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Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad (Telangana State)

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Thesis Type: Ph.D × Subject: Agricultural Extension ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT STUDY ON MISSION KAKATIYA – RESTORATION OF TANKS IN TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, 2021-01-01) ARUNA, K; SUDHA RANI, V
    The present study entitled “Impact study on Mission Kakatiya – Restoration of tanks in Telangana state” to analyse the impact in terms of benefits accrued to the respondent farmers. Quasi-experimental research approach was followed for the study. The investigation was carried out in Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Siddipet and Badradri Kothhagudem districts of Telangana state. One mandal was selected from each district for the study. One village each selected randomly from each mandal separately for beneficiaries and non - beneficiaries. 30 farmers from each village were selected at random to make a sample of 180 respondents from beneficiary and non-beneficiary villages for the study. The findings revealed that majority of the beneficiary farmers belonged to medium aged group with primary school level of education, had small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, empathy, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, above 20 years of group age, above 70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. In respect of non-beneficiaries majority of them had medium age, primary school level of education, small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, low level of empathy, 15-20 years of group age, 35-70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. Findings with respect to attitude of farmers towards restoration and management of tanks revealed that majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had favourable and neutral attitude respectively and significance difference was there at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in attitude. Though majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had medium level of knowledge on tank irrigation management and suitable cropping patterns and significance difference was there in knowledge at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. Difference in Difference regression analysis indicated that Mission Kakatiya programme had a positive and significant impact on cropping intensity, cropping pattern, yield, productivity, income, employment generation, assets built up, social status, increase in ground water level and water holding capacity of soil. Mission Kakatya programme had no much impact on allied sectors, formation of farmer groups and organizations, afforestation and pollution. Major problems elicited by the beneficiary farmers in tank irrigation management were infestation of weeds, uneven distribution of tank silt, poor knowledge of farmers on new irrigation technologies and crop planning. Problems faced by non-beneficiary farmers were decreased water storage capacity of the tank, infestation of weeds, poor knowledge of tank users on crop planning and unavailability of water during critical stages of crop growth period. Majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers were having similar problems in group management i.e. lack of efficient leadership and organization of regular group meetings. The major problems faced by officials were lack of trainings in upgradation of knowledge and skills and transport facility. The major suggestions offered by beneficiary farmers to overcome the problems in tank irrigation management were the weeds should be removed frequently, officials should formulate the group for equal distribution of tank silt, all concerned departments should conduct the training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies, crop planning, select the efficient leader and organize the group meetings twice in month. The major suggestions offered by non-beneficiary farmers were Department of Irrigation should implement the Mission Kakatiya programme, weeds should be removed frequently from the tank, conducting training programmes on crop planning and release the water based on crop growth stages instead of rotational basis of water The suggestions given by officials were provide training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies and provision of transport facility. Suggested strategy for effective sustainable tank irrigation management was Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Department should create awareness cum training programmes on weed control, recommended cropping pattern and crop planning. KVKs and DAATTCs should involve in formation of specific tank water user groups as Kakatiya Tank Users Association/groups and organize the capacity building programmes for farmers on group dynamics and team management for effective tank irrigation management
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE IN TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-11) SHAIK. NEEMA PARVEEN, Ms; Sreenivasa Rao, I
    The present investigation entitled “A study on value chain management in Telangana State” was carried out to know the dominant value chains in maize and to know the dynamics of various value chain partners involved in maize business. An Exploratory research design was followed for the study. The state of Telangana was purposively selected. Kamareddy, Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Jagtial districts were purposively selected as they had more area under maize cultivation. Two mandals from the district and two villages from each mandal were selected.10 farmers from each village were selected thus constituting a sample of 160 maize growers. Since value chain encompasses involvement of other stakeholders, as per the response obtained from maize growers, a sample of 80 other stakeholders including managers of logistics, distribution and storage agencies, poultry farmers, processors, industry firms and few traders were considered. It was reported that there were five important channels through which maize was routed in the sample districts. Amongst these chains, TS MARKFED had served as a nodal agency in channelizing the produce from maize growers to the end beneficiaries. The predominant end users were poultry farmers besides large-scale industry firms, feed processors and other small industry firms. Profile characteristics of value chain partners indicated that more than half of the farmers belonged to age group above 45 years and less than half of the other stakeholders were in age group 37-42 years. Equal percentage of the sample farmers and other stakeholders belonged to “can read but not write” education category and high school category respectively. Forty percent of the maize growers were small farmers with less than half percentage of the farmers belonged to low-income category. Medium income was observed in less than half percentage of the other chain partners. Majority of the maize growers had medium experience and majority of other stakeholders had less experience in handling maize produce or in maize business. Majority of the maize growers had medium information seeking behaviour and more than half percent of the xvi other value chain partners also had medium information seeking behaviour. Majority of the maize growers had low creative potential. With regard to the creative potential of other stakeholders in the value chain, it was observed that more than half percent had medium creative potential. Majority of the maize growers had less quality consciousness and for less than half percent of other stakeholders in the value chain, it was medium. More than half percent of maize growers and majority of other stakeholders had medium economic motivation. Majority of the maize growers had medium innovativeness while equal percentage of other stakeholders had medium and low innovativeness. Less than half percent of the maize growers and other stakeholders had low risk-taking ability. Less than half percent of the maize growers and more than half of other stakeholders had medium achievement motivation.24 items were considered to assess knowledge level of respondents on value chain management. Less than half of the maize growers had medium level of knowledge whereas majority of the other stakeholders had high level of knowledge. Majority of the maize growers had low overall management behaviour. It was observed that, majority of the maize growers had low level of collaborative planning and demand forecasting, medium negotiation levels, low level of competitor analysis, medium level of production planning and control, low purchase management, medium level of inventory management, low level of marketing management, low resource management, medium level of networks among chain partners, low level of value analysis, low level of finance management, medium level of quality management. With regard to the other stakeholders, more than half had medium level of overall management behaviour. Majority had medium level of collaborative planning and demand forecasting, medium negotiations, less than half had high levels of competitor analysis, high level of production planning and control, high level of purchase management, more than half had high level of inventory management, medium marketing orientation, low level of technology/resource management, medium level of networks among chain partners. Less than half had low level of value analysis, more than half had medium level of finance management and quality management. For majority of the maize growers the existing chain is most effective, whereas for less than half percentage of the other stakeholders also it is most effective. Further stepwise regression yielded 15 parameters that in combination constituted significant change in effectiveness. “Obtaining higher yield per acreage”, “less water demanding”, “adaptability to any type of climate were the most dominant strengths perceived by maize growers. “Strong consumption base for maize”, “wide range of maize-based products”, “important input in poultry feed” were most dominant strengths reported by other stakeholders. “Incidence of fall army worm”, “fixation of average yield per acre for sale”, “limited time of opening of shops”, “misconceptions that chicken carries corona virus” were the dominant weaknesses as perceived by maize growers and other stakeholders. “Wider use value for maize”, “growing number of small processing units” were dominant opportunities as stated by the respondents. “Stagnant businesses due to pandemic”, “surplus stocks of maize in the state” were the dominant threats as stated by the respondents. “Fall army worm infestation leading to reduced yields”, “lack of awareness on stocks and demand of major crops, “bird damage to cobs” were the important constraints reported by maize growers. Restricted transport, non-availability of labours due to migration, huge losses to the poultry firms with lack of customers were the important constraints reported by other stakeholders in the value chain
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION IN TELANGANA
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-06) BHAVANI, G; SREENIVASULU, M
    The present study entitled “A Critical analysis of quality seed production in Telangana” was undertaken to examine the quality seed production at farmer level on with reference to the Seed Village Programme. The objectives are as follows; to document the quality seed production initiatives in Telangana, to analyse the gain in knowledge level of farmers on quality seed production practices, to find out the attitude of farmers towards Seed Village Programme in achieving quality seed production, to determine the impact of the Seed Village Programme in social and economic terms, to enlist the constraints faced and success determinants of quality seed production with defined profile of the beneficiaries under the SVP scheme and to formulate strategies for improving quality seed production at farmers level. Ex-post facto research design was followed in the study. The State of Telangana was selected purposively. All three agro-climatic zones (Southern, Central and Northern Telangana Zones) of Telangana state were selected for the study. One district was selected purposively based on highest number of SVP units from each zone thus constituting three districts for the study. From each district two mandals were selected randomly followed by one village from each mandal based on SVP beneficiary in one village and SVP non beneficiary as in other village. Thus, a total of 120 farmers constituted the sample of SVP beneficiary respondents (treatment group) and a total of 60 farmers constituted the sample of SVP nonbeneficiary respondents were selected as control group and stakeholders sample consists of 60, thus the total sample size for the study was 240 . The major finding with regard to the seed production initiative under TSSOCA and PJTSAU were, under TSSOCA, quality control regimes and compliance with the international seed standards such as IMSCS, ISTA and OECD norms of seed certification was an initiative and it has been adjudged as the “Model Seed Certification Authority” in the country by the National Seed Association of India and the organization obtained prestigious ISO 9001:2015 Certification. Initiated online Seed Certification Process (OSCP) a web-based application software for effective monitoring of Seed Certification Process. OECD seed certification with worldwide acceptance for maize, forage Sorghum and Rice Hybrid crops. After the formation of new state Telangana, TSSOCA was exclusively working towards the its farmers in supplying quality seed were in the quantity certified recorded highest for the crop paddy followed by groundnut and then bengalgram. Trend for area registered(ac.) and quantity certified (qtls.) were majorly for thecrops “paddy followed by groundnut, Bengalgram and Soybean” during 2014-15 to 2017-18. The per centage of area registered to total area under TSSOCA depicts that from2014 to 2016 the per centage of area of crops sturdily increasing where paddy being the most area occupied crop under seed production followed by groundnut and but in the year 2015-17 the percentage area under groundnut was reduced and at the same time the per centage of area under soybean increased. This trend might be due to the reason that the Government has allocated an amount of Rs. 5000 lakhs under Budget Estimation (BEs) 2015-16 towards Strengthening of Seed Production Chain, seed production plan, promotion and multiplication of new varieties production in Soybean. The Long-Term Seed Production Plan was prepared based on the certified seed requirement of the state for the targeted area for the five years (2015-19). In which under oilseeds the soybean crop was under targeted seed during 2015-19. Therefore, the areas projected for five years (lakh ha) showed increasing trend in area under soybean. The year wise, crop wise areas targeted for the five years. Supply of seeds to farmers on subsidy were year wise projection showed that this subsidy environment encouraged farmers to go for soybean production., this explains the trends in area registered and quantity certified for major crops of Telangana under TSSOCA. Similarly, the major seed production progress from one of the prestigious state university PJTSAU which is producing the quality seed and high yielding varieties with research stations and KVKs and making them available to the farmers directly. During the year 2012-16, the University has released 25 varieties in different crops including cereals, pulses and oilseed. The seed production recorded highest for the crops viz., paddy, groundnut, soybean and redgram. The university also involved in agrotechnology developments for accelerating the pace of seed production The finding with regard to the knowledge level of the farmers towards seed production for paddy crop were, majority of the beneficiary respondents have medium (55.83%) knowledge level on quality seed production, in case of non-beneficiaries majority of them have medium knowledge (53.33%) in their seed production practices. The Independent ‘t’ test shows significant difference between the beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries at 0.05 level of probability in gain in knowledge on seed production with reference to the SVP. The finding with regard to the attitude of farmers towards SVP in achieving quality seed production indicated that majority of the beneficiary respondents have favourable (36.66) attitude on SVP in achieving quality seed production. Whereas, majority non beneficiaries have neutral (38.33) attitude on SVP in achieving quality seed production. The Z test shows significant difference between the means of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries at 0.05 level of probability in change in attitude towards SVP in achieving quality seed production Socio-economic impact on Seed Village Programme of Treatment -1 (Beneficiaries of SVP who actually sell seed produced under the programme), where in case of the economic impact, the yield was higher by 1.4q/ac/season in reference with the control group. In case of income, the income was higher by 13,032/season/ac in reference with the control group. Similarly, the cost of cultivation increased by 1269/ac/season in reference with the control group Treatment-2 (Beneficiaries of SVP who are unable to sell seed produced under the programme), the yield was higher by 0.16q/ac/season in reference with the control group. In case of income, the income was higher by 5681/season/ac in reference with the control group. Similarly, the cost of cultivation increased by 1281/ac/season in reference with the control group. Socio-economic impact on Seed Village Programme (Treatment 2 and Treatment 1) were in case of the Social impact, the social status was improved by 0.075 units in reference with the control group. In case of the quality of food grain consumption improvement by 0.06 units in reference with the control group. Similarly, the quantity of food grain consumption improvement by 0.108 units in reference with the control group, the health condition was improved by 0.042 units in reference with the control group. In case of the education improvement by 0.22 units in reference with the control group. Similarly, the self-satisfaction improvement by 1.05 units in reference with the control group. perception about quality of advisory services was improved by 1.16 units in reference with the control group. In case of formation of farmer groups 0.75 units improvement in reference with the control group Major constraints elicited by the farmers in production of quality seed were ‘Requirement high investment -Risk aversion’ obtained 1st position followed by ‘Difficult to market one’s own seed from farmer to farmer (Lacks trustworthiness) & Difficult to market the seed produced’, Small land holding status, Poor processing facilities and Lack of confidence to enter to seed production. Success determinants of quality seed production measured by undertaking the of the beneficiary respondents under SVP with their knowledge level on seed production indicated that majority of the respondents were middle (67.50%) to young (25.00%) age group with high school level of education (34.16%), belong to other backward caste (40.83%), having medium level of annual income (51.66%), with low experience in the farming (46.66%), having marginal land holding (49.16%) supported with borewell/ open well (64.16%) as their irrigation source and majority are non-members (86.6%) in taluka/district panchayat followed by members (65%) and office bearers (13.3%) in cooperative society, storage facility (56.66%), innovativeness (59.16%), with high level of economic motivation (42.50%), market orientation (42.50%), followed by medium level of aspiration level (52.50%), mass media utilization (45.00%) with medium level (42.50%) of extension contact and medium level (51.66%) of risk orientation. Market orientation, Mass media utilization, Extension contact, Risk orientation were significant at 0.05 level of probability for success determinants of quality seed production. Whereas other proposed predictors such as age, education, caste, annual income, farming experience, land holding, irrigation facilities, social participation, storage facilities, innovativeness, economic motivation and aspiration level were not significant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A CRITICAL STUDY ON FARMERS OF INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM IN TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-06) KAVITHA, S; SAMUEL, G
    The present study entitled ‘A critical study on farmers of Integrated Farming System in Telangana state’ was undertaken focusing on attitude, benefits, factors responsible for adoption of Integrated Farming System. Exploratory research design was adopted for the investigation. Telangana state was selected purposively where in two districts from each agro climatic zone were considered. Thus six districts (6), eighteen mandals (18), thirty six villages (36) and 180 respondents were selected for the study. The data were collected by personal interview method with the help of a structured interview schedule. Statistical tools like frequency, percentage, correlation and step down regression were employed to analyze and interpret the data. The analysis of profile characteristics of IFS farmers indicated that majority of them were young aged, had high school education, small and semi-medium land holdings with low farming experience, medium annual income, medium labour availability, medium information seeking behaviour, medium extension agency contact. Most of the IFS farmers had medium credit orientation, medium risk orientation, medium decision making, medium innovativeness, medium scientific orientation and herd size. Majority of them had own land with bore well as major source of irrigation and medium level of economic motivation, market accessibility and input recycling. Majority of the IFS farmers had favourable (41.67%) attitude towards Integrated Farming System, followed by highly favourable (30.00 %) and unfavourable (28.33 %) attitude towards Integrated Farming System respectively. Majority of the IFS farmers obtained the benefits viz., increased input use efficiency, maintenance of soil fertility, knowledge gain on different farm enterprises, increased productivity of agriculture and allied enterprises and year round income generation. The independent variables i.e., education, annual income, labour availability, information seeking behaviour, extension agency contact, risk orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, herd size, land ownership, source of irrigation, economic motivation and input recycling had positive and significant relationship with attitude of farmers towards Integrated Farming System. The independent variables i.e., education, land holding, annual income, labour availability, information seeking behaviour, extension agency contact, credit orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, herd size, source of irrigation, economic motivation, market accessibility and input recycling had positive and significant relationship with adoption of Integrated Farming System. Step down regression was carried out to find out the influence of selected profile characteristics on attitude towards Integrated Farming System. Labour availability, extension agency contact, credit orientation, input recycling put together could explain 68.30 per cent of variation in the level of attitude of farmers towards IFS. Annual income, labour availability, herd size put together could explain 65.50 per cent of variation in the adoption of Integrated Farming System. Major constraints elicited by the IFS farmers were lack of e-marketing facilities and price fluctuations. Major suggestions expressed by the IFS farmers were Government should provide better market price to different farm products and extension officials should provide information on online marketing through apps and android technology. A feasible strategy was developed with interventions to be taken up by the concerned departments like Government to conduct skill development and capacity building programme on latest tools and techniques of ICT in Integrated Farming System. Scientist to conduct location specific research on low cost IFS models, popularize the findings for more adoption of IFS, to conduct trainings on value addition of secondary agriculture such as bio-fortification, e-NAM. Agriculture department to conduct capacity building programmes on IFS planning, water and fertilizer use efficiency and e-marketing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT STUDY ON MISSION KAKATIYA– RESTORATION OF TANKS IN TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-06) ARUNA, KARUKURI; SUDHA RANI, V
    The present study entitled “Impact study on Mission Kakatiya – Restoration of tanks in Telangana state” to analyse the impact in terms of benefits accrued to the respondent farmers. Quasi-experimental research approach was followed for the study. The investigation was carried out in Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Siddipet and Badradri Kothhagudem districts of Telangana state. One mandal was selected from each district for the study. One village each selected randomly from each mandal separately for beneficiaries and non - beneficiaries. 30 farmers from each village were selected at random to make a sample of 180 respondents from beneficiary and non-beneficiary villages for the study. The findings revealed that majority of the beneficiary farmers belonged to medium aged group with primary school level of education, had small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, empathy, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, above 20 years of group age, above 70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. In respect of non-beneficiaries majority of them had medium age, primary school level of education, small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, low level of empathy, 15-20 years of group age, 35-70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. Findings with respect to attitude of farmers towards restoration and management of tanks revealed that majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had favourable and neutral attitude respectively and significance difference was there at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in attitude. Though majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had medium level of knowledge on tank irrigation management and suitable cropping patterns and significance difference was there in knowledge at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. Difference in Difference regression analysis indicated that Mission Kakatiya programme had a positive and significant impact on cropping intensity, cropping pattern, yield, productivity, income, employment generation, assets built up, social status, increase in ground water level and water holding capacity of soil. Mission Kakatya programme had no much impact on allied sectors, formation of farmer groups and organizations, afforestation and pollution. Major problems elicited by the beneficiary farmers in tank irrigation management were infestation of weeds, uneven distribution of tank silt, poor knowledge of farmers on new irrigation technologies and crop planning. Problems faced by non-beneficiary farmers were decreased water storage capacity of the tank, infestation of weeds, poor knowledge of tank users on crop planning and unavailability of water during critical stages of crop growth period. Majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers were having similar problems in group management i.e. lack of efficient leadership and organization of regular group meetings. The major problems faced by officials were lack of trainings in upgradation of knowledge and skills and transport facility. The major suggestions offered by beneficiary farmers to overcome the problems in tank irrigation management were the weeds should be removed frequently, officials should formulate the group for equal distribution of tank silt, all concerned departments should conduct the training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies, crop planning, select the efficient leader and organize the group meetings twice in month. The major suggestions offered by non-beneficiary farmers were Department of Irrigation should implement the Mission Kakatiya programme, weeds should be removed frequently from the tank, conducting training programmes on crop planning and release the water based on crop growth stages instead of rotational basis of water The suggestions given by officials were provide training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies and provision of transport facility. Suggested strategy for effective sustainable tank irrigation management was Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Department should create awareness cum training programmes on weed control, recommended cropping pattern and crop planning. KVKs and DAATTCs should involve in formation of specific tank water user groups as Kakatiya Tank Users Association/groups and organize the capacity building programmes for farmers on group dynamics and team management for effective tank irrigation management
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT STUDY ON MISSION KAKATIYA – RESTORATION OF TANKS IN TELANGANA STATE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-06) ARUNA, KARUKURI; SUDHA RANI, V
    The present study entitled “Impact study on Mission Kakatiya – Restoration of tanks in Telangana state” to analyse the impact in terms of benefits accrued to the respondent farmers. Quasi-experimental research approach was followed for the study. The investigation was carried out in Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Siddipet and Badradri Kothhagudem districts of Telangana state. One mandal was selected from each district for the study. One village each selected randomly from each mandal separately for beneficiaries and non - beneficiaries. 30 farmers from each village were selected at random to make a sample of 180 respondents from beneficiary and non-beneficiary villages for the study. The findings revealed that majority of the beneficiary farmers belonged to medium aged group with primary school level of education, had small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, empathy, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, above 20 years of group age, above 70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. In respect of non-beneficiaries majority of them had medium age, primary school level of education, small farm size, medium level of farming experience, extension contact, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, socio politico participation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, achievement motivation, extent of participation in tank irrigation management, low level of empathy, 15-20 years of group age, 35-70 members of group size, low level of group cohesiveness and team work. Findings with respect to attitude of farmers towards restoration and management of tanks revealed that majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had favourable and neutral attitude respectively and significance difference was there at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in attitude. Though majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers had medium level of knowledge on tank irrigation management and suitable cropping patterns and significance difference was there in knowledge at 5 per cent level of probability between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. Difference in Difference regression analysis indicated that Mission Kakatiya programme had a positive and significant impact on cropping intensity, cropping pattern, yield, productivity, income, employment generation, assets built up, social status, increase in ground water level and water holding capacity of soil. Mission Kakatya programme had no much impact on allied sectors, formation of farmer groups and organizations, afforestation and pollution. Major problems elicited by the beneficiary farmers in tank irrigation management were infestation of weeds, uneven distribution of tank silt, poor knowledge of farmers on new irrigation technologies and crop planning. Problems faced by non-beneficiary farmers were decreased water storage capacity of the tank, infestation of weeds, poor knowledge of tank users on crop planning and unavailability of water during critical stages of crop growth period. Majority of the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers were having similar problems in group management i.e. lack of efficient leadership and organization of regular group meetings. The major problems faced by officials were lack of trainings in upgradation of knowledge and skills and transport facility. The major suggestions offered by beneficiary farmers to overcome the problems in tank irrigation management were the weeds should be removed frequently, officials should formulate the group for equal distribution of tank silt, all concerned departments should conduct the training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies, crop planning, select the efficient leader and organize the group meetings twice in month. The major suggestions offered by non-beneficiary farmers were Department of Irrigation should implement the Mission Kakatiya programme, weeds should be removed frequently from the tank, conducting training programmes on crop planning and release the water based on crop growth stages instead of rotational basis of water The suggestions given by officials were provide training programmes and method demonstrations on new irrigation technologies and provision of transport facility. Suggested strategy for effective sustainable tank irrigation management was Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Department should create awareness cum training programmes on weed control, recommended cropping pattern and crop planning. KVKs and DAATTCs should involve in formation of specific tank water user groups as Kakatiya Tank Users Association/groups and organize the capacity building programmes for farmers on group dynamics and team management for effective tank irrigation management
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON FUNCTIONING AND IMPACT OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS IN KARNATAKA
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2019) DARSHAN, N.P; SAMUEL, G
    The present study was conducted in Bidar and Kalaburagi districts of Karnataka state during 2017-18 to analyse the functioning and impact of farmer producer organisations (FPOs) in terms of comparison of knowledge level and extent of adoption of red gram cultivation practices among members and non-members. The study also analysed the income generation aspects of respondents, network linkages of farmer producer organisations and the constraints and suggestions as perceived by the respondents. The findings revealed that majority of the members and non-member belonged to medium age group (57.33 % and 59.33 % respectively) with intermediate level of education (35.33 % and 34.67 % respectively), belonged to general caste (46.00 % and 46.67 % respectively) had 5-8 members per family (56.67 % and 68.67 % respectively), had medium (30.00 %) and semi-medium (60.67 %) farm size, medium farm mechanization status (56.00 % and 48.00 % respectively), medium (62.67 %) and high (49.33 %) level of income, medium (34.00 %) and high (58.00 %) level of indebtedness. They also had high (50.67 %) and medium (56.00 %) level of participation, medium level of information seeking behaviour (40.67 % and 44.67 % respectively), medium level of leadership ability (37.33 % and 54.00 % respectively), medium (40.00 %) and low (54.67 %) level of capacity building, medium (36.67 %) and low (48.67 %) risk orientation, high (42.67 %) and low (54.67 %) innovativeness, medium (44.00 %) and low (72.67 %) level of achievement motivation, medium level of self-confidence (41.33 % and 76.00 % respectively), medium (47.33 %) and low (46.67 %) level of communication behaviour and medium (42.00 %) and low (48.67 %) level of decision making power. Findings with respect to formation revealed that except Jai Kisan Souharda Multipurpose Cooperative Limited (JKSMCL), all the FPOs were registered in 2013. FPOs under Vrutti Livelihood Resource Centre (VLRC) had five villages each whereas ten villages were clustered under FPOs of Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP). 61.02 per cent of board of directors faced problems in convincing farmers during formation. Majority of members enrolled into FPOs to get remunerative price for their crop to produce, however, due to the high membership fee, the majority of nonmembers (6.43 %) show reluctance in joining FPOs. Members under VLRC and ISAP had a high level of training (77.78 % and 86.67 % respectively). With respect to functional aspects, FPOs under VLRC and ISAP had medium level of supportive environment (51.11 % and 51.67 % respectively), high and medium level of cohesiveness (46.67 % and 60.00 % respectively), medium level of role differentiation (50.00 % and 71.67 % respectively), high and medium level of group leadership (44.44 % and 58.33 % respectively), medium level of communication (57.78 and 45.00 % respectively), medium level of group sustainability (56.67 % and 51.67 % respectively), low critical issues (63.33 % and 50.00 % respectively) and medium level of team spirit (50.00 % and 45.00 % respectively). With respect to the level of knowledge on red gram cultivation practices, the majority of the members and non-members had a high and medium level of knowledge (72.66 % and 61.33 % respectively). There was a significant difference in the knowledge levels of members and non-members. The variables such as age, secondary, intermediate and undergraduate levels of education, medium and high family size, low and high farm size, medium and high indebtedness, medium and high income, medium and high information seeking behavior, medium and high innovativeness of member farmers, medium and high supportive environment, medium and high group cohesiveness and medium and high group sustainability had influenced the gain/increase of knowledge of member farmers on red gram cultivation practices. Majority of members and non-members had high (50.00 %) and medium (63.33 %) extent of adoption of red gram cultivation practices. There existed a significant difference between them. The variables such as low and medium age, low and medium family size, medium and high farm size, medium and high indebtedness, medium and high income, medium and high innovativeness, medium and high group cohesiveness, medium and high group sustainability and knowledge of the member farmers had influenced the increase of adoption of member farmers on red gram cultivation practices. With respect to the cost of cultivation of red gram cultivation, the members had incurred 11.06 per cent lesser cost for red gram cultivation when compared to that of non-members and in case of returns they had gained 18.95 per cent returns when compared to non-numbers. There observed a significant difference between costs and returns of red gram cultivation between members and non-members. It was also noticed that if a non-member joins FPO, his/her returns will increase by 14 per cent. Majority of members perceived that irregular procurement of produce and inadequate infrastructure facilities were the major technical constraints and non-uniform rotation of governing body followed by competition among villages for getting benefits were the major organisational constraints. In addition to that members also felt NGOs were focusing on resource-rich areas followed by they were showing profit motive were the constraints related to NGO support. With respect to the technical constraints in red gram cultivation, both for members and non-members felt labor shortage as the major problem. But the non-members also felt a lack of technical guidance and costly inputs as the serious constraints. In case of marketing, members and non-members felt lack of assured procurement facilities and price fluctuations of produce as the major constraints respectively. Major suggestions expressed by the members to overcome technical constraints in FPOs were the provision of regular procurement of their products every year and giving equal importance to every village for overcoming organisational constraint. They also expressed that NGOs should give importance to all the areas irrespective of resource availability. With respect to suggestions for overcoming technical constraints in red gram cultivation, respondents suggested for the provision of infrastructure facilities and inputs at subsidized rates. To overcome the marketing constraints of red gram cultivation, respondents suggested for the regular procurement, establishing organised supply chains in the non-FPO operated system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (PJTSAU) WITH REFERENCE TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2017) SAMPATH KUMAR, M
    Organisational effectiveness is one of the topical subject of innumerable studies in world-wide. It appears that the more we study about this, the many dimensions that come to light. Effectiveness of an organisation can be measured in different dimensions. Academic achievement is one of the most important goals of educational system. In educational institutions, academic performance is the only one thing measure the effectiveness of organisation. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to know how much the organization (i.e. University) is efficient in utilizing the available resources in order to meet its goals and objectives related to Academic Performance” Descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Being the only Agricultural University in the State, the Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) has been chosen purposively selected for the study. Three major agricultural college campuses located at Rajendranagar, Aswaraopet and Jagtail were selected purposively. Total sample comprises of 220 respondents (i.e. 120 students of B.Sc. (Ag.) final i.e. 8th semester, M.Sc. (Ag.) and Ph. D; 60 teachers: 40 non-teaching staff) were randomly selected for the study. The questionnaire was developed to collect data. The data collected were coded, tabulated analysed and interpreted using suitable statistical tools and techniques. The salient findings of the study are as follows The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of teachers indicated that majority of the teachers i.e. 40.00 per cent were young age, male (56.70%), Ph. D. qualification (75.00%) and Assistant professor cadre (45.00%); less experience in teaching (71.70%) and professional growth (66.70%); medium level of job satisfaction (43.30%) and job stress (51.70%); high level of organisational commitment (38.30%) and participation in capacity building activities (37.90%). The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of students indicated that majority of the students i.e. 50.00 per cent having rural background and joined by choice (55.80%); high achievement motivation (58.30%): medium level of awareness on job opportunities (49.20%), educational satisfaction (72.50%), educational development (57.50%), perception on institutional facilities (76.70%), perception on stress (44.20%) and personality development facilities provided by the organisation (45.80%); low level of aspiration (39.20%). The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of non-teaching staff indicated that majority of them i.e. 55.00 per cent were young age, male (70.00%), degree qualification (37.50%) and Junior assistant cum typist cadre (35.00%), medium level of job experience (47.50%), job satisfaction (42.50%), perception on workload (52.50%) and low level of job commitment (72.5%). Majority i.e. 56.70 per cent of the teachers, 45.80 per cent of the students and 45.00 per cent of non-teaching staff had neutral attitude towards academic environment of PJTSAU. Majority i.e. 50.9 per cent of the respondents perceived that overall effectiveness of the university with reference to academic performance at medium level, followed by 30.00 per cent as high and 19.1 per cent perceived as low effectiveness. In the university, majority i.e. 60.00 per cent of the teachers perceived teaching was effective, medium level organisational communication (53.30%) and organisational politics (41.70%); favorable work environment (55.00%) and conflict management system (50.00%); supportive organisational structure (48.3%), highly compatible organisational culture (43.30%). Majority i.e. 59.00 per cent of the students expressed that the curriculum was adequate, medium level of gained practical experience (50.00%), discipline (54.90%) and participation in extracurricular activities (48.6%); positive feedback about academic environment (39.60%), effective teaching learning process, (47.90%) and favorable advisory system (50.00%). Majority i.e. 42.50 per cent of non-teaching staff perceived that medium level of recognition, job stress (47.50%) and motivation (52.5%); favorable work environment (50.00%); compatible organisational culture (40.00%); supportive organisational structure (50.00%) and effective leadership (57.50%). Finally, majority i.e. 50.90 per cent of the respondents perceived that overall effectiveness of the university with reference to academic performance at medium level, followed by high (30.00%) and low (19.10%). The variables of teachers, such as academic qualification and job satisfaction found to be positive and significant relationship with organisational effectiveness at one per cent level of significance, the variables such as experience in teaching, cadre in organisation, professional growth found to be positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance. The variable i.e. job stress had negative and significant relationship with organisational effectiveness at five per cent level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. All independent variables of teachers put together contribute 43.30 per cent of the total variation in the organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors. The six independent variables viz: academic qualification, experience in teaching, cadre in organisation, job satisfaction and professional growth put together contributed 38.00 per cent of the total variation in organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors. The variables of students, such as background, awareness on job opportunities, student educational development and student personality development were found to be positive and significant relationship with organisational effectiveness at one per cent level of significance, the variables such as student educational satisfaction, perception on institutional facilities were found to be positive and significant relationship and the variable i.e. perception on stress had negative and significant relationship with organisational effectiveness at five per cent level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. All independent variables of students put together contributed 60.04 per cent of the total variation in the organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors and four independent variables viz: awareness on job opportunities, student educational development, student educational satisfaction and perception of stress put together contributed 58.90 per cent of the total variation in organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors. The variables such as job experience, cadre in the organisation, job satisfaction, job commitment and perception on workload found to be positive and significant relationship with organisational effectiveness at one per cent level of significance, the variable i.e. age was found to be positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. All independent variables of non-teaching staff put together contribute 54.10 per cent of the total variation in the organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors. The six independent variables viz: Job experience, cadre in organization, job satisfaction and perception on work load growth put together contributed 52.5 per cent of the total variation in organisational effectiveness of PJTSAU, leaving the rest to extraneous factors. Major problems elicited by the teachers were that majority i.e. 80.00 per cent of teachers said that lack of sufficient teaching staff, followed by less of transport facilities in department (70.00%), lack of transparency in promotions, transfers and award selection (68.33%). Majority i.e. 91.76 per cent of teachers suggested that recruiting the staff and filling up vacancies immediately which was ranked first, followed by administrative and financial control of nonteaching staff working under control of teaching staff will improve the job commitment (86.67%). Majority i.e. 87.50 per cent of students expressed that stipend was not sufficient for PG students; Poor functioning of placement cell in the campus was the major problem and complicated process of semester registration (83.33%). Majority i.e. 91.67 per cent of students gave the suggestion to concentrate more on placement cell and coaching cell (For competitive exams), followed by extension of library timings up to 9 pm, online payment should be introduced for semester registration and biometric attendance should be implemented for teachers, students and non-teaching staff (83.33%). Majority i.e. 75.00 per cent of non-teaching staff expressed that less recognition for lower level employees. Majority i.e. 55.00 per cent of non-teaching staff suggested that recognition is needed for lower level employees. Administration need to recruit sufficient staff to reduce additional workload of current staff, provision of modern teaching aids for effective teaching learning process and special coaching cells should be established for student stress management, personality development and to guide them about various career opportunities and competitive exams.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    WEBOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES
    (PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2017) SHIVACHARAN, G.
    The topic of the study, ‘Webometric analysis of Indian agricultural universities’ is new to social sciences. To gain deep insight into the topic descriptive research design was adopted for present investigation. Four websites of agricultural universities each located in five regions in the country viz, north, east, west, south and central region were selected randomly thus making a total of 20 websites for the study. Home page and three other web pages of selected website were selected for content analysis. A sample of 240 respondents includes 80 graduate students,60 teachers, 60 scientists of PJTSAU and 40 extension personnel from State Department of Agriculture were selected for studying web use behavior. Documentation of agricultural university websites according to their status, Alexa traffic rank, URL (Unique Resource Locator) extension, Directory of world universities National Informatics Ranking Framework was done. Majority (65%) of the websites were found in medium category followed by low (25%) and high (10%) level of authenticity. Majority (50%) of the websites were falling under medium category of content authority, followed by High (40%) and low (10%) categories. 80per cent of the websites had high relevance to the website purpose followed by medium (15%) and low (5%). 75 per cent of the websites had high accuracy, followed by low (15%) and medium (10%). IGAU had maximum (2432) number of words on the website, followed by NAU with 1925 words and TNAU with 1570 words. The UAS Bangalore website has minimum (489) number of words, followed by PJTSAU with 562 words and AU Jodhpur with 657 words. IGAU had maximum (242) number of sentences on the website, followed by NAU with 234 and ANGRAU with 143 sentences. The UAS Bangalore website has minimum (38) number of sentences, followed by PAU with 41 and COA with 43 sentences. NAU had maximum (121) number of paragraphs on the website, followed by NDRI with 89 and ANGRAU with 82 paragraphs. The COA website has minimum (14) number of paragraphs, followed by PAU with 19 and with SKUAST22 paragraphs. PAU had maximum (19.02) average number of words per sentence, followed by OUAT with 18.31 and SKUAST with 17.89 average number of words per sentence. ANGRAU website has got minimum (7.62) average number of words per sentence, followed by PJTSAU with 8.14 and NAU with 8.23 average number of words per sentence. IGAU had maximum (90) number of personal words, followed by SVPB with 35 personal words and GBPUAT with 26 personal words. MPKV and NDRI had minimum (4) number of personal words, followed by SKUAST with 7 personal words and AAU and OUAT with 11 personal words. SKUAST website had highest (28.03) Gunning fog index, followed by OUAT with 27.67 and BCKV with 27.25 Gunning fog index. The COA website had lowest Gunning fog index (21.19) followed by NAU with 21.68 and ANGRAU with 21.99Gunning fog index. SKUAST had maximum (9) number of technical words followed by YSPUHF and NAU with 7 and NDRI with 6 technical words. BCKV BAU Ranchi, COA, PAU, SVPB had minimum number of technical words i.e. 2. 65 per cent of the websites had high font size andcolour, followed by medium (30%) and low (5%). Majority (60%) of the university websites had high visuals followed by medium (35%) and low (5%). Majority (60%) of the university websites were not using animations. 40 per cent of the websites used the animations and only 5 per cent websites used animations related to the content. 75 per cent of the university websites had no alternate text or tool tip box. Only 25 percent of the websites had alternate text or tool tip box. All the websites were able to bookmark on their browsers. Majority (60%) of the university websites had good presentation of their webpages and 40 of the websites having average presentation. 55 per cent of the selected websites were good in aesthetic or visual appeal followed by average (30%) and poor (15%). 75 per cent of the selected university websites providing average navigation followed by good (20%) and poor (5%). 75 per cent of the selected university websites providing average accessibility and 25 per cent of the sites were having poor accessibility. Majority (75%) of the selected university websites had low usefulness and 25 per cent websites had medium usefulness. 65 per cent of the selected university websites were having average feedback facility and 35 per cent of the websites having good feedback facility. TNAU (33227) has got first rank among the selected university websites, followed by GBPUAT (151374) and OUAT (161737). COA got last rank (6763023) among the selected university websites, followed by AU Jodhpur (2136182) and SKUAST (1082916). TNAU, GBPUAT, UAS Bangalore have got score 6. PAU has got least Google page rank score. Five universities websites of selected university websites did not get any score. ANGRAU (7882357) had highest visitors among the selected university websites followed by AAU (3009517) and PJTSAU (1015792).JNKVV had maximum (18976) number of rich text files followed by NAU with 9452 and UAS Bangalore with 6205 rich text files. COA had minimum (18) number of rich text files followed by SVPB with 40 and TNAU and AU Jodhpur with 52 rich text files. IGAU, JNKVV ranked 1st among selected university websites with a score of 57, followed by YSPUHF with a score of 56 and GBPUAT and MPKV with a score of 55. The websites like COA got least rank (13th) with a score of 29, followed by SVPB got 12th rank with a score of 42 and BAU 11th rank with a score of 46. Most (31.67%) of the respondents having more than ten years of computer experience followed by 9-10 years (18.33%), 5-6 years and 7-8 years (19.92%), 3-4 years (9.58%), 1-2 years (3.75%) and less than one year (0.83%). Majority(83.75%) of the respondents always accessed web on need based followed by sometimes (13.75%) and occasionally (2.50%). Most (40.83%) of the respondents occasionally accessed web without purpose followed by sometimes (31.25%), never (25.42%) and always (2.50%). Most (35.83%) of the respondents never accessed web on payment mode followed by occasionally (30%), sometimes (23.75%) and always (12.92%). Most (30.42%) of the respondents never accessed web on non-payment mode followed by occasionally and sometimes (26.25%) and always (17.08%). Majority (70.42%) of the respondents always accessed web using personal computer followed by sometimes (22.92%), never (4.17%) and occasionally (2.50%). 37.08 per cent of the respondents occasionally accessed web using organizational computer followed by sometimes (36.25%), never (15%) and (11.67%). 44.17 per cent of the respondents occasionally accessed web using internet cafe followed by never (38.75%) and sometimes (17.08%). 69.17 per cent of the respondents never accessed web using tablet followed by sometimes (15.83%), occasionally (12.92%) and always (2.08%). 56.25 per cent of the respondents always accessed web using mobile followed by sometimes (23.75%),occasionally (14.58%) and never (5.42%). Majority(50.83%) of the respondents always accessed web for the purpose of research information followed by sometimes (33.75%), never (9.17%) and occasionally (6.25%). 43.75 per cent of the respondents always accessed web for the purpose of study material or projects and schemes followed by sometimes (37.92%) occasionally (15.42%) and never (2.92%). 48.33 per cent of the respondents always accessed web for the purpose of presentation material or advanced cultivation practices followed by sometimes (30%) occasionally (15.83%) and never (5.83%). 35.83 per cent of the respondents always accessed web for the purpose of images or agricultural magazines followed by sometimes (34.58%) occasionally (19.58%) and never (10%). 36.25 per cent of the respondents sometimes accessed web for the purpose of e-Journals or communicating information for the farmers followed by always (31.67%) occasionally (23.75%) and never (8.33%). 44.17 per cent of the respondents sometimes accessed web for the purpose of others viz., circulars, notifications followed by occasionally (25.42%) always (22.92%) and never (7.50%). Majority(71.25%) of the respondents were daily browsers, followed by three to four days per week (14.58%), one to two days per week (7.50%)and access web more than five days per week (6.67%). Most (32.50%) of the respondents utilize web content more than five times a week in job situation followed by thrice a week (20.42%), once a week (19.58%), twice a week (15.42%) and four times a week (12.08%).27.50 per cent of the respondents utilize web content once a week in learning situation followed by more than five time a week (26.25%), twice a week (17.50%), thrice a week (16.25%) and four times a week (12.50%).Majority (71.25%) of the respondents were daily browsers except 28.75 per cent. Most (31.58%) of the respondents were spending two hour per day followed by one (28.65%), less than one hour (12.28%), three (11.70%), four (6.43%), five and more than five hours (4.68%).that 36.23 per cent of the respondents spending three to four hours per week on web browsing followed by five to six hours per week (21.74%), one to two hours per week (15.94%), seven to eight hours per week (10.14%), nine to ten hours per week (8.70%), more than ten hours per week (4.35%) and less than one hours per week (2.90%). Majority(55%) of the respondents had medium accessibility followed by 30.42 per cent high and 14.58per cent low accessibility. Majority(91.67%) of the respondents always used Google chrome for web browsing followed by sometimes (7.08%) and occasionally (1.25%).35.83 per cent of the respondents never used Firefox for web browsing followed by sometimes (31.67%), occasionally (25.42%) and always (7.08%).42.08 per cent of the respondents occasionally used Internet explorer for web browsing followed by never (26.67%), sometimes (24.58%) and always (6.67%).90 per cent of the respondents never used Safari for web browsing followed by sometimes (4.58%), always (2.92%) and occasionally (2.50%).77.08 per cent of the respondents never used Opera for web browsing followed by occasionally (12.50%), sometimes (8.33%) and always (2.08%).100 per cent of the respondents never used Lynx for web browsing.62.08 per cent of the respondents never used UC for web browsing followed by occasionally (20%), sometimes (10.42%) and always (7.50%).Majority (59.58%) of the respondents had medium user satisfaction followed by 24.17 per cent high and 16.25per cent low user satisfaction.58.75 per cent of the extension personnel had medium level of perception followed by 26.67 per cent low and 14.58 per cent high level of perception. ‘Lack of high speed internet connectivity’, unavailability of full length articles,lack of authenticity of information,modern computers are not available in the organization,information is not available in local language,lack of skills in usage and application of web based content were major problems expressed by the respondents. Make accessible for most of the websites which were showing untangle, provide detailed and accurate information, provide high speed internet facility, website should provide high quality updated information, providing training facilities for better accessing of web sites.