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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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1998 - 199928
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEMS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOWS AND GILTS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1998) V. RAMESH; P.C. Saseendran
    An experiment was conducted to findout the effect of housing systems on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts. Three types of housing systems namely, conventional house with wallowing tank (control TJ , conventional house with sprinklers (Tj) and range system (Tj) were put to test. Eighteen sows and eighteen gilts were reared under each system. A significantly lower (P<0.01) temperature was observed in sprinkler system (33.0°C) when compared to conventional (35.0°C) and range (34.35°C). There was nc significant difference in relative humidity between the groups. Significant difference (P<0.01) between treatment groups Ti with Tj and T3 in age at puberty and mating in gilt which were 305.47 ± 9.51, 270.36 ± 8.75 and 276.22 ± 5.- ;. respectively. The gilts under the treatment group T^ and T, had reached piiberty and were mated earlier than Ti group. The weight of gilts at the time of breeding was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group T3 (75.39 ± 3.19) when compared to Tj (97.63 ± 3.09) and T^ (93.11 ± 3.73). But T3 group gilts had compensatory weight gain during pregnancy and difference between treatment groups in weight of gilts at one week after farrowing and at weaning were non significant. The weight of sows at the time of breeding, one week after farrowing and at weaning were significantly lower (P<0.05) in treatment group Tj when compared to T3 and . S .gnificantl' higher (P<0.01) percentage of oestrus occurrence, breeding success and intensity of oestrus were observed in T, and T3 group than group. The gestation length and post weaning oestrus period were found to be non-significantly different between the groups. The litter size at birth and weaning were 9.06 ± 0.26 and 6.87 ± 0.22 respectively in gilts and 9.38 ± 0.33 and 6.92 ± 0.05 respectively in sows reared under range system (T3) which were highly significant (P<0.01) than the litter size at birth and weaning obtained for gilts (5.85 ± 0.40 and 4.00 ± 0.69 respectively) and sows (7.09 ± 0.68 and 4.63 ± 0.70 respectively) reared under conventional system (TJ . Between T^ and T3 there was no significant difference. The litter weight at birth and weaning in T3 groups of 13.89 ± 0.43 kg and 62.72 ± 1.99 kg respectively in gilts and 14.35 ± 0.52 kg and 63.84 ± 4.04 kg respectively in sows were found to be highly significant than T^ group and non significantly higher than T, group. The cost of installing sprinkler in conventional pen and providing range in place of conventional pen were estimated to be Rs.29/m^ and Rs.l25/m= respectively. In the present study the reproductive performance of pigs maintained under sprinkler and range system was found to be better than the pigs maintained under conventional system. But the range system may not be practical and economically feasible always when compared to sprinkler system
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF MODIFIED ENVIRONMENT DURING SUMMER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1998) T. SUBRAMANIAN; K.S. Sebastian
    An investigation was carried out to study the environment variables and the effect of modified housing conditions on the physiological norms and growth performance during the dry season on the large white Yorkshire grower pigs. The modified housing include, - without wallow and sprinkler, Tj - with wallow only, T3 - with sprinkler only and T4 - with wallow and sprinkler as the four treatment groups. The dry season (summer) characterised by higher ambient temperature (maximum temperature - 31.5° to 37°C, minimum temperature 22.8 to 26.1°C, mean temperature - 27.4°C to 31.3°C), comparatively lower relative humidity (mean RH 63.15 to 75.68%) and wind speed (2.75 to 7.8 km/h) . The higher range of temperature was sufficient to cause stress on the performance of the grower pigs as per the literatures. The treatment (TJ without wallow and sprinkler varies significantly (P<0.05) in the body temperature, respiration rate, cardiac rate both in the forenoon and afternoon from the Tj, T3 and T4 gramps, i.e., T^ has shown more of physiological stress reaction than other treatment groups. T, was found to be more comfortable than T^. and T3 were having no significant difference except in afternoon body temperature and respiration rate. There were no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between treatment groups in the fortnightly body weight gain from the first fortnight to upto twelfth fortnight. The twelfth fortnight body weight of the treatments T^, T2, T3 and T4 were 70.833 ± 2.114, 69.333 ± 5.816, 73.333 ± 5.681 and 71.667 ± 5.975. There were also no significant difference in the body length, chest girth and body height among the treatment groups in the fortnightly observations. Though T^ had shown significant (P<0.05) rise of physiological norms that had not reached upto the level of growth retardation. The overall fortnightly rate of gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) of the treatment groups of T^, Tj, Tj and T^ were 5.08 ± 0.60, 4.97 ± 0.54, 5.28 ± 0.56 and 5.17 ± 0.60 and 339 ± 39.9, 330.9 ± 36.1, 351.7 ± 37.6 and 343.9 ± 36.0. Under restricted feeding regime, T3 was having relatively better feed conversion efficiency and lower cost per kg of live weight production than T^, T^ and Tj. The conversion efficiency of T^, T^, T3 and T^ were 4.05, 4.15, 3.91 and 3.99 and cost per kg of live weight production 36.16, 37.03, 35.05 and 35.81. Based on the observations and the results suitable method of environment modification during the dry season for grower pigs can be recommended.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST DUCK PLAGUE VIRUS
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1999) RAVINDRA DATTATRAYA PADALKAR; V. Jayaprakasan
    MonocloiMl iinlibodies (Mabs) were raised against the vaccine strain of DPV and three strains of DPV Mz, Vaccine (OPV^V). IVRl (DPV-1) and Alleppy strain (DPV-A) were used to raise polyclonal serum in tite present investigation. DPV-V was revived in 11 day old chicken enibiyo and the enibrjo deatli was recorded four to five days PI with congestion all over the body and spleen and nccrotic foci in liver. The cytopathy in CEF cell culture observed was rounding and clumping of the cells, syncytium formation and bridge fonriation with extensive vacuolation m the Cytoplasm. The detachment of the cells was observed at 120 h PI. 1)PV-1 a virulent strain was inocnlaied in the ducklings, death was recorded in all the inoculated birds with extensive hemorrhages on serous membranes, muscles and visceral organs. Nccrotic foci on li\ei, enlargement and congestion of liver and spleen, and white necrotic foci m the gizzard were evident. The virus was further passaged in DDE and cultivated in bulk in DEP cell culture. The Dl'V-V and Dl'V-A were titrated in Clil' cell cultnie and the TCin,o was 4.7 X 10' per nd of the inoeulnm lor DPV-V and 3.2 X lO' for I)PV-A. ni'V-i cultivated in Did' cell culture had a IC 11),,i of the inoculum All the strains were partially purified at 100000 g for 4.5 h at 4" C in Heekman ultra centrifuge and the protein concentration of the virus was estimated by biuret method and was found to he 1 1 mg. 8 mg and 7 mg for DPV-V, A and I respectively. All the three strains of DPV were inoculated in mice to raise polyclonal serum. Four mice out of five inoculated with DPV-V showed FJdSA titres more than 1:12800, one mouse showed a litre of 1:6400. The mice inoculated witi* DPV-A showed a litre of more than 1:12800 and those inoculated with DPV-I, 1:6400 FddSA was used to test the sera samples of the miee inoculated with DPV strains. The test was found to be highly sensitive, easy to perlorm and less time consuming. The test therefore can be recommended for routine diagnosis of DPV I'olyclonal seiuin was used to study ll'.c cross reactivitv of the three strains oC I)PV with FIJSA. DI'V-V polyclonal scrum reacted with the liomologous virus with a titre of 1:12800. It also showed similar titer with other two heterologous strains. I'olyclonal serum raised against DI'V-A had a titre of 1:12800 with homologous and hcterologuus strains of DI'V. DPV-I reacted with Immnhigous strain at a titre uf 1:6400 Similar titrcs were observed with hertologous strains. Immiino pero.xidase test was used for the detection of the tissue antigens in DPV infected CEF monolayers and in liver and spleen sections. Polyclonal serum raised against DPV-V detected homologous virus in the CF.F monolayers and hetrologous virus in the liver and spleen sections. The staining reaction was observed as dark brown deposits at the virus localization. However background tissue was also stained brown to faint yellow in the stained preparation. The virus neutralization test was used to study the cross neutralization by employing polyclonal .serum raised against the three strains of DPV. Polyclonal serurTi raised against DPV-V showed a VN F of 64 with a VNl of 1.8 with homologous virus and a VN F 45 with VNI 1.65 with other two strains of DPV. Polyclonal serum raised against DPV-A neutralized the homologous virus at a titre of 32 with a VNl of 1.5. it also neutnrlized the vacciiic strain nf DI'V with same VNT and VNI, However it neutralized DPV-1 with VN I' 24 and VNI 1.35. Dl'V-i poiyclonal serum neutralized the homologous virus at a titre of 45 with a VNI of 1.65 . I he s.iiue neutralized DPV-V and DPV-A with a VN T 32 and VNI 1.5.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF CALF FEED SUBSIDY SCHEME ON FARM WOMEN
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1999) REEJA GEORGE PULINILKUNNATHIL; M.R Subhadra
    The impact of the calf feed subsidy scheme, a continuing dairy development scheme of the Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala, on farm women in terms of behavioural changes in the areas of attitude, knowledge and extent of adoption regarding scientific calf and dairy mianagement practices was assessed. A static group comparison design of research was adopted. The study was carried put in Thrissur district of Kerala state, among 75 each of beneficiary and and non-beneficiary women. The non-beneficiary group served as the control. Comparison was made on 11 variables and since it was required to know differences in the attitude towards scientific calf rearing, knowledge of scientific calf rearing, extent of adoption of calf rearing as well as dairy farming technologies between beneficiary and non-beneficiary groups and since ready to use measuring scales were not availableto measure these variables, suitable scales were developed. In general, beneficiary women differed significantly in their attitude, knowledge and extent of adoption of scientific calf rearing and dairy farming technologies indicating the positive im.pact of the scheme. However certain deficiency areas were identified which need immediate educational intervention. For instance, most beneficiary women did not have correct knowledge regarding early breeding as well as etiology of infertility; two-third had not adopted these technologies as well. Many of beneficiary women did not have correct knowledge of the schedule of foot and mouth disease vaccination as well as deworming and a majority had either discontinued or not adopted these technologies. Fewer women had correct knowledge of the amounts of green fodder and ration to be fed to heifers, dry animals and those pregnant: adoption of these technologies was substantially low. Knowledge and adoption of the correct procedure of ligation of navel cord was one low. None of the beneficiaries had adopted post milking teat dipping while a few had adopted record keeping. Nearly half of the beneficiaries had not adopted the practice of quick reporting of out breaks and had either not adopted or discontinued technologies pertaining to flooring and drainage in cattle sheds. Two-third had not adopted the practice of culling bull calves at the right time. To make up these deficiencies, intensive extension educational measures are to be organised under the auspices of the scheme. In all such instances, womien participatory programs need emphasis. Attitude building exercises, demonstrations etc wherever required should be organised and followed up.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND FREEZING PROCEDURES ON THE ACROSOME MORPHOLOGY OF BUCK SPERMATOZOA
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1998) RANJINI. A.; K. Prabhakaran Nair
    Six pooled semen samples (two ejaculates) of good quality from five Malabari crossbred bucks were processed and frozen in two different protocols to evaluate the effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa. in protocol I. the samples were diluted 10 fold in Tris buffer before centrrfuging twice and the final pellet was re-suspended in the non glycerolated fraction of Tris yolk diluent. The sample was glycerolated {six per cent), equilibrated (four hours), frozen (eight minutes), and thawed (25° C for 30 seconds). In protocol II. centrifugation was done only once, after 15 fold dilution in Tris buffer. The re suspended pellet was glycerolated (seven per cent), equilibrated (three hours), frozen (10 minutes) and thawed (60° C for 10 seconds). The semen characters such as motility. live sperm, sperm abnormalities and acrosome abnormalities were evaluated at the end of washing and initial extension (stage I), cooling to 5° C (stage II). glycerolisation and equilibration (stage III) and freezing and thawing (stage IV). The results were compiled to evaluate the effect of different processing and freezing procedures on the semen characters in general and acrosome morphology in particular. The semen sample used for split sample dilution had a mean volume of 1.328 + 0.067 ml. creamy in colour. DDDD density, ++++ mass activity. pH of 7.275 ± 0.040 and a concentration of 2972 ± 293 millions per ml. No significant difference in the above semen characters were found between bucks. The initial sperm motility of 82.000 + 0.606 was found to drop significantly during processing and freezing and the final post thaw motility obtained was 44.000 + 0.790 in protocol 1. Similarly in protocol II the initial motility dropped from 81375 ± 1.089 to 44.750 + 1.075 at the end of stage IV. Even though there was significant drop in motility between stages in both the protocols, there was no significant difference in the corresponding stages of the two protocols. It could be inferred that good post thaw motility was obtained in both the protocols. The fact that a single washing and centrifugation was only adopted in protocol II makes it a more acceptable procedure for buck semen freezing. The mean live sperm percentage of fresh semen was evaluated using both NE and NEG staining technique. The percentage of live sperms of 90.050 + 0.801 was found to decrease to 54.250 + 0.593 after freezing and thawing in protocol by NE staining. Similarly in protocol II, the mean percentage of live sperms was found to reduce to 53.125 + 0.793 with the same staining. Even though there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II no significant difference in the live sperm percentage between the corresponding stages of protocol I and II . With NEG staining the initial live sperm percentage of 80.850 + 1.494 was found to drop to 54.875 + 0.677 in protocol I as against 53.400 ± 0.730 in protocol II. While there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II there was no variation between corresponding stages of the two protocols. A significantly lower percentage of live sperms was recorded with NEG staining when compared with NE staining probably on account of the fact that the differentiation of live and dead sperm was difficult in the former staining method as live sperms were stained light blue instead of colourless. The mean percentage of abnormal sperms of 3.050 + 0.245 in fresh semen did not register any significant increase during processing. However, there was significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities during freezing and thawing with the final abnormality percentage of 7.125 + 0.706 in protocol I and 6.300 + 0.36 in protocol II. The initial acrosomal abnormality of 8.825 in the fresh semen steadily rose to 23.375 in protocol I as against 19.825 in protocol II at the end of stage IV. There was no significant difference in the percentage of various acrosomal abnormalities between corresponding stages of the two protocols. However, there was significant increase in the acrosomal abnormalities during glycerolisation, equilibration, freezing and thawing under both the protocols. It was concluded that the processing and freezing under two different protocols did not significantly alter the post thaw motility, percentage abnormal and dead sperms and acrosomal abnormalities. A good post thaw motility and low acrosomal abnormality was obtained with a single washing of buck semen with 15 fold Tris buffer which was comparable with double washing with 10 fold Tris buffer.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) MADHU RAJAN MATHEWS; N.M. Aleyas
    Fifty dermatological diseases in dogs presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkaiai and Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy were systematically investigated to find out the etiology. The results indicated that the conditions were mostly caused by bacteria and ectoparasites (42% each) and only a small proportion was caused by fungi (4%) and other factors (12%), Sixteen different clinical conditions were identified viz. Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis, Impetigo, Gentian Shepherd Pyoderma, Furunculosis, Infantile Pustular Dermatoses. Localised Demodicosis, Generalised Demodicosis. Flea Bite Hypersensitivity. Flea Bite Dermatitis, Tick infestation. Pediculosis. Dermatophytosis, Dermatomycosis produced by non-dermatophyte. Callus Pyoderma. Telogen Defluxion, Irritant Contact Dermatitis and Lentigo. Among the dogs which were investigated, non-descript ones were mostly affected probably due to lesser care and attention given to them. The results suggested that animals kept full time indoor or outdoor were almost equally affected whereas animals reared under semi intensive system were less prone to dermatological diseases In almost all conditions secondat^ lesions were predominant than primary lesions probably due to the delay in medical attention The only condition, with primary lesions alone, was lentigo. Lesions of bacterial dermatitis were pi'edominant in the abdomen, hind legs and trunk. In dermatophytosis. ear, trunk and hind legs were affected, where as in dermatomycosis, head, trunk, hind legs and fore legs were aiTected The lesions produced by ectoparasites were mostly in the back followed by trunk and fore legs No characteristic distribution of les'ons could be detected in other conditions, with an exception of callus pyoderma in which lesions were seen at the pressure points The different clinical bacterial dermatitis were produced by Staphylococcus imcrmediiis. Ectoparasitic conditions were mostly produced by I)ennkJex cams. followed by fleas, ticks and lice Some cases of the ectoparasitic conditions developed secondary bacterial infection with S. intermedius There were four clinical conditions, namely callus pyoderma, telogen defluxion, irritant contact dermatitis and lentigo caused by factors other than bacteria, fungi and ectoparasites The haematological and serum biochemical parameters studied did not suggest any systemic diseases. A significant reduction in haemoglobin level was noticed in impetigo, generalised demodicosis and flea bite hypersensitivitv RBC counts were significantly reduced in impetigo and folliculitis The total leukocyte count showed sienificant difference from thcit of control animals, in conditions such as folliculitis. German Shepherd Pvoderma. fuainculosis. localised demodicosis. ueneralised demodicosis. tlea bile hvpersensitivity. tlea bite dermatitis, tick infestation and callus pvoderma: suggesting primary or secondary bacterial infections
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF INTESTINAL IMPACTION IN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus indicus)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) JAYAKRISHNAN. T. N.; P.C. Alex
    The present study was undertaken to analyze the haematological and biochemical alterations in elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction. The epidemiology, clinical findings and haematology were the main items of observations. Six elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction lasting for more than four days in and around Thrissur district were utilized for the study. Six apparently healthy elephants in and around Thrissur district were selected at random and utilized as the healthy controls. The detailed history was collected using a questionnaire (Annexure I). Sample of whole blood and serum from the animals of the healthy and diseased groups were collected and analysed. Haematological values consisting of ESR, PCV, Hb, TEC, TEC and DEC were recorded. Urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, chloride, potassium, total protein, creatinine, bicarbonate, lactate and AST in the serum were estimated using standard methods. Analysis of the data indicated that the disease was more common in male elephants than in females. The incidence was more in summer season i.e., during the season of festivals. Characteristic clinical symptoms were absence of defaecation for more than 24 hours, varying degrees of straining, exudation from recitum and varying degrees of dehydration. Clinical data were within physiological limits on the day of collection of blood sample, i.e. on the fourth day after the development of clinical symptoms. A highly significant increase in PCV but without significant alterations in Hb, ESR, TEC, TEC and DEC were observed in elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction. Biochemical changes in blood included a highly significant increase in urea-nitrogen and lactate levels. Highly significant decrease in the level of chloride was noticed. Significant increase in the level of bicarbonate was noticed. Decrease in the levels of glucose and potassium in the affected elephants was significant. Variations in total protein, sodium, creatinine and aspartate amino transferase in the blood were not significant. Changes in the parameters observed in elephants with gastro-intestinal tract impaction in the present study indicated that mild metabolic alkalosis with hypochloremia and hypokalemia were associated with this condition. Intensive treatment with a balanced electrolyte solution/ Dextrose saline/ gastric replacement solutions is recommended in the early stages of gastro-intestinal tract impaction.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN GOATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) N. DIVAKARAN NAIR; A. Rajan
    Polioencephalomalacia is a significant emerging disease problem in goats Although, PEM in goats was disease problem m goats. recognized and reported as early as 1956, its etiology is poorly understood and symptomatolgy, pathological features and therapeutic approach have not been well defined and documented. Hence an investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence of the disease based on the data available from i -F i-hw citate for a period from 1991 76 Veterinary hospitals of to 1994. This data documented revealed an increasing trend to the occurrence of the disease and significantly high o n 4 Pt +-hP first five months of which incidence was recorded m the first a. amVhcprvpd in the month of April, the peak incidence was observe spontaneous cases of the disease were studied m detail and experiments were conducted taking goat as a model using selected incriminating agents such as Amprolium ;350 mg/kg body weight), Amprolium and rice gruel (350 mo/kg, and ad libitum rice gruel), nee gruel (ad libitum), sodium sulphate (150 mg/kg body weight followed by 500 mg/kg body weight on the 10th day) BHC (2.5 mg/kg followed py 5 mg/kg body weight on the 10th day) and Ficus tsiela mOXb. The experiment was for a period of 45 days. 5V ii /-mptomatology, weight of the animals at fortnightly intervals, weight of the brain, CSF protein concentration. Drain autofluorescence, gross and histopathological alterations of the brain and ultrastructural pathology were the markers utilized for evaluating the disease processes. The sodium sulphate, BHC and Amprolium and rice gruel created group showed symptoms and lesions more or less similar to the spontaneous cases. Only few animals in each group developed the disease such as two in amprolium and rice gruel treated group, four in BHC treated group and chree in sodium sulphate group. This showed that individual idiosyncracy plays an important role in the manifestation of the disease. The symptoms developed at different latent periods were not progressive as compared to the spontaneous cases where Che symptoms were progressive. The symptoms included lethargy, depression, knuckling at the fetlock, frequent cremors, opisthotonos and loss of eye preservation reflex. Blindness was seen in one of the, natural cases. The histological lesions of the brain in all the cases were comparable in different segments of the brain. Mostly ic was characterized by diffuse laminar cortical aeaeneration and necrosis, occasional neuronal swelling, ii i giial cell reaction and white matter vacuolation. Vascular changes predominated in the sodium sulphate group and also in the natural cases. There was glial cell response in the form of nodules in sodium sulphate group and natural cases. A predominant perivascular and neuropil accumulation of lymphocytes, gitter cells and monocytes were .seen in the natural cases. These were considered as secondary deposition following a toxic degenerative neuropathy. The necrotic focicould well be delineated in few of these cases by the bluish or creamy autofluroscence of the affected brain, but was not found to be of any primary diagnostic value as all the affected brain did not show fluorescence. Ultrastructural investigation revealed the basic reaction of the brain tissue to be similar in both the experimental and natural cases except for their intensity. Ultrastructural lesions were characterized by neuronal swelling, membrane lysis, segregation of the filamentous and granular component of nucleolus, cytoplasmic organellar aamage such as fragmentation of RER, partial degranulation of ribosomes, mitochondrial swelling, cristolysis and lornplete disappearance of organelle. Neuropil spongiosis and splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line and firmation of multiple vacuolations of the white matter were • onaracteristic. From this observations it was clearly iv deiineated that the primary insult was a biochemical one which caused much damage to the volume control mechanism of the cell and subsequent cellular damage. The CSF protein evaluation revealed high protein level in the spontaneous cases whereas in the experimental cases, the concentration remained within the normal range indicating that it has no diagnostic value. In this investigation it has not been possible to induce PEM with Amprolium even at a dose rate of 350 mg/kg body weight and it was proved that amprolium is not a cause for PEM. Rice gruel ad libitum was found to be tolerated by the animal except one which showed dullness and abdominal distension towards the end of the experiment. Diffuse neuronal degeneration was observed in the brain of this animal. Based on this observation it was concluded that rice gruel consumption every day as a component of the concentrate feed in goats might not cause any detrimental effects and the problem comes only when it is fed in large quantities on a single day. B'^icus tsiela Roxb. though produced vascular damage and aiifuse neuronal degeneration in one of the experimental animals, goats were found to be highly resistant to Ficus r-iela Roxb. toxicity and the variation in the susceptibility of different species to this toxicity was brought to light. From this investigation it was also clarified that sodium sulphate, BHC, rice ^ and amprolium could be initiating agents of PEM under certain circumstances and no single cause seems to be responsible for PEM.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF DIAPHRAGMATIC AND OMENTAL TRANSPLANTS AT THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1998) SARADA AMMA, T.; Muraleedharan Nayar, K.N.; SARADA AMMA, T.