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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)

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Thesis Type: Ph.D × Subject: Agriculture ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MARKER BASED HETEROTIC POOLING OF DIVERSE ASIAN AND AFRICAN PEARL MILLET [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] POPULATIONS
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) SUDARSHAN PATIL, K; KULDEEP SINGH DANGI
    A set of 45 diverse Asian and African populations of pearl millet were investigated for molecular and morphological genetic diversity. Multivariate analysis based on multi-location evaluation for grain yield and its component traits grouped these populations into five clusters. Most populations of Asian origin grouped into common cluster and separated from rest of the populations of African origin indicating the presence of correspondence between clustering pattern and geographical origin. Molecular diversity assessed using 29 SSRs detected 435 alleles (average of 15 alleles per locus) and grouped 45 pearl millet populations into seven different clusters. Clustering pattern, population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed intermixing of African and Asian origin populations, whereas most of all the African origin and Asian bred populations were found grouped into common clusters. The correlation between genetic distance estimated through morphological traits and through SSRs was non-significant (r = -0.13). Fourteen parental populations representing seven marker based clusters were used to develop 91 population hybrids (in diallel fashion). These population hybrids were evaluated at three locations for grain yield and its component traits. The correlation between genetic distance (GD) between parental lines and heterosis for grain yield was negative and significant (r = -0.37, p < 0.001) indicating that prediction of hybrid performance based on GD may not be feasible. However, lesser negative correlation was found at lower GD (0.60-0.68) than in comparison of hybrids developed using parental populations with higher GD (0.78-0.86). Based on hybrids performance, heterosis and combining ability among marker group based crosses, two heterotic pools (PMPHP-1 and PMPHP-2) were identified having significant levels of heterosis (PMpH = 20% and PBpH = 6.8%). Populations of PMPHP-1 had linkages with African origin and Asian origin populations, whereas PMPHP-2 composed of exclusively African origin and Asian bred populations. Following the second approach of heterotic pool formation which is based on grain yield based combining ability patterns, 14 parental populations were grouped into three heterotic pools (PMPHP-A, PMPHP-B and PMPHP-C). Fertility restoration/maintainer frequency of 45 populations on three diverse CMS systems (A1, A4 and A5 cytoplasm) evaluated in two contrasting seasons (summer and rainy) revealed that fertility restoration frequency (%) was highest for A1 CMS (86%) followed by A4 CMS (37%) and least for A5 CMS (7%). Based on fertility restoration/maintainer frequency, heterotic pool PMPHP-1 populations with high grain yield and bold seeds were proposed to be utilized in maintainer lines (B-lines) and PMPHP-2 having populations with high fertility restoration ability were identified for restorer lines (R-lines) development programs, which can further be utilized to diversify the existing maintainers and restorer parents of different CMS systems.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR MAPPING OF BLAST RESISTANCE GENE(S) IN AKHANAPHOU, A UNIQUE LANDRACE OF RICE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
    (Professor Jayashankar Telanagana State Agricultural University, 2017) AGLAWE SUPRIYA BABASAHEB; SHESHU MADHAV, M.
    Akhanaphou is a unique landrace of rice found in Manipur. During extensive phenotyping, Akhanaphou showed absolute resistance to leaf as well as neck blast. Gene profiling study, using SSR markers linked to nine important blast R-genes showed that Akhanaphou contains Pi38 and Pitp genes. Further, inheritance study showed polygenic control of leaf and neck blast resistance in Akhanaphou. We identified two QTL, qLNBL-5 and qLNBL-7, in Akhanaphou, on chromosome-5 and 7 respectively. Both these QTL contributed to leaf as well as neck blast resistance. The qLNBL-5 is on chromosome-5 spanning a 4.16 Mb region with the genomic interval of RM18638RM18897 whereas; qLNBL-7 is on chromosome-7 spanning 6.84 Mb region with the genomic interval of RM20818-RM21260. The qLNBL-5 contributed 26.23% whereas; qLNBL-7 contributed 25-31 % to the blast resistance phenotype. Mapped QTL were validated in an alternate F2 population derived from Akhanaphou and BPT-5204 indicating a slight change in marker intervals. Validation of result proves the reliability, consistency and reproducibility of the mapped QTL. We also identified fixed RILs having these two QTL. The identified unique landrace and its derived stable RILs can be serving as a valuable genetic resource; which can be readily used in rice blast breeding programs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation Of Transgenic Chickpea For Resistance To Pod Borer, Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
    (Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University;Hyderabad, 2007) Ayyaluri, Ramakrishana Babu; Subbaratnam, G.V.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence Of Season And Manuring On Certain Physiological And Biochemical Aspects Of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadenisis Miller)
    (Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University;Hyderabad, 2006) Umamahesh, V.; Gopal Singh, B.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTEGRATED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MEDAK DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) PAVANKALYAN, V; VASUDEV, N
    In India half of the population depending on agriculture. Indian agriculture is dependent on monsoons. Monsoons are erratic and undependable. Nearly 60% of the cultivable land in India is dependent on monsoons, which is contributing nearly 42% of the total production from agriculture. Watershed Development programme focus on rainfed regions because these areas represent 60 percent of arable land in India and 55 percent of the country’s agricultural output, and provide food that supports 40 percent of the nation’s population (Ahmad et al. 2011; Planning Commission 2012). National watersheds implemented in each district along with the area treated in Telangana state so far (i.e., from 2010-2015). There are nearly 330 national watersheds in Telangana with 1393056 hectares of treated area. It revealed that maximum number of 8 watersheds each were in districts of Mahaboob Nagar, (103) were most of the land is of dry or rainfed followed by 59 in Adilabad, 48 in Nalgonda and 37 each in the districts of Ranga Reddy and Medak.In the case of treated area under the programme, maximum area of 427577 hectares was found with MahabubNagar district indicating a larger coverage under each watershed in the district compared to other watersheds in other districts. Adilabad with 249278 hectares and Medak with 161785 hectares and Ranga Reddy with 156957 are in the order of sequence, while Karimnagar District was with minimum (16653 ha)treated under the programme. The size of the holding increased the area under rainfed conditions also increased, exhibiting a direct relationship in both watersheds as well as non-watershed categories of respondents. Similar trend was observed under tank and well irrigation among all the size groups of both watershed and non-watershed categories of farmers, excepting, those of small farmers in watershed area that owned less area (0.14 ha.) under tank irrigation accounting for 6.03 per cent of the total holding area. The watershed area is covered with red soil (98.4 per cent) and Non watershed area is covered with black soil (96.80 per cent). The major portion of the farmers was benefit from the farm pond and percolation pond. About 37.13 per cent of the pooled farmers have farm ponds. Farm ponds were used as a water 2 0 conservation measure by about 54.2 per cent of the small farmers, 32.6 per cent of the medium farmers and 24.6 per cent of the large farmers. The farmers have more than one farm pond also. The water level in the wells and bore wells was high during the north east monsoon period in both the blocks. The average well water level in the non watershed block was 36.96 feet, much lesser than the average water level in the watershed block (50.97 feet). During the summer period in both the blocks, there is no recharge in the water level in both the wells and the bore wells. Compared to Non watershed block more recharge of water levels in wells and bore wells in watershed block. The watershed block before the watershed intervention technology in 2012-13 the water level in wells and bore wells were 32.58 feet and 100.88 feet respectively. This is rise to 47.57 and 122.82 feet respectively in 2013-14. The water level in the wells and bore wells were comparatively high in the watershed block across all farmers compared to the non watershed block. After the watershed development programme a rise in the water level in the wells and bore wells were seen in the watershed block. Compared to the Non watershed block, the rise in the water level was comparatively high in the watershed block across all the farmers. On an average, the rise in the well and bore well water levels in the watershed block was 15.16 feet and 24.08 feet respectively after the watershed Development Programme. The analysis reveals that ground water level has increased in the watershed block after the usage of watershed Development Programme. In watershed block, the average net area sown and gross irrigated area during 2012-13 in the watershed block was 6.48 and 7.43 hectares respectively. This had increased to 8.51 and 10.19 hectares respectively in 2013-14. The percentage in irrigation intensity was 10.40 per cent in the watershed block and 3.93 per cent in Non watershed block. The analysis reveals that after the watershed intervention technology: In both the blocks the net area sown and gross irrigated area and Irrigation intensity had increased among all the farmers.´ In the watershed block, highest irrigation intensity was realized by the small and large farmers. The largest improvement in cropping intensity in the watershed block was recorded by the medium farmers 139.02 and in the non watershed block it was realized by the medium farmers 125.72.Cropping intensity is more in watershed block compared to non watershed block in selected study area. In the watershed area, the average yield had exceeded the potential yield for paddy for the three farmer groups, after watershed development programme in 2009-10. Similarly crop productivity index for paddy, maize, cotton and onion exceeded ‘one’ among small, medium and large farmers in 2013-14. Overall crop productivity index for paddy crop (1.31) is more than other crops are maize, cotton and onion. In Non watershed area also the crop productivity index for paddy and cotton crops had exceeded ‘one’ among small, medium and large farmers in 20013-14. But in the case of maize and onion crops, it shows a low level of crop productivity index for small, medium and large farmers with crop productivity index taking values for maize crop 0.92, 0.81 and 0.81 respectively, and the onion crop is 0.96, 0.99 and 0.82 respectively. It shows that the overall crop productivity index had increased in all crops in watershed area compared to non watershed areas. In the watershed block, there was an increase in the value of land for all groups of farmers. It could be seen from the table 5.26 that land value per farm house hold for small farmers had increased from 3,91,890 Rupees in 2012-13 to 5,11,890 Rupees in 2013-14. For the medium farmers it was from 3,41,480 to 4,61,480 Rupees and for large farmers from 3,88,080 2 1 to 5,82,120 Rupees respectively. The percentage changes in the value of land per farm household among all farmer groups range from 30.62 for small farmers to 35.14 for medium farmers and 50.00 to large farmers. The overall percentage change in the land value per farm household in watershed block, after the application of watershed intervention technology accounted to 38.58. In the Non watershed block the land value per farm household had increased from 2,35,000 Rupees in 2012-13 to 3,92,840 Rupees in 2013-14. The value of land had highly increased in this block, for the medium farmers from 2,59,200 Rupees in 2012-13 to 3,82,200 Rupees in 2013-14, followed by medium farmers with increase in land value from 2,14,090 Rupees in 2012-13 to ` 3,34,090 Rupees in 2013-14. For small farmers the monetary benefit from land was 17.26 per cent. The findings reveal that for all the farmers the land value in money terms had increased in watershed block compared to Non watershed block in study area. The increase was much realized by the large farmers in watershed block. The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) ranged from 1.50 for the small farmers to 3.50 for the medium farmers and 4.99 for the large farmers in the watershed block. In the Non watershed block also similar results prevailed. It is noticed from the above table 5.34 that among the sample farmer groups BCR for small farmers was 2.08, for medium farmers 2.68 and for large farmers 3.87. The financial results on feasibility analysis revealed that the benefit cost ratio exceeded ‘unity’ for all farmer groups. In the watershed block, the calculated economic surplus exceeded. Being the major rain fed crops, these four crops benefited from the implementation of the watershed development programme. The change in economic surplus due to watershed development programme was decomposed into change in “consumer surplus” and change in “producer surplus”. It was evident that the producer surplus was higher than the consumer surplus for all the crops in watershed block. The producers surplus was high for onion which was worked out to be 75.56 per cent. The estimated producers surplus exceeded more than 50 per cent for paddy, maize and cotton crops. The analysis reveals that, the producers surplus exceeded that of the consumer surplus for all crops. The farmers as producers benefit from watershed development programme in watershed block. Peoples' participation in watershed development and management programmes is crucial for their successful and cost-effective implementation. This is so because the watershed approach requires that every field/parcel of land located in a watershed be treated with appropriate soil and water conservation measures and used according to its physical capability. Moreover peoples' participation should be encouraged because they are aware of their own needs better. At the same time, it has been seen that non-involvement of people in the development programmes is also a great concern and challenge to rural development. No programme can be a success without the involvement of the people. Since the project emphasizes the participatory management, involvement of file beneficiaries right from planning stage helps in smooth and effective implementation of file programme. The level of farmer’s participation both at planning and implementation stages of the watershed project was satisfactory. However, some more technical information, training and guidance has to be provided to the farmers by project authorities in adoption of improved practices and maintenance of assets created even after withdrawal of project from the area.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF LUCERNE TO IRRIGATION SCHEDULING, PHOSPHORUS AND BORON APPLICATION
    (ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) MADHU BINDU, G. S; PRATAP KUMAR REDDY, A
    The present study entitled “Response of Lucerne to irrigation scheduling, phosphorus and boron application” was conducted at Students’ farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three irrigation levels at IW/CPE ratios of 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 as main plots and combinations of four phosphorus levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 P2O5 kg ha-1) and two boron levels (0 and 4 kg B ha-1) as sub plots. Irrigations as per the treatment were scheduled according to the cumulative pan evaporation calculated based on evaporation data obtained from Class B meteorological observatory at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The recommended dose of nitrogen to Lucerne (30 kg N ha-1) was applied in two splits at the time of sowing and 30 DAS. Phosphorus as per treatments and recommended potash (40 kg K2O ha-1) were applied as basal. In case of boron treatment, 50% of the recommended B was applied as basal to soil and the remaining 50 % was applied as 0.1 % foliar spray at four stages i. e., at 35 DAS, 10 days after first cut, 10 days after second cut and at flower initiation stage. The total rainfall received during the experimental period was 252.5 mm in 12 rainy days during 2007-08 and 23 mm in 3 rainy days during 2008-09. The weekly mean maximum temperature ranged from 27.9 to 39.6 oC during 2007-08 and 26.9 to 41.4 oC during 2008-09, whereas the mean minimum temperature varied from 12.0 to 27.8 oC during 2007-08 and 12.0 to 26.7 oC during 2008-09. The green fodder, dry fodder, crude protein and seed yields of Lucerne were highest when irrigations were scheduled at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio. Irrigation at this level brought about significant improvement in plant height and yield attributes viz., capsule number plant-1 and capsule weight plant-1 of Lucerne. The dry matter content and the uptake of N, P, K and B by Lucerne fodder and seed were also higher with irrigation at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio. Irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio was found comparable to 1.25 IW/CPE with respect to N and K uptake by Lucerne fodder and crude fiber content at all the cuts. On the other hand, number of leaves plant-1, leaf to stem ratio and crude protein content of Lucerne were highest with irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio. The crop irrigated at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio received 19 and 22 irrigations in 2007- 08 and 2008-09, respectively. Whereas, a total of 15 and 17 irrigations at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and 11 and 13 irrigations at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio were given to the crop in first and second years, respectively. The water use efficiency of the crop and moisture extraction from lower layers was highest with irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio. Conversely, the consumptive use of water and moisture extraction from the upper layers was high with irrigations at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio. Among the phosphorus levels, highest green fodder and seed yields with taller plants, more number of capsules plant-1 and highest capsule weight plant-1 were obtained when phosphorus was applied @ 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. Phosphorus application at this level however was comparable to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 with respect to dry matter content, dry fodder yield, crude protein yield, nitrogen uptake and potassium uptake by fodder. On the other hand, highest level of phosphorus @ 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 registered highest crude protein content, crude fiber content, phosphorus and boron uptake by fodder and seed and also soil nutrient status. Application of boron @ 4 kg ha-1 has resulted in highest green fodder, dry fodder, crude protein and seed yields with highest plant height, leaf to stem ratio, capsule number plant-1, capsule weight plant-1, crude protein content, crude fiber content, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status. Irrigation scheduled at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio in combination with phosphorus @ 80 or 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 registered taller plants with higher green fodder, dry fodder, crude protein and seed yields accounting to higher number of capsules plant-1 and capsule weight plant-1. The above combination also had favorably improved the uptake of nitrogen and potassium by fodder and seed at different cuts. Uptake of phosphorus by fodder and seed and uptake of boron by seed were highest when irrigation was given at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio with 120 kg P2O5 ha-1. Contrary to this, application of phosphorus @ 80 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 with irrigations at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio improved the leaf number and leaf to stem ratio. This combination also proved best with highest soil available nutrients. Application of phosphorus @ 80 and 4 kg P2O5 ha-1 improved the plant height and enhanced the green fodder yield, number of capsules plant-1, capsule weight plant-1 and hence seed yield. The above treatment was found at par to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 at the same level of boron and registered highest values of dry fodder yield, dry matter content, nitrogen and potassium uptake by fodder and seed. On the other hand, application of 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 in combination with boron @ 4 kg ha-1 recorded highest crude protein content, phosphorus and boron uptake by fodder and seed and soil available nutrient status. Fertilisation of Lucerne with boron @ 4 kg ha-1 with irrigation at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio recorded highest green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, seed yield with highest number of capsules plant-1, capsule weight plant-1 and dry matter content. Uptake of boron by fodder and uptake of boron and nitrogen by seed also were highest with this treatment. Conversely, application of boron with irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio registered higher leaf to stem ratios and crude protein contents at different cuts. Irrigation at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio in combination with 80 and 4 kg phosphorus and boron, respectively was found best with highest plant height, dry matter content, number of capsules plant-1, capsule weight plant-1 and seed yield. On the other hand, soil available nitrogen was higher when irrigations were scheduled at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with phosphorus and boron fertilization @ 120 and 4 kg ha-1. Irrespective of boron levels, crude protein content and soil available boron were highest with 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with phosphorus fetilisation @ 120 kg ha-1. Irrigations scheduled at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with no phosphorus and no boron application reported higher levels of nitrogen and potassium in the soil. The soil phosphorus on the other hand was maximum at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio + 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 0 kg B ha-1. The net gain of boron was favoured by irrigation at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio in association with boron @ 4 kg ha-1 even when no phosphorus was applied. Scheduling irrigation at 1.25 IW/CPE ratio in combination with phosphorus and boron fertilization @ 80 and 4 kg ha-1 proved best with highest gross and net returns with a benefit cost ratio of 2.28 in 2007-08 and 2.43 in 2008-09 and was closely followed by 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 at the same level of irrigation and boron with a benefit cost ratio of 2.21 in 2007-08 and 2.33 in 2008-09.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN TREE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS
    (ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) MADHAVI LATA, A; SRINIVASA RAJU, M
    The field experiment entitled “Performance of medicinal herbs in tree based cropping systems under dryland conditions” was conducted in Alfisols at AICRP on Agroforestry, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during kharif season of 2008-09 and 2009-10. The experiment site of the plantation area (amla and terminalia) was characterized by semi arid climate with low organic carbon (0.28 to 0.57%), low available N (160 to 194 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (28 to 37 kg ha-1) and available potassium (233 to 265 kg ha-1). The present investigation comprised of two agroforestry models i.e., aswagandha intercropped agri-horticultural system and andrographis intercropped agri-horticultural system. Two field experiments were laid out separately in split plot design with three replications in four year old amla and terminalia plantations. The treatments in aswagandha based agri-horticultural system consisted of three cropping situations as main plots viz., intercropping of aswagandha in amla, intercropping of aswagandha in terminalia and sole cropping of aswagandha while in andrographis based agri-horticultural system, the treatments included three cropping situations as main plots viz., intercropping in amla, intercropping in terminalia and sole cropping of andrographis. Commonly six nutrient management practices were imposed as sub plot treatments in both the agroforestry models studied. The sub plot treatments were viz., Control (no manuring), 20 kg N ha-1 alone (through urea), Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 20 kg N ha-1 through urea + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 and 20 kg N ha-1 through urea + FYM @ 5 t ha-1. The results indicated that among the different cropping situations studied in aswagandha based agri-horticultural system, growth parameters like plant height, dry matter production and leaf area per plant of aswagandha were markedly higher under sole cropping situation when compared to intercropping situation both in amla and terminalia. Days to physiological maturity of aswagandha was delayed by 9-10 days in intercropping situation in terminalia when compared to intercropping in amla. Root and seed yields (kg ha-1) of aswagandha were the highest with sole cropping situation compared to either of the intercropping situations (328.9 and 303.5 kg ha-1 increase in root yield in first and second year of sole crop over intercropping in terminalia). Aswagandha performed better to some extent as an intercrop in amla as compared in terminalia. The yields were reduced by 2-3 times due to intercropping in terminalia as compared to sole aswagandha. Withanolide content (%) was significantly more under sole cropping. PAR was more under sole cropping compared to intercropping situation. Similarly N, P and K uptake by aswagandha were more under sole cropping. Soil available N, P and K content after crop harvest were more under terminalia intercropping situation followed by amla intercropping situation and with low status in sole cropping. The results of the experiment on andrographis intercropped agri-horti system revealed that growth parameters of andrographis i.e., plant height, dry matter production and leaf area per plant were found maximum in sole cropping of andrographis followed by intercropping in amla and terminalia. Days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity were delayed by 3-4 days under intercropping situation over sole cropping. Herbage yield (kg ha-1) of andrographis and andrographolide content (%) were the highest in sole cropping of andrographis compared to intercropping situations. The pattern of PAR, N, P and K uptake by andrographis as well as soil available N, P and K after crop harvest in andrographis showed the same trend as that of aswagandha. Among different nutrient management practices studied, application of 20 kg N ha-1 through urea + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 recorded maximum growth parameters like plant height, dry matter production and leaf area per plant in both the crops of aswagandha and andrographis over the rest of the treatments. But these parameters were the least in control followed by application of urea alone (inorganic) treatment. PAR values did not vary due to nutrient management practices. Root and seed yields (kg ha-1) of aswagandha and herbage yield (5395.8 and 5192.6 kg ha-1 in first and second year) of andrographis were significantly more with INM practice i.e., M5. Uptake of N, P and K by crop and soil N, P and K status after crop harvest were also the highest under the treatment with 20 kg N ha-1 through urea + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1. Highest gross and net monetary returns were obtained with sole crops of both aswagandha and andrographis as compared to their respective intercropping in amla and terminalia plantations. INM treatment with vermicompost gave the maximum net monetary returns. The total gross and net monetary returns from the system (tree + crop) were the highest with andrographis intercropped in terminalia when compared to sole cropping of andrographis. In aswagandha also the same trend was observed. Intercropping of andrographis in terminalia with the application of 20 kg N ha-1 through urea + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 gave maximum total gross monetary returns from the system (tree + crop). Profit per rupee investment also showed the same trend under the three cropping situations with the adoption of integrated nutrient management practices in both the agroforestry models. Land equivalent ratio (LER) / Income equivalent ratio (IER) values were also maximum under intercropping situation in terminalia as compared to amla intercropping.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access