.03 kg a.i ha-1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 500 g a.i ha-1 at 15 DAS fb intercultivation / HW @ 35 DAS – Farmer’s Practice. None of the weed treatments had shown any significant influence on soil physico-chemical properties. Interaction effect of nutrient and weed management practices on few growth, yield parameters and grain yield of semi dry rice was found to be significant. Treatmental combination of M2S4 recorded significantly higher values of no. of tillers m-2 , dry matter production, no. of panicles m-2 , grain yield and nitrogen uptake by crop. While, density of weeds, weed dry matter, nitrogen and potassium uptake by weeds registered minimum with M2S4 [75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost and bispyribac sodium 10% SC @25 g ha-1 (Pre-Emg.) fb (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 25 g ha-1 + 2, 4-D 80% WP @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 ) + HW @ 50 DAS]. In semi dry rice – zero tillage maize cropping system, the factors like energetics, economics (gross and net returns), soil health (available N) and system productivity were found to be enhanced.
Open Access
OPTIMIZATION OF IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION SCHEDULING IN HIGH DENSITY COTTON-SWEET CORN PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND VALIDATION OF FAO AQUA CROP MODEL
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-03) Lavanya, N.; Laxminarayana, P.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif-summer 2019-2021 on sandy loam soil at college farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar entitled “Optimization of irrigation and fertigation scheduling in high density cotton-sweet corn production system and validation of FAO aqua crop model” with an objective to study the effect of different irrigation, fertigation schedules and their interaction on the growth, yield, water productivity and quality of highdensity cotton-sweet corn production system, to calibrate and validate FAO aqua crop model to simulate the yield in high density cotton- sweet corn production system under different irrigation levels and to workout the economics of the cropping system. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Twelve treatment combinations were taken with three drip irrigation levels [irrigation scheduled at 0.6 (I1), 0.8 (I2) and 1.0 Epan (I3) throughout the crop growth period] and four fertigation levels [application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1), application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2), application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3) and application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4)] .The experimental soil was slightly alkaline in reaction (7.5) and non-saline (0.27 dSm-1 ), moderately slow in infiltration (5 mm hr-1 ), moderate in saturated hydraulic conductivity, low in organic carbon content (0.44 %), low in available nitrogen (187.5 kg ha-1 ), high in available phosphorous (64.3 kg ha-1 ) and high in available potassium (334.2 kg ha-1 ). The initial and final plant population as well as growth parameters, initiation of phenological phases, physiological parameters of cotton were not significantly influenced among different irrigation levels. Similarly, yield attributes, seed cotton yield, stalk yield, lint yield, harvest index and quality parameters were also remained statistically on par with irrigation levels during kharif cotton season. Among four fertigation levels, application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) recorded higher growth parameters, physiological parameters, yield attributes, seed cotton yield, stalk yield and lint yield over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and were on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). While F3 was again on par with F2. However, the number of monopodial branches plant, onset of different phenophases, canopy temperature depression, soil temperature , test weight and harvest index and quality parameters were not significantly differed among fertigation levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by cotton as well as gross returns, net returns of cotton were not significantly influenced among irrigation levels. However, higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded with application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and were on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). Nutrient uptake by F3 was also on par with F2. The physico-chemical properties, post-harvest nutrient status of soil and B:C ratio were not significantly influenced by either of the individual factors. Under irrigation levels tested the total ETc varied between 448.9 to 454.1 mm and 435.1 to 442.9 mm, while among fertigation levels, total ETc varied between 441.8 to 462.0 mm and 428.7 to 449.9 mm respectively. Water productivity and crop water use efficiency were not significantly differed among irrigation levels. While among four fertigation levels higher water productivity and crop water use efficiency are recorded with application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and was on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). While F3 was again on par with F2. The explained total variation (R2 ) in seed cotton yield was 95 and 89 % in linear nitrogen and potassium production function during 2019 and 2020. The initial and final plant population of high density sweetcorn was not significantly influenced by drip irrigation, fertigation levels. Irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves plant-1 , dry matter production, lesser number of days to onset of phenological phases like 6 th leaf stage, 50% tasseling, 50 % silking, higher physiological parameters viz., leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf weight, crop growth rate, relative growth rate when compared to 0.6 and 0.8 Epan. Higher canopy temperature depression and lower soil temperature were observed under irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan when compared to 0.6 and 0.8 Epan. Yield attributes like number of cobs plant-1 , cob length, cob girth, cob weight plant-1 and number of kernels cob-1 , green cob yield, green fodder yield and crude protein content were significantly higher under irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan over 0.8 and 0.6 Epan. Among four fertigation levels, application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) recorded higher growth parameters, physiological parameters, yield attributes, green cob yield, fodder yield and crude protein over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and were on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). While F3 was again on par with F2. However, the canopy temperature depression and soil temperature were not significantly differed among fertigation levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by sweetcorn, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio in sweetcorn were significantly higher under irrigation at 1.0 Epan over 0.6 and 0.8 Epan. Higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded with application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and were on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). Nutrient uptake under F3 was again on par with F2. The physico-chemical properties and post-harvest nutrient status of soil were not significantly influenced by either of the individual factors. Under irrigation levels tested in sweetcorn the total ETc varied between 191.3 to 306.7 mm and 175.0 to 267.3 mm, while among fertigation levels, total ETc varied between 186.1 to 286.6 mm and 204.5 to 247.0 mm respectively. Water productivity and crop water use efficiency were significantly higher at 0.6 Epan over 1.0 and 0.8 Epan. While among four fertigation levels higher water productivity are recorded with application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and was on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). Water productivity under F3 was again on par with F2. While crop water use efficiency remained unaffected among fertigation levels. The explained total variation (R2 ) in green cob yield was 77 % in linear equation during 2020 and 2021 and was 78 and 79 % in quadratic equation during 2020 and 2021. Physical optimum is at water level of 594.6 and 469.5 mm with yield of 13393 and 12752 kg ha-1 during 2020 and 2021 respectively. Whereas, economic optimum was at water level of 585.7 and 464.6 mm with yield 13389 and 12749 kg ha-1 during 2020 and 2021 respectively.The explained total variation (R2 ) in cob yield was 88 % and 86 % in linear equation for both nitrogen and potassium during 2020 and 2021. Significantly higher system gross returns, system net returns, system B:C ratio, system profitability and system productivity were obtained under irrigation at 1.0 Epan over 0.6 and 0.8 Epan. Higher system gross returns, system net returns, system B:C ratio, system profitability and system productivity were recorded with application of 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) over application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) and application of 100 % RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F2) and were on par with 125 % RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). The land use efficiency was 73.9 % and 70.1 % during 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively. Aqua crop model was evaluated and obtained satisfactory results with R2 of 0.94 and 0.90, RMSE and MAE of 0.13 and 0.11 between simulated and observed seed cotton yield with an error % of 5.7 to 6.1 % and 4.7 to 5.5 % during calibration and validation. While in sweetcorn, R2 of 0.99 and 0.99, MAE and RMSE of 0.22, 0.24 and 0.24, 0.40 between simulated and observed dry cob yield with an error % of 1.8 to 6.4 % and 4.8 to 7.8 % during calibration and validation.
Open Access
SOWING DATES AND INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF SUPER EARLY PIGEONPEA AND ITS SEQUENCE CROPS IN SOUTHERN TELANGANA ZONE
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-07-02) Parimala Kumar, M.; Suneetha Devi, K. B.
A field experiment entitled “Sowing dates and integrated nutrient management effects on productivity of super early pigeonpea and its sequence crops in Southern Telangana Zone” was conducted during kharif and rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool, Southern Telangana Agro Climatic Zone of Telangana State. The soil of experimental site was sandy clay loam with pH 6.7, electrical conductivity 0.34 dSm-1 , medium organic carbon (0.52%), low available nitrogen (201.3 kg ha-1 ) and medium phosphorus (16.7 kg ha-1 ) and high in potassium (309.4 kg ha-1 ). In kharif, crop was sown with three sowing dates as main treatments i.e., M1 (1st July), M2 (20th July) and M3 (10th August) and four integrated nutrient management practices as sub treatments viz., S1: 75 % RDF, S2: 75 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia (1 tonne ha-1 ), S3: 100 % RDF and S4: 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia (1 tonne ha-1 ) in strip plot design with three replications. In rabi season groundnut, maize and sorghum were sown as sequence crops succeeding pigeonpea in three sowing dates were considered as main treatments in rabi season i.e., M1: After harvest of July1st sown pigeonpea (10th November), M2: After harvest of July 20th sown pigeonpea (1st December) and M3: After harvest of August 10th sown pigeonpea (20th December). The residual effects of INM treatments imposed in kharif pigeonpea were considered as sub plots and three sub-sub xv treatments viz., C1: Groundnut C2: Maize and C3: Sorghum. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design replicated three times. In kharif season in two years of field study and in pooled data, out of the three sowing dates of super early pigeonpea July 1st (M1) witnessed higher growth parameters viz., plant height, leaf area and dry matter production, physiological parameters like crop growth rate, relative growth rate, growing degree days, heliothermal units and photothermal units as well as yield attributes number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds per pod-1 and 1000 seed weight which consequently resulted in highest seed, stover yield as well as gross returns and net returns and BC ratio compared to July 20th (M2) and August 10th (M3) sowing dates. Among integrated nutrient management practices, pigeonpea crop applied with 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1 tonne ha-1 (S4)recorded greater plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, leaf area, number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 and 1000 seed weight, as well as grain yield, straw yield, gross returns, net returns and BC ratio compared to other integrated nutrient management practices during both the years and in pooled analysis. The similar trend was found in nutrient uptake by plants, soil nutrient availability and bacterial population in the soil. During 2018-19 and 2019-20, growth parameters of rabi groundnut viz., plant height, dry matter production and leaf area as well as yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 , number of kernels pod-1 , 100 kernel weight (g), shelling per cent, pod yield, haulm yield, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns and BC ratio were significantly higher with November 10th sown (M1- after harvest of July 1st sown pigeonpea) compared to other two delayed sowings (December 1st and December 20th) with regard to various residual integrated nutrient management practices application of 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1 tonne ha-1 (S4) to pigeonpea recorded the highest plant height, dry matter production, leaf area at early stages of the crop and yield attributes viz., number of pods plant 1 , shelling per cent, pod and haulm yield, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns and BC ratio compared to other residual INM practices i.e., S3, S2 and S1. Likewise, in maize, all the growth attributes (viz., plant height, leaf area, dry matter production and yield attributes (viz., number of rows cob-1 , number of kernel row-1 , girth of cob, length of the cob and 100-seed weight) grain, stover yield, nutrient uptake, gross, net returns and BC ratio were higher with November 10th sowing (M1- after harvest of July 1st sown pigeonpea) among sowing dates and with residual effect of 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1 t ha-1 (S4) among INM practices. In sorghum, all the growth attributes (viz., plant height, leaf area, dry matter production and yield attributes (viz., number of primary branch head-1 , number of grains primary branch-1 , girth of ear head, length of the ear head and 1000 grain weight) grain, stover yield, nutrient uptake, gross, net returns and BC ratio were higher with November 10th sowing (M1- after harvest of July 1st sown pigeonpea) among sowing dates and with residual effect of 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1 t ha-1 (S4) among INM practices. xvi In the sub sub plots, comparison of succeeding crops (groundnut, maize and sorghum) to pigeonpea were evaluated based on pigeonpea equivalent yield and system economics and revealed that higher pigeonpea equivalent yield, system gross returns and net returns were obtained with groundnut but benefit cost ratio was significantly higher with maize. Production efficiency, productivity, profitability and relative economic efficiency of the system was significantly superior with July 1st sown pigeonpea followed by groundnut sown on November 10th (M1) and with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1 tonne ha-1 (S4) to pigeonpea. Hence, from the two years of research experiment it is concluded that sowing of super early pigeonpea on July 1st with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM enriched with microbial consortia @ 1tonne ha-1 succeeded by groundnut crop sown on November 10th with residual effect of INM package applied to pigeonpea can be recommended for higher growth, yield parameters, yield, system gross and net returns, production efficiency and profitability of the cropping system but the benefit cost ratio may be higher with pigeonpea – maize cropping system.
Open Access
PRECISION WATER AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN AEROBIC RICE (RABI) UNDER DRIP SYSTEM
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-21) Bhavana, B.; Laxminatayana, P.
A field experiment entitled “Precision water and nitrogen management in aerobic rice (rabi) under drip system” was carried out during rabi, 2020-21 and 2021-22 with an objective to optimize water and nitrogen level using precision tools for aerobic rice at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experimental site was clay loam in texture, moderately alkaline in pH (8.22), non-saline in reaction (0.23 dS m-1 ), low in organic carbon content (0.46%), low in nitrogen (184.2 kg ha-1 ), medium in phosphorus (33.4 kg ha-1 ) and high in potassium (482.7 kg ha-1 ). The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Treatments included three precision irrigation management methods- {I1 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system); I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) and I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)}} and four precision nitrogen management practices- N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha 1 )}; N2 {Green seeker (Optical sensor) based N application}; {N3 (LCC based N application) and N4 (No Nitrogen)} The highest initial and final plant population m-2 was recorded in surface irrigation (upto saturation) with recommended practice of nitrogen application. However all treatments were non significant to each other. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter production and number of tillers m-2 were highest in I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} which was at par with I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) at all stages of crop growth. Lowest growth parameters were noticed with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system). Whereas greater values of above parameters under nitrogen management were recorded with N3 (LCC based N application) which was on par with N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha -1 )}, while lowest was recorded with N4 (No Nitrogen). Days to 50 % flowering was not significantly affected by precision water and nitrogen management practices. However, I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} and N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 )} took more time for flowering. Root parameters like root dry weight and root volume were recorded significantly higher in I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system), while significantly lowest was observed with I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)}. Whereas nitrogen management treatments did not differ significantly among themselves with respect to root parameters, but were significantly higher than N4 (No Nitrogen), however higher values were recorded with N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 )}. On contrary, canopy and soil temperature were recorded highest with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system), while lowest was found with I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)}. Nitrogen management did not affect canopy temperature but significant differences were recorded with soil temperature, where highest was found with N4 (No Nitrogen) and lowest with N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 )}. Photosynthetic parameters like photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic efficiency and radiation use efficiency were significantly highest with I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} which were at par with I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) at all stages of crop growth, while lowest was noticed with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system). Nitrogen management treatments, did not differ significantly among themselves with respect to Photosynthetic parameters, but were significantly higher than N4 (No Nitrogen), however higher values were recorded with N3 (LCC based N application). Yield attributes like length of panicle, panicle weight and test weight were not significantly influenced by precision water and nitrogen management practices. While, others such as, no of panicles m-2 , filled grains panicle-1 and total grains panicle-1 were significantly higher in I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} treatment and were at par with I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system), while lowest were noticed with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system). Nitrogen management treatments, did not differ significantly among themselves with respect to yield attributes, but were significantly higher than N4 (No Nitrogen), however higher values were recorded with N3 (LCC based N application). Lowest sterility percentage was recorded with I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} and N3 (LCC based N application) under water and nitrogen management practices respectively. I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} treatment recorded significantly higher grain and straw yields which was at par with I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system), while lowest was noticed with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system). The yield advantage under raised beds was about 11.2 per cent over flat beds. Nitrogen management treatments did not differ significantly among themselves with respect to grain and straw yield, but were significantly higher than N4 (No Nitrogen), however higher values were recorded with N3 (LCC based N application). The percentage of ‘N’ saving under precision nitrogen management treatments, N3 (LCC based N application) and N2 {Green seeker (Optical sensor) based N application} was to the extent of 8.4-20.9 % and 8.4-16.7 % respectively compared to recommended practice. Yield advantage with LCC based N management was about 2.5-4.2 % compared to N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)- (120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 )}. The lowest grain and straw yield were observed with N4 (No Nitrogen). The harvest index was not significantly influenced by precision water and nitrogen management practices. Quality parameters like hulling, milling, HRR and broken grain percentage were not significantly influenced by irrigation management practices. Whereas nitrogen management treatments influenced head rice recovery and broken grain percentage. N3 (LCC based N application) treatment recorded highest HRR and lowest broken grains percentage. The physico-chemical properties and post-harvest nutrient status of soil (except available nitrogen) were not significantly influenced by irrigation and nitrogen management practices. Highest available nitrogen was recorded with N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)- (120:60:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 )} and lowest with N4 (No Nitrogen). Uptake of N, P and K was recorded higher with I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} and N3 (LCC based N application) under irrigation and nitrogen management practices, respectively. While lowest was noticed with I1 treatment (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system) and N4 (No Nitrogen). Similarly, NUE indices viz., partial factor productivity (PFP) and partial nutrient balance (PNB) were significantly influenced by irrigation and nitrogen management practices with the highest being recorded in I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} and N3 (LCC based N application) under irrigation and nitrogen management practices, respectively. Significant differences were observed in IUE under nitrogen management with highest and lowest being registered under N4 (No Nitrogen) and N2 (Greenseeker based N application) respectively. I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) recorded highest water use efficiency, lowest crop evapotranspiration and Kc values consuming least irrigation water. While I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} recorded lowest WUE, highest ETc and Kc values indicating consumption of highest irrigation water. Crop ET and Kc values showed increasing trend with each additional dose of nitrogen from N4 to N1 under nitrogen management practices during both the years. Water saving by using drip irrigation was about 27.2-30.1 and 32.9-35.0 % over surface irrigation and conventional irrigation, respectively. Highest gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were observed in I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)} which was statistically at par with I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system). Whereas nitrogen management treatments did not differ significantly among themselves with respect to economics, but were significantly higher than N4 (No Nitrogen), however higher values were recorded with N3 (LCC based N application). Comparative results of aerobic rice with conventional rice have shown that conventional transplanted rice though it recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters like plant height, drymatter, panicles m-2 , filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield, aerobic rice shown superior performance of water use efficiency which saved about 33-35 % irrigation water. Interaction effect of irrigation and water management practices on drymatter accumulation at harvest stage and grain yield was found to be significant. Treatmental combination of I3N2 (Surface irrigation with Green seeker based N application) recorded higher values of drymatter and grain yield. While lowest values were recorded with I1N4 (DRIP irrigation in Flat bed system with No Nitrogen application). From this study, it can be concluded that, drip irrigation at 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system along with LCC based N application was found to be economically viable management practice with highest net returns, B:C ratio, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in aerobic rice.
Open Access
PERFORMANCE OF WET SEEDED RICE UNDER VARYING LEVELS OF ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IRRIGATION REGIMES AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RABI SEASON
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-11-10) Prathap Reddy, N.; Vidya Sagar, G. E. CH.
A field experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil at College Farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telanagana during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 to study the “Performance of wet seeded rice under varying levels of alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes and weed management practices in rabi season”. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two factors viz., irrigation regimes (I1 : Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing), I2: AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water, I3: AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and I4: AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water) as main plots and other weed management practices (W1: Control (unweeded check), W2: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE, W3:Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and W4: Weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) as sub plot treatments. Weed parameters viz., density of grasses, sedges, broad leaved weeds, total weed density and weed dry weight were recorded at periodical intervals. Weed indices (weed control efficiency, weed index, agronomic management index, weed management index and crop resistance index) were calculated. Nutrient removal (N, P and K removal) by weeds were recorded and calculated at periodical intervals. Growth parameters viz., plant height, tillers m-2 , leaf area, dry matter production were measured at periodical intervals. Likewise yield attributes viz., number of panicles m-2 , panicle weight, no. of grains panicle-1 , no. of filled grains panicle-1 , panicle length, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were determined at harvest. Water use studies viz., applied water, effective rainfall, total applied water, water use efficiency were measured. Nutrient uptake at harvest (grain and straw) were recorded and expressed as total N, P and K uptake. Economics (cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio) and energetics (net energy, energy intensiveness, energy productivity and energy ratio) were worked out. The data generated on various aspects in this study on response of wet seeded rice to different alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes and weed management practices were analyzed thorough standard statistical methods and logical conclusions were drawn. Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) noticed significantly higher plant height, tillers m-2 , leaf area and dry matter production and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices at 30 DAS significantly higher plant height was achieved in weed free and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE and pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl(5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Significantly higher plant height, tillers m-2 , leaf area and dry matter production at 60, 90 DAS and harvest were noticed in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. No. of panicles m-2 , no. of grains panicle-1 , no. of filled grains panicle-1 , panicle length, panicle weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were significantly higher in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Test weight was not influenced by irrigation regimes. Among weed management practices, no. of panicles m -2 , no. of grains panicle-1 , no. of filled grains panicle-1 , panicle length, panicle weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were significantly higher in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Test weight was significantly higher in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). Lower yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were recorded under Control (unweeded check). Nutrient uptake (N, P and K) at harvest was significantly higher in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices, significantly higher nutrient uptake was recorded in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Weed density, weed dry weight was significantly higher in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water and the lower weed density and weed dry weight was recorded in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing). With respect to herbicides application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS resulted in significantly lower weed density and weed dry weight. Weed indices viz., weed control efficiency and crop resistance index was higher and weed index was lower in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing). Agronomic management index and weed management index was higher in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water during 2020-21. During 2021-22, agronomic management index and weed management index was higher in AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices, lower weed density and weed dry weight was resulted in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). The higher weed control efficiency, was recorded under weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) followed by pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Higher agronomic management index, weed management index, crop resistance index and lower weed index was noticed in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Among irrigation regimes, nutrient removal was higher in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water and lower nutrient removal was recorded under farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing). Among weed management practices,nutrient removal was lower in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and higher nutrient removal was recorded in Control (unweeded check) Soil pH, EC, OC, available N, P and K was not influenced by irrigation regimes and weed management practices. Soil dehydrogenase and soil urease activity were significantly higher in Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. The lower was recorded in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices, at panicle initiation, Weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35, and 55 DAS with line weeding) resulted in significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity. With respect to the herbicide application Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS resulted in higher soil dehydrogenase activity and it was on par with Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE. Significantly higher soil urease activity at panicle initiation were noticed in Weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) followed by Control (Unweeded check). The lower soil urease activity was recorded in W2: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE and it was on par with W3:Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl(5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Net energy and energy ratio was significantly higher in famers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Higher energy productivity was resulted in famers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water and AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water. Significantly higher energy intensiveness was recorded in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. The lower net energy, energy productivity, energy ratio and energy intensiveness was recorded in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices significantly higher net energy, energy productivity and energy ratio were recorded in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). With respect to herbicide application higher net energy, energy productivity and energy ratio were recorded in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS resulted in significantly higher energy intensiveness and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE and lower was recorded in Control (unweeded check). Cost of cultivation and gross returns were higher in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and lower in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Net returns and B:C ratio was higher in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water and lower net returns and B:C ratio was recorded in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices higher cost of cultivation, gross returns were achieved in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and lower cost of cultivation and gross returns was achieved in Control (unweeded control). With respect to herbicide application higher gross returns were achieved in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Significantly, higher net returns was achieved under pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and it was on par with weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE during 2020-21 and in 2021-22 the significantly higher net returns was achieved under pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and it was on par with weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). The significantly higher B:C ratio was achieved in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE. Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) resulted in higher total water applied followed by AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water, AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Higher effective rainfall was recorded in alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes and lower effective rainfall was recorded in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing). Significantly higher water use efficiency was achieved in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water and it was on par with AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices, significantly higher water use efficiency was resulted in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha -1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. The lower water use efficiency was recorded in Control (unweeded check). From the above results it can be concluded that among irrigation regimes, farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) resulted in higher growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Lower weed density and weed dry weight were noticed under farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing). Net returns, B:C ratio and water use efficiency was higher in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices lower weed density, weed dry weight was achieved in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) followed by pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Growth, yield attributes, yield, water use efficiency were higher in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and it was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha -1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Net returns and B:C ratio was higher in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha -1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS
Open Access
PADDY RESIDUE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN SUCCEEDING ZERO TILL MAIZE - GREENGRAM SEQUENCE
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-22) Rajitha, G.; Padmaja, B.
A field experiment entitled “Paddy residue management options in succeeding zero till maize - greengram sequence” was conducted during rabi and summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 under different residue management practices and fertilizer levels at Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The soil was sandy clay loam in texture and slightly alkaline (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.38%) and available nitrogen (145 kg ha -1), medium in available phosphorus (38 kg ha - 1) and high in available potassium (277 kg ha -1) with EC of 0.191 dS m-1 . The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with eight residue management practices viz., burning of residue before sowing (in-situ) (R1), surface retention of residue (R2), removal of residue before sowing (R3), residue incorporation at 15 DAS (R4), incorporation at 15 DAS + SSP equivalent to ‘P’ dose (R5), spraying consortia of decomposers at 10% of residue weight + surface retention (R6), spraying consortia of decomposers at 10% of residue weight + incorporation at 15 DAS (R7), spraying consortia of decomposers at 10% of residue weight + incorporation at 15 DAS + SSP equivalent to ‘P’ dose (R8) and three fertilizer levels viz.,75 % RDF (F1), 100 % RDF (240: 80: 80 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha -1) (F2) and 125 % RDF (F3). All the treatments were replicated thrice. Paddy crop was raised during the kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021, and the straw produced (6.5 and 7.1 t ha -1 , respectively) was utilized for treatment imposition. The consortium of decomposers consisted of Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerochetae spp. Plant height of maize was not significantly affected by residue management practices. With regard to fertilizer levels, 125 % RDF resulted in taller plants followed by 100 % RDF and 75 % RDF. The interaction effect was found to be non-significant. Among the eight residue management practices evaluated, growth characters of maize i.e., leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production (DMP) at harvest were higher with incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP but not significantly influenced at 30 and 60 DAS. Lower values of these growth parameters were obtained with removal, in-situ burning, retention and retention + consortia. Plant population and height were similar across the residue management practices. Significantly taller maize plants with higher leaf area index and dry matter production were registered with 125 % RDF compared to other two levels. The interaction indicated that LAI and DMP were higher under incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP in combination with 125 % RDF. Similar trend was noticed in crop growth indices viz., crop growth rate and leaf area duration while net assimilation rate was not influenced by the fertilizer levels. Significantly higher values of yield attributes viz., number of cobs plant -1 , number of kernels cob -1 , cob length and cob girth were recorded with consortia + incorporation + SSP in combination with 125% RDF, while no difference was observed with number of kernel rows cob -1 , 100 kernel weight and harvest index for the two factors as well as their interaction. Significantly higher kernel and stover yield was found with incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP along with 125 % RDF which was on par with 100% RDF and 75% RDF during both the years (2020-21 and 2021-22). NPK uptake by maize and soil available nutrients were significantly higher with incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP among different residue management practices. With respect to fertility levels, higher uptake was registered with 125 % RDF while lower uptake was found with 75 % RDF. The soil C:N ratio was higher in residue incorporated plots (R4, R5, R7 and R8) at 30 DAS compared to removal (R3), burning (R1) and retention (R2) but by 60 DAS, the difference narrowed down in R7 and R8 and at 90 DAS, it was below 30:1 in all the treatments which indicates the mineralization. Similar trend was noticed during both the years. Supply of 125 % RDF along with consortia + incorporation + SSP lowered the C:N ratio of the soil. Soil moisture content was significantly higher with retention while minimum soil moisture content was observed with in-situ burning. Reverse trend was observed with soil temperature. Incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP along with 125 % RDF significantly registered higher bacterial and fungal population as well as higher soil dehydrogenase activity at 50 % flowering and at harvest of maize during both the years. Higher economics (gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio) and energetics (energy ratio, net energy, energy productivity and energy profitability) of maize cultivation were obtained with the treatment consortia + incorporation + SSP along with 125% RDF while minimum values were registered under removal with 75 % RDF which was on par with in-situ burning with 75 % RDF, retention with 75 % RDF and retention + consortia with 75 % RDF during both the years of experiment. There was significant residual effect of paddy crop residue management and fertilizer levels as well as their interaction on growth, yield and yield parameters of greengram viz., plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, seed yield, halum yield, number of pods plant -1 , pod length and number of seeds per pod -1 . Incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP along with 125% RDF registered significantly higher values of these parameters. Crop growth indices viz., crop growth rate and leaf area duration followed the similar trend. NPK uptake by greengram was significantly higher with incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP among residue management practices and 125 % RDF. Soil available nutrients after the harvest of greengram also followed similar trend. Soil C:N ratio was narrowed down due to incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP as compared to mere incorporation among different residue management practices. 125 % RDF registered lower C:N ratio among fertility levels. On interaction, lower C:N ratio observed under incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP and application of 125 % RDF. Soil moisture content and soil temperature were not significantly affected due to different residue management practices and fertilizer levels during summer seasons of both the years. Higher microbial population (bacteria and fungi) and enzyme activity (dehydrogenase) was registered with incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP along with 125 % RDF which was in equivalence with 100 % RDF. The soil physico-chemical properties viz., pH, EC, OC, bulk density, infiltration rate and water holding capacity after the harvest of maize and greengram were not altered due to residue management, fertility levels and their interaction. Significantly higher monetary returns and energetics were accrued with the incorporation of residues treated with consortia and SSP along with the application of 125 % RDF which was on par with 100 % RDF. Maize equivalent yield, system productivity, system profitability, system economics and system energetics of maize-greengram sequence was significantly influenced by the interaction of residue management and fertilizer levels during two years of experimentation (2020-21 and 2021-22). Significantly higher system indices were found with incorporation of residues treated with consortium and SSP along with 125 % RDF which was on par with 100 % RDF. From the present study, it could be concluded that incorporation after spraying with microbial consortia @ 10% and application of SSP along with 100 % RDF to maize proved to be effective paddy residue management practice in terms of growth, yield and economics of succeeding zero till maize – greengr
Open Access
YIELD MAXIMIZATION IN AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.) - ZERO TILL MAIZE (Zea mays L.) SEQUENCE THROUGH INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-22) Sudha Rani, J. S.; Sreedevi, B.
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 with an objective to study the Yield maximization in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)-zero till maize (Zea mays L.) sequence through integrated nutrient management, on clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State. The main objective was to assess the influence of organic manures viz., neem leaf manure, vermicompost, goat manure and microbial consortium on immediate aerobic rice crop and their residual and cumulative effect on sequence crop of rabi maize under zero till condition. At the same time, the impact of inorganic source of Nutrients (NPK) at different levels was also studied to assess the productivity of kharif aerobic rice and; residual effect of organic sources and cumulative effect of inorganic nutrient levels on rabi maize. Accordingly, the present experiment was planned with four organic sources of nutrients viz., neem leaf manure 6 t ha-1 , vermi compost 2 t ha-1 , goat manure 5 t ha-1 and microbial consortium (seed treatment 4g kg-1 + soil application 4 kg ha-1 ) (M1, M2 , M3 and M4, respectively) and four levels of NPK in sub plots viz., 0, 50, 75 and 100% RDF (S1, S2, S3 and S4) to aerobic rice; and for succeeding maize crop, four levels of NPK in sub plots viz., 0, 50, 75 and 100% RDF (S1, S2, S3 and S4) were repeated, while in main plots, residual effect was studied. The cultivars used for the study were ‘DRR dhan 42’ and ‘DHM-117’ in rice and maize crops, respectively during both the years. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The experimental data was recorded on plant growth, root traits, SVI, weed dynamics, dry matter production, days to 50% flowering, yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, HI%, NPK nutrient uptake, economics, energetics and water productivity of aerobic rice and Maize crop growth parameters viz; plant height, LAI, days to 50% silking, yield parameters viz; cobs plant-1 , cob length, cob girth, no. of grain rows, grains cob-1 , test weight, grain yield, stover yield, HI% and NPK nutrient uptakes by maize crop. In addition, the post-harvest milling, cooking and protein parameters of aerobic rice were also estimated along with microbial population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activity; and soil nutrient status in respect of N, P and K, soil and physico- chemical properties after harvest of each crop. Significant impact of organic nutrient sources and inorganic nutrient levels on aerobic rice was registered on crop growth parameters. Application of vermi compost 2 t ha-1 resulted in improved root traits viz; root length, root biomass, root volume, root-shoot ratio with taller plants, maximum leaf area, leaf area index, higher tiller number and more dry matter production at all crop growth stages and was comparable with goat manure 5 t ha-1 in both the years as compared to rest of the organic nutrient treatments. Inorganic nutrient application at 100% RDF resulted in significantly taller plant with improved root traits viz; root length, root biomass, root volume, root-shoot ratio, higher leaf area, leaf area index, maximum tiller number and highest dry matter. Conjunctive use of 75% of RDF along with vermicompost (M2S3) or goat manure (M3S3) and 100%RDF resulted in statistically comparable leaf area, leaf area index, number of tillers per m2 , dry matter production and the lower growth traits were recorded with neem leaf manure and microbial consortia application along with no application of fertilizer (M1 S1 and M4 S2, respectively). The weed population and weed dry biomass before herbicide application were significantly influenced by nutrient sources. The neem leaf manure 6 t ha-1 applied as mulch suppressed the weed emergence, resulted in reduced weed population and weed biomass and exhibited higher weed competitiveness in the seedling stage of rice. But nutrient levels have not registered significant impact on weed dynamics in aerobic rice. At 10 days after herbicide application, weed competitiveness in terms of weed population and weed dry biomass were not significantly influence by the treatments, since weed control package was uniform for the study irrespective of treatments. Conjunctive use of goat manure with 100% RDF (M3S4) or 75% of RDF along with vermi compost (M2S3) or goat manure (M3S3) resulted in statistically on par panicles m-2 , grain and straw yield kg ha-1 with that of 100% RDF and the lowest panicles m-2 , grain and straw yield kg ha-1 were recorded with neem leaf manure or microbial consortia application along with no application of fertilizer (M1 S1 and M4 S1, respectively). Post harvest milling parameters of variety DRR Dhan 42 viz., hulling %, milling% and head rice recovery were not influenced by organic sources of nutrients, but significantly better with 100%RDF. The post-harvest cooking quality and protein parameters viz., elongation ratio, volume expansion ratio, protein content etc. were significantly superior with 100% RDF. Significant improvement in microbial population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and enzyme activity of dehydrogenases and phosphatases was recorded with application of vermi compost 2 t ha-1 or goat manure 5 t ha-1 and with 100% RDF. Conjunctive use of 75% of RDF along with vermicompost (M2S3) or goat manure (M3S3) resulted in statistically comparable NPK uptake with 100% RDF and the lowest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were recorded with combination of either neem leaf manure or microbial consortia and no application of fertilizer (M1 S1 and M4 S1, respectively). Gross returns, net returns were higher with Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 or goat manure 5 t ha-1 , however microbial consortium seed treatment and soil application recorded higher B-C ratio. Higher gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio was put forth by 100% RDF. Higher net energy output (GJ ha -1 ), energy use efficiency (%) and energy productivity were obtained with either vermicompost 2 t ha-1 or goat manure 5 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Water productivity in aerobic rice was higher with vermicompost or goat manure among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Significant residual effect of organic manures and cumulative effect of nutrient levels was recorded on succeeding maize crop growth, viz; taller plants height, more dry matter and less number days to 50% flowering were recorded with residual of goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermi compost 2 t ha-1 and 100% RDF. Significantly higher yield attributing characters viz; cob length, cob girth, grains per cob, grain rows per cob, grain and stover yield and HI% was accrued with residual of either goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermicompost 2 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Nutrient uptake by maize was significantly influenced with residual of organic nutrient sources and rabi season inorganic nutrient levels. N, P and K uptakes by rice were higher with goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermi compost 2 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among rabi season nutrient levels. Residual effect of organic sources resulted in higher gross returns, net returns were recorded with goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermi compost 2 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among rabiseason nutrient levels. Higher net energy output (GJ ha -1 ), energy use efficiency (%) and energy productivity (kg MJ-1 ) can be obtained in maize either with goat manure @5 t ha-1 or vermicompost 2 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among rabi season nutrient levels, while microbial consortium resulted in higher energy output in economic terms (Rs. MJ-1 ) and neem leaf manure resulted in higher energy output in physical terms (Rs. MJ-1 ) and among nutrient levels 100% RDF produced higher energy output in economic (Rs. MJ-1 ) and physical terms (MJ kg-1 ). Aerobic rice zero till maize cropping system was significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management of organic nutrient sources and inorganic nutrient levels. Higher REY was produced with application of either goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermicompost 2 t ha-1 along with 100% RDF. Economic returns of the cropping system showed higher gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio were recorded with application of goat manure 5 t ha-1 , or vermicompost 2 t ha-1 among nutrient sources and 100 % RDF among nutrient levels. Energy analyses of the cropping system revealed higher net energy output (GJ ha -1 ), energy use efficiency (%) and energy productivity (kg MJ-1 ) either with goat manure 5 t ha-1 or vermicompost 2 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Soil health parameters of the cropping system viz; trend of soil pH, EC, OC%, BD; soil microbial population and enzyme activity were improved with application of vermicompost or goat manure among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Based on the results, it was concluded that, application of either vermicompost 2 t ha-1 or goat manure 5 t ha-1 with 75 % RDF can be the optimum combination of integrated nutrient management for aerobic rice during kharif and 100% RDF for succeeding maize crop in aerobic rice zero till maize cropping system
Open Access
STANDARDISATION OF PLANT DENSITY AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN MACHINE PLANTED CHICKPEA
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-22) Karthika, M.; Bhanu Rekha, K.
A field experiment in chickpea crop (JG-11) entitled “Standardisation of plant density and nutrient management in machine planted chickpea” was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 under different plant density and nutrient management practices at Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Main Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Soil type of the experimental site was vertisol. The textual class of the soil was sandy clay loam and the reaction of the soil was slightly alkaline in nature (pH-8.31), non saline (EC, 0.191 dsm-1 ), low in organic carbon (0.37%), low in available nitrogen (176.3 kg ha-1 ), high in available phosphorus (72.67 kg ha-1 ), high in available potassium (523.5 kg ha-1 ) and medium in available zinc (0.99 ppm). The experimental plots were laid out in split plot design with 4 main plots (Seed rate) viz., M1 – 52 kg ha-1 (2.22 lakhs ha-1 ) , M2 – 70 kg ha-1 (2.96 lakhs ha-1 ), M3 - 77 kg ha-1 (3.33 lakhs ha-1 ) and M4 – 105 kg ha-1 (4.44 lakhs ha-1 ) and 7 sub plots (Nutrient management practices) viz., S1- Absolute Control, S2- 75 % RDF, S3- 100 % RDF (20: 50: 20 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1 ), S4 -125 % RDF, S5- 75 % RDF + Soil application of Microbial consortia (N –Azotobacter + Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) + Potassium Releasing Bacteria (KRB)+ Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (ZnSB) @ 5 kg ha-1 (MC), S6- 100 % RDF + MC and S7- 125 % RDF + MC. All the treatments were replicated thrice. The treatments M1 and M2 were sown by adopting spacing of 45 cm x 10 cm and 45 cm x 7.5 cm while, M3 and M4 were sown at 30 cm x 10 cm and 30 cm x 7.5 cm respectively. Lower miss index and higher multiple index were found with narrow intra row spacing (7.5 cm) and effective field efficiency and field capacity were within the range for satisfactory performance of the planter. Emergence, days to 50 % flowering and maturity were not significantly influenced by seed rate and nutrient management treatments. Growth parameters viz., number of branches, leaf area and SPAD were significantly higher with seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 at all the crop intervals except 30 DAS. Seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, dry matter production, nodule number, nodule fresh and dry weight. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 125 % RDF + Soil application of Microbial consortia (N –Azotobacter + PSB + KRB+ ZnSB) @ 5 kg ha-1 (MC) registered significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches, leaf area, SPAD and dry matter production. While, significantly higher nodule number, nodule fresh and dry weight were registered with absolute control. Interaction of seed rate and nutrient management was found to be significant on dry matter production at harvest during 2021-22. Significantly higher weed density and dry matter were found with seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 and with the application of 125 % RDF among the nutrient management practices. Crop growth indices viz., absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation were found to be significantly higher with the seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 while, significantly higher crop growth rate and leaf area duration was found with 105 kg ha-1 . Among the nutrient management practices, 125 % RDF + MC resulted in significantly higher values of all crop growth indices. Seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (45.2 and 46.3) and haulm yield (27.6 and 30.5 q ha-1 ) during both the years while, higher seed yield (25.5 q ha-1 ) were recorded with seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 during 2020-21. Among the nutrient management practices, significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (46.7 and 48.1) and haulm yield (26.6 and 29.4 q ha-1 ) were found with the application of 125 % RDF + MC during both the years. Seed yield was significantly influenced by interaction of seed rate and nutrient management during second year of experimentation (2021-22). Significantly higher seed yield was found with seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 along with 125 % RDF + MC (30.8 q ha-1 ). Soil physical properties (moisture content, bulk density and porosity) were not significantly influenced by seed rate, nutrient management and due to their interaction. Post harvest soil properties viz., pH, EC, OC, available Zn and K were also not significantly influenced during both the years. Post harvest available N and P2O5 were found to be non significant due to seed rate and nutrient management as well as due to their interaction during 2020-21. While, available N and P2O5 were significantly influenced by seed rate and nutrient management practices during 2021-22. Significantly higher available N and P2O5 were registered with seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 and with application of 125 % RDF + MC among the nutrient management practices. Seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 registered significantly higher soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, urease activity) and soil bacterial population. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 75 % RDF + MC resulted in higher enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase and soil bacterial population. On the other hand urease activity significantly higher with application of 125 % RDF + MC. Significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by chickpea was found with the seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 and with the application of 125 % RDF + MC among the nutrient management practices. Protein content was found to be significantly higher with seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 and among the nutrient management practices, application of 125 % RDF + MC resulted in significantly higher protein content. While, the protein yield was significantly higher with seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 registered and with application of 125 % RDF + MC among the nutrient management practices. Significantly higher monetary returns viz., gross, net returns and B-C ratio were accrued with the seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 and with regard to nutrient management practices, application of 100 % RDF + MC resulted in higher monetary returns. Energy use efficiency and energy intensiveness were found to be significantly higher with the seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 while, seed rate 52 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher specific energy. With respect to nutrient management practices, absolute control resulted in significantly higher energy use efficiency while, significantly higher specific energy was recorded with application of 75 % RDF. On the other hand, significantly higher energy intensiveness was recorded with 125 % RDF + MC. From the present study in machine planted chickpea, it could be concluded that seed rate of 105 kg ha-1 and application of 100 % RDF + MC proved to be beneficial in terms of growth, yield and for realizing higher monetary returns
Open Access
DIRECT AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE-MUSTARD CROPPING SYSTEM IN NORTHERN TELANGANA ZONE
(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-07-01) Madhukar Rao, P.; Vidya Sagar, G. E. CH.
A field experiment entitled “Direct and residual effects of integrated nutrient management in maize-mustard cropping system in Northern Telangana Zone” was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Polasa, Jagtial, Northern Telangana Zone of Telangana State during kharif and rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20. The soil of experimental site was sandy loam in texture. The soil reaction was alkaline with 7.6 pH. The electrical conductivity was 0.23 dS m-1 . Its nutrient status was low with 0.28% organic carbon. The available nitrogen was low with 180 kg N ha-1 . The available phosphorus was medium with 53 kg P2O5 ha-1 and potassium with 315 kg K2O ha-1 . The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design for maize during kharif 2018 and 2019. There were nine treatments. They comprised the application of the virtual practice to apply 200 kg N ha-1 , substitution of 25% of this inorganic nutrient level with farmyard manure, vermicompost, poultry manure, sheep manure or neem cake, the addition of Azotobacter and Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 each and their combined application @ 2.5 kg ha-1 each. There were three replications. The plot size was 12.0 m long and 6.0 m wide. The crop was spaced 60 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the plants. The response of newly introduced crop mustard was studied for the residual effect of these treatments in the successive rabi season vis-à-vis four levels of fertilizers viz., control with no fertilizer application, 50% - 30:20:20 kg ha-1 NPK, 75% - 45:30:30 kg ha-1 NPK and recommended level of 60:40:40 kg NPK ha-1 . These inorganic nutrient treatments were studied for their direct effect as sub plots in a split plot configuration super imposed over each of the main plot treatments in the previous kharif season. The results showed considerable variation in the growth of maize owing to the substitution of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer with different organic manures. The growth parameters - plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter production and nutrient uptake did not alter significantly by the substitution of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer through vermicompost, FYM or sheep manure compared to the response due to the sole application of inorganic fertilizer. The part substitution of inorganic nitrogen significantly hindered these parameters. Akin to the trends in growth responses, the yield attributes viz., cob length, cob girth, number of rows cob-1 , number of kernels row-1 , number of kernels cob-1 and test weight also did not alter significantly by the expedient of 25% part substitution of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer with vermicompost, FYM or sheep manure. The other sources – poultry manure, neem cake, bacterial cultures and their consortium were not as effective as the sole application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer. These responses were consistent both in 2018 and 2019. The existing practice of nurturing maize with inorganic supplement of 200:60:50 kg ha-1 NPK produced 6262 kg ha-1 grain yield in 2018 and 6342 kg ha-1 in 2019. The results showed that it is possible to substitute 25% level of nitrogenous fertilizer with vermicompost, FYM or sheep manure with equivalent production levels. The grain yield was 6349 kg ha-1 in 2018 and 6514 kg ha-1 in 2019 owing to the substitution of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer with vermicompost. Maize produced 6007 and 6211 kg ha-1 grain yield by the substitution of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer with FYM, while the production level realized was 5424 and 5630 kg ha-1 with sheep manure. The yield reduced significantly with the part substitution of inorganic fertilizer with other sources of organic nutrients.The stover yield was on par due to the integration of different organic manures as with the influence of inorganic source of nitrogen. The profitability of integrated nutrient management with vermicompost, FYM or sheep manure concurred an equivocal response to the existening practice of inorganic nutrient management. Maize fertilized with 200:60:50 kg ha-1 NPK fetched 89,540 ha-1 in 2018 and 95,042 ha-1 in 2019. The profits were 75,190 and 82,310 in the corresponding years due to the part substitution of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer with vermicompost, 73,198 and 81,171 ha-1 with sheep manure, 69,505 and 78,349 ha 1 due to FYM. On the other hand, profit per rupee investment was most lucrative with the inorganic nutrient management. Mean profit of rupees 3.69 per rupee was incurred in 2018 and 3.86 in 2019. There was a steep reduction in the profit in terms of rupees per rupee invested in the order of sheep manure, poultry manure, neem cake, vermicompost and farmyard manure. Mean reduction over two years was 87, 75, 70, 68 and 66% due to the substitution of these organic manures over the nitrogenous fertilizer. A practical consideration is that most of the farmers rear cattle and do not really purchase this manure. Therefore, still this may be considered a valid proposition than to invest more on the purchase of other sources of organics. The residual effect of FYM, poultry manure, neem cake and vermicompost applied to maize in the previous season significantly improved the plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, leaf chlorophyll content and dry matter production of mustard in the rabi season from post seedling growth stages at 60, 90 days after sowing and at harvest. This trend was consistent both in 2018-19 and 2019-20. The residual fertility effect of these organic sources of nitrogen also improved the number of primary and secondary branches as well as the number of silique plant-1 . The length of siliqua and number of seeds per siliqua were not significantly influenced by different nitrogen management treatments to maize. The residual effect of FYM, poultry manure, neem cake and vermicompost enabled mustard to draw more NPK, accumulate higher dry matter content and significantly increased the seed yield of mustard during the two years. The stalk yield increased significantly due to the residual carry over influence of FYM, poultry manure, neem cake, vermicompost and sheep manure. The vegetative growth of mustard improved significantly after the vegetative phase. The crop canopy improved due to the application of a low increment of 50 per cent i.e., 30:20:20 kg ha-1 NPK of the recommended level showing significant improvement in plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration at 60, 90 days after sowing and at harvest in 2018-19 and 2019-20. Maximum growth of these parameter was incident with further incremental addition of fertilizer level to 100% i.e., 60:40:40 kg ha-1 NPK. But, this improvement did not differ significantly with the growth improvement in response to 75% i.e., 40:30:30kg ha-1 NPK. These trends were true even for number of primary and secondary branches as well as the number of silique per plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds per siliqua and test weight. Mustard produced 680 and 750 kg ha-1 grain yield during 2018-19 and 2019-20 respectively, without the addition of fertilizers. The production improved significantly to 980 kg ha-1 and fetched an additional profit of 11,026 ha-1 by the addition of 50% i.e., 30:20:20 kg ha-1 NPK in 2018-19. Similarly significant increase in yield to 1058 kg ha 1 registered an additional profit of 12,591 ha-1 in 2019-20.The profit per ruppee investment increased from 1.44 to 1.87 in the first year and from 1.72 to 2.19 rupee-1 in the second year. Further increase in the level of fertilization to 75% i.e., 40:30:30 kg ha-1 NPK was most promising. The yield increased significantly to 1228 and 1289 kg ha-1 . The profit per ha was raised to 21,205 in the first year and 22,567 in the second year. The net profit per rupee investment maximized to 2.24 and 2.55 rupee-1 investment during the corresponding years. Maximum production of 1260 kg ha-1 in 2018- 19 and 1334 kg ha-1 in 2019-20 with the recommend level of 60:40:40 kg ha-1 was not significantly more than with 75% recommended level of fertilization. It fetched an additional profit of only 302 ha-1 in the first year and 1024 per ha in the second year. The net profit per rupee investment reduced to 2.19 and 2.52 per rupee investment during corresponding years. These respond trends similar for stalk yield in the two years. Cropping system evaluation for nutrient management is often impulsive for farm practices to be adopted — grain yield, crop residues and their utility, cultivation expenses, net profit per hectare, per rupee investment and sustainability of soil fertility etc. The cultivation of maize-mustard with recommended level of fertilizers required relatively low expenditure of 58,680 per hectare compared to different integrated nutrient management treatments to maize barring sheep manure and the needed 75% recommended level of fertilizers to mustard. The next criterion is the income. The system fetched maximum returns of 1, 84,827 in 2018 and 1,98, 804 in 2019 by the integrated nutrient management of maize to replace 25% of 200 kg nitrogenous fertilizer with vermicompost and 75% recommended level of 40:30:30 kg NPK ha-1 to mustard. This required maximum expenditure of 74,680 in each year. Yet, a peasant is more mind full of net profit. This criterion was also most convincing to maximize the net profit to 1,10,147 ha -1 in the first year and 1,24,124 ha-1 in the second year. Most often a note worthy choice is a balance between the relatively low expenditure and more profit. Considering this criterion, maximum profit of 2.84 per rupee investment was recorded by growing maize with recommended level of fertilizers and mustard with 75% recommended level of fertilizers in the first year. A high profit of 3.02 per rupee investment was also incident in the second year. But, the integrated nutrient management of maize by the replacement of 25% nitrogenous fertilizer with sheep manure and the application of 75% recommended level of fertilizers to mustard was more profitable with 2.81 per rupee investment in the first year and 3.06 per rupee investment in the first year. The present day concern is to save the soil from becoming sick of nutrient composition. The substitution of 25% inorganic nitrogen with sheep manure, poultry manure or FYM to maize and application of 75% recommended fertilizer dose of 45:30:30 kg NPK ha-1 to mustard turned eco-friendly to sustain the soil health without draining the initial level of potassium but not nitrogen and phosphorus. Thus, an array of options was available for nutrient management in maize-mustard cropping system depending on the requirement of a farmer.

Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)

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