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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEMS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOWS AND GILTS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1998) V. RAMESH; P.C. SaseendranAn experiment was conducted to findout the effect of housing systems on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts. Three types of housing systems namely, conventional house with wallowing tank (control TJ , conventional house with sprinklers (Tj) and range system (Tj) were put to test. Eighteen sows and eighteen gilts were reared under each system. A significantly lower (P<0.01) temperature was observed in sprinkler system (33.0°C) when compared to conventional (35.0°C) and range (34.35°C). There was nc significant difference in relative humidity between the groups. Significant difference (P<0.01) between treatment groups Ti with Tj and T3 in age at puberty and mating in gilt which were 305.47 ± 9.51, 270.36 ± 8.75 and 276.22 ± 5.- ;. respectively. The gilts under the treatment group T^ and T, had reached piiberty and were mated earlier than Ti group. The weight of gilts at the time of breeding was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group T3 (75.39 ± 3.19) when compared to Tj (97.63 ± 3.09) and T^ (93.11 ± 3.73). But T3 group gilts had compensatory weight gain during pregnancy and difference between treatment groups in weight of gilts at one week after farrowing and at weaning were non significant. The weight of sows at the time of breeding, one week after farrowing and at weaning were significantly lower (P<0.05) in treatment group Tj when compared to T3 and . S .gnificantl' higher (P<0.01) percentage of oestrus occurrence, breeding success and intensity of oestrus were observed in T, and T3 group than group. The gestation length and post weaning oestrus period were found to be non-significantly different between the groups. The litter size at birth and weaning were 9.06 ± 0.26 and 6.87 ± 0.22 respectively in gilts and 9.38 ± 0.33 and 6.92 ± 0.05 respectively in sows reared under range system (T3) which were highly significant (P<0.01) than the litter size at birth and weaning obtained for gilts (5.85 ± 0.40 and 4.00 ± 0.69 respectively) and sows (7.09 ± 0.68 and 4.63 ± 0.70 respectively) reared under conventional system (TJ . Between T^ and T3 there was no significant difference. The litter weight at birth and weaning in T3 groups of 13.89 ± 0.43 kg and 62.72 ± 1.99 kg respectively in gilts and 14.35 ± 0.52 kg and 63.84 ± 4.04 kg respectively in sows were found to be highly significant than T^ group and non significantly higher than T, group. The cost of installing sprinkler in conventional pen and providing range in place of conventional pen were estimated to be Rs.29/m^ and Rs.l25/m= respectively. In the present study the reproductive performance of pigs maintained under sprinkler and range system was found to be better than the pigs maintained under conventional system. But the range system may not be practical and economically feasible always when compared to sprinkler systemThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MODIFIED ENVIRONMENT DURING SUMMER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1998) T. SUBRAMANIAN; K.S. SebastianAn investigation was carried out to study the environment variables and the effect of modified housing conditions on the physiological norms and growth performance during the dry season on the large white Yorkshire grower pigs. The modified housing include, - without wallow and sprinkler, Tj - with wallow only, T3 - with sprinkler only and T4 - with wallow and sprinkler as the four treatment groups. The dry season (summer) characterised by higher ambient temperature (maximum temperature - 31.5° to 37°C, minimum temperature 22.8 to 26.1°C, mean temperature - 27.4°C to 31.3°C), comparatively lower relative humidity (mean RH 63.15 to 75.68%) and wind speed (2.75 to 7.8 km/h) . The higher range of temperature was sufficient to cause stress on the performance of the grower pigs as per the literatures. The treatment (TJ without wallow and sprinkler varies significantly (P<0.05) in the body temperature, respiration rate, cardiac rate both in the forenoon and afternoon from the Tj, T3 and T4 gramps, i.e., T^ has shown more of physiological stress reaction than other treatment groups. T, was found to be more comfortable than T^. and T3 were having no significant difference except in afternoon body temperature and respiration rate. There were no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between treatment groups in the fortnightly body weight gain from the first fortnight to upto twelfth fortnight. The twelfth fortnight body weight of the treatments T^, T2, T3 and T4 were 70.833 ± 2.114, 69.333 ± 5.816, 73.333 ± 5.681 and 71.667 ± 5.975. There were also no significant difference in the body length, chest girth and body height among the treatment groups in the fortnightly observations. Though T^ had shown significant (P<0.05) rise of physiological norms that had not reached upto the level of growth retardation. The overall fortnightly rate of gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) of the treatment groups of T^, Tj, Tj and T^ were 5.08 ± 0.60, 4.97 ± 0.54, 5.28 ± 0.56 and 5.17 ± 0.60 and 339 ± 39.9, 330.9 ± 36.1, 351.7 ± 37.6 and 343.9 ± 36.0. Under restricted feeding regime, T3 was having relatively better feed conversion efficiency and lower cost per kg of live weight production than T^, T^ and Tj. The conversion efficiency of T^, T^, T3 and T^ were 4.05, 4.15, 3.91 and 3.99 and cost per kg of live weight production 36.16, 37.03, 35.05 and 35.81. Based on the observations and the results suitable method of environment modification during the dry season for grower pigs can be recommended.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF CALF FEED SUBSIDY SCHEME ON FARM WOMEN(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1999) REEJA GEORGE PULINILKUNNATHIL; M.R SubhadraThe impact of the calf feed subsidy scheme, a continuing dairy development scheme of the Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala, on farm women in terms of behavioural changes in the areas of attitude, knowledge and extent of adoption regarding scientific calf and dairy mianagement practices was assessed. A static group comparison design of research was adopted. The study was carried put in Thrissur district of Kerala state, among 75 each of beneficiary and and non-beneficiary women. The non-beneficiary group served as the control. Comparison was made on 11 variables and since it was required to know differences in the attitude towards scientific calf rearing, knowledge of scientific calf rearing, extent of adoption of calf rearing as well as dairy farming technologies between beneficiary and non-beneficiary groups and since ready to use measuring scales were not availableto measure these variables, suitable scales were developed. In general, beneficiary women differed significantly in their attitude, knowledge and extent of adoption of scientific calf rearing and dairy farming technologies indicating the positive im.pact of the scheme. However certain deficiency areas were identified which need immediate educational intervention. For instance, most beneficiary women did not have correct knowledge regarding early breeding as well as etiology of infertility; two-third had not adopted these technologies as well. Many of beneficiary women did not have correct knowledge of the schedule of foot and mouth disease vaccination as well as deworming and a majority had either discontinued or not adopted these technologies. Fewer women had correct knowledge of the amounts of green fodder and ration to be fed to heifers, dry animals and those pregnant: adoption of these technologies was substantially low. Knowledge and adoption of the correct procedure of ligation of navel cord was one low. None of the beneficiaries had adopted post milking teat dipping while a few had adopted record keeping. Nearly half of the beneficiaries had not adopted the practice of quick reporting of out breaks and had either not adopted or discontinued technologies pertaining to flooring and drainage in cattle sheds. Two-third had not adopted the practice of culling bull calves at the right time. To make up these deficiencies, intensive extension educational measures are to be organised under the auspices of the scheme. In all such instances, womien participatory programs need emphasis. Attitude building exercises, demonstrations etc wherever required should be organised and followed up.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND FREEZING PROCEDURES ON THE ACROSOME MORPHOLOGY OF BUCK SPERMATOZOA(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1998) RANJINI. A.; K. Prabhakaran NairSix pooled semen samples (two ejaculates) of good quality from five Malabari crossbred bucks were processed and frozen in two different protocols to evaluate the effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa. in protocol I. the samples were diluted 10 fold in Tris buffer before centrrfuging twice and the final pellet was re-suspended in the non glycerolated fraction of Tris yolk diluent. The sample was glycerolated {six per cent), equilibrated (four hours), frozen (eight minutes), and thawed (25° C for 30 seconds). In protocol II. centrifugation was done only once, after 15 fold dilution in Tris buffer. The re suspended pellet was glycerolated (seven per cent), equilibrated (three hours), frozen (10 minutes) and thawed (60° C for 10 seconds). The semen characters such as motility. live sperm, sperm abnormalities and acrosome abnormalities were evaluated at the end of washing and initial extension (stage I), cooling to 5° C (stage II). glycerolisation and equilibration (stage III) and freezing and thawing (stage IV). The results were compiled to evaluate the effect of different processing and freezing procedures on the semen characters in general and acrosome morphology in particular. The semen sample used for split sample dilution had a mean volume of 1.328 + 0.067 ml. creamy in colour. DDDD density, ++++ mass activity. pH of 7.275 ± 0.040 and a concentration of 2972 ± 293 millions per ml. No significant difference in the above semen characters were found between bucks. The initial sperm motility of 82.000 + 0.606 was found to drop significantly during processing and freezing and the final post thaw motility obtained was 44.000 + 0.790 in protocol 1. Similarly in protocol II the initial motility dropped from 81375 ± 1.089 to 44.750 + 1.075 at the end of stage IV. Even though there was significant drop in motility between stages in both the protocols, there was no significant difference in the corresponding stages of the two protocols. It could be inferred that good post thaw motility was obtained in both the protocols. The fact that a single washing and centrifugation was only adopted in protocol II makes it a more acceptable procedure for buck semen freezing. The mean live sperm percentage of fresh semen was evaluated using both NE and NEG staining technique. The percentage of live sperms of 90.050 + 0.801 was found to decrease to 54.250 + 0.593 after freezing and thawing in protocol by NE staining. Similarly in protocol II, the mean percentage of live sperms was found to reduce to 53.125 + 0.793 with the same staining. Even though there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II no significant difference in the live sperm percentage between the corresponding stages of protocol I and II . With NEG staining the initial live sperm percentage of 80.850 + 1.494 was found to drop to 54.875 + 0.677 in protocol I as against 53.400 ± 0.730 in protocol II. While there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II there was no variation between corresponding stages of the two protocols. A significantly lower percentage of live sperms was recorded with NEG staining when compared with NE staining probably on account of the fact that the differentiation of live and dead sperm was difficult in the former staining method as live sperms were stained light blue instead of colourless. The mean percentage of abnormal sperms of 3.050 + 0.245 in fresh semen did not register any significant increase during processing. However, there was significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities during freezing and thawing with the final abnormality percentage of 7.125 + 0.706 in protocol I and 6.300 + 0.36 in protocol II. The initial acrosomal abnormality of 8.825 in the fresh semen steadily rose to 23.375 in protocol I as against 19.825 in protocol II at the end of stage IV. There was no significant difference in the percentage of various acrosomal abnormalities between corresponding stages of the two protocols. However, there was significant increase in the acrosomal abnormalities during glycerolisation, equilibration, freezing and thawing under both the protocols. It was concluded that the processing and freezing under two different protocols did not significantly alter the post thaw motility, percentage abnormal and dead sperms and acrosomal abnormalities. A good post thaw motility and low acrosomal abnormality was obtained with a single washing of buck semen with 15 fold Tris buffer which was comparable with double washing with 10 fold Tris buffer.ThesisItem Open Access DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) MADHU RAJAN MATHEWS; N.M. AleyasFifty dermatological diseases in dogs presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkaiai and Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy were systematically investigated to find out the etiology. The results indicated that the conditions were mostly caused by bacteria and ectoparasites (42% each) and only a small proportion was caused by fungi (4%) and other factors (12%), Sixteen different clinical conditions were identified viz. Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis, Impetigo, Gentian Shepherd Pyoderma, Furunculosis, Infantile Pustular Dermatoses. Localised Demodicosis, Generalised Demodicosis. Flea Bite Hypersensitivity. Flea Bite Dermatitis, Tick infestation. Pediculosis. Dermatophytosis, Dermatomycosis produced by non-dermatophyte. Callus Pyoderma. Telogen Defluxion, Irritant Contact Dermatitis and Lentigo. Among the dogs which were investigated, non-descript ones were mostly affected probably due to lesser care and attention given to them. The results suggested that animals kept full time indoor or outdoor were almost equally affected whereas animals reared under semi intensive system were less prone to dermatological diseases In almost all conditions secondat^ lesions were predominant than primary lesions probably due to the delay in medical attention The only condition, with primary lesions alone, was lentigo. Lesions of bacterial dermatitis were pi'edominant in the abdomen, hind legs and trunk. In dermatophytosis. ear, trunk and hind legs were affected, where as in dermatomycosis, head, trunk, hind legs and fore legs were aiTected The lesions produced by ectoparasites were mostly in the back followed by trunk and fore legs No characteristic distribution of les'ons could be detected in other conditions, with an exception of callus pyoderma in which lesions were seen at the pressure points The different clinical bacterial dermatitis were produced by Staphylococcus imcrmediiis. Ectoparasitic conditions were mostly produced by I)ennkJex cams. followed by fleas, ticks and lice Some cases of the ectoparasitic conditions developed secondary bacterial infection with S. intermedius There were four clinical conditions, namely callus pyoderma, telogen defluxion, irritant contact dermatitis and lentigo caused by factors other than bacteria, fungi and ectoparasites The haematological and serum biochemical parameters studied did not suggest any systemic diseases. A significant reduction in haemoglobin level was noticed in impetigo, generalised demodicosis and flea bite hypersensitivitv RBC counts were significantly reduced in impetigo and folliculitis The total leukocyte count showed sienificant difference from thcit of control animals, in conditions such as folliculitis. German Shepherd Pvoderma. fuainculosis. localised demodicosis. ueneralised demodicosis. tlea bile hvpersensitivity. tlea bite dermatitis, tick infestation and callus pvoderma: suggesting primary or secondary bacterial infectionsThesisItem Open Access HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF INTESTINAL IMPACTION IN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus indicus)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) JAYAKRISHNAN. T. N.; P.C. AlexThe present study was undertaken to analyze the haematological and biochemical alterations in elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction. The epidemiology, clinical findings and haematology were the main items of observations. Six elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction lasting for more than four days in and around Thrissur district were utilized for the study. Six apparently healthy elephants in and around Thrissur district were selected at random and utilized as the healthy controls. The detailed history was collected using a questionnaire (Annexure I). Sample of whole blood and serum from the animals of the healthy and diseased groups were collected and analysed. Haematological values consisting of ESR, PCV, Hb, TEC, TEC and DEC were recorded. Urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, chloride, potassium, total protein, creatinine, bicarbonate, lactate and AST in the serum were estimated using standard methods. Analysis of the data indicated that the disease was more common in male elephants than in females. The incidence was more in summer season i.e., during the season of festivals. Characteristic clinical symptoms were absence of defaecation for more than 24 hours, varying degrees of straining, exudation from recitum and varying degrees of dehydration. Clinical data were within physiological limits on the day of collection of blood sample, i.e. on the fourth day after the development of clinical symptoms. A highly significant increase in PCV but without significant alterations in Hb, ESR, TEC, TEC and DEC were observed in elephants affected with gastro-intestinal tract impaction. Biochemical changes in blood included a highly significant increase in urea-nitrogen and lactate levels. Highly significant decrease in the level of chloride was noticed. Significant increase in the level of bicarbonate was noticed. Decrease in the levels of glucose and potassium in the affected elephants was significant. Variations in total protein, sodium, creatinine and aspartate amino transferase in the blood were not significant. Changes in the parameters observed in elephants with gastro-intestinal tract impaction in the present study indicated that mild metabolic alkalosis with hypochloremia and hypokalemia were associated with this condition. Intensive treatment with a balanced electrolyte solution/ Dextrose saline/ gastric replacement solutions is recommended in the early stages of gastro-intestinal tract impaction.ThesisItem Open Access AN ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CLIMATE PREVAILING IN KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1999) SENTHILKUMAR, R.; Rajkamal, P. J.; SENTHILKUMAR, R.The HRD climate prevailing in the Kerala Agneultural Umversit>' and as perceived by its scientists was studied. In all, 262 scientists from main, regional and remote stations constituted the sample. The HRD climate studied was in terms of 12 major constituent dimensions, viz., management philosophy, training, career planning and development, manpower planning and forecasting, performance appraisal communication, team work, transfer, promotion, rewards and organizational culture. It was seen that orgamzational culture had been identified as the relatively most dominant dimension of HRD climate followed in that order by teamwork, transfer, management philosophy, commumcation, career planmng and development, placement, rewards, performance appraisal, promotion, training, and manpower planning and forecasting. Manpower planmng and forecastmg bemg the weakest dimension need immediate intervention. Besides looking into the strength of various dimensions and components the issue of HRD climate was exammed from the angle of the number of scientists percei\'mg it as favourable, moderately favourable and unfavourable. Considering only the percentage of scientists who perceived the various dimensions to be favourable, the latter were ordered. Accordingly, it was seen that comparatively the highest percentage of scientists perceived the dimension transfer to be favourable followed m that order by teamwork, placement, communication, organizational culture, career planmng and development, rewards, manpower planning and forecastmg, management philosophy, framing, promotion and performance appraisal. Since the percentage of scientists perceimng the HRD dimension, performance appraisal to be favourable was the least, immediate reformative measures are warranted. It was also seen that there was a differential perception of the HRX) ehmate between certain groups. For instance, men and women scientists perceived the HRD climate differently. The scientists of regional and remote stations perceived the HRD climate differently from those of mam stations. Similarly, the perception of HRD clunate differed between professors and associate professors and between associate professors and assistant professors (S.G). A more comprehensive study on the nature and cause of such perceptual differences is very essential. This shall be an objective of future research.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND HORSE GRAM (Dolichos biftorus) EXTRACT ON THE AMELIORATION OF UROLITHIASIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1998) SENTHILKUMAR., R. P.; James, C.S.; SENTHILKUMAR., R. P.The efficacy of ammonium chloride and horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) • extract on the amelioration of urolithiasis in goats ware evaluated by using 18 male Malabari goats of 9 to 12 months old, maintained for an experimental period of 84 days. Goats were divided into three groups (I, II and III) of six animals each and were fed individually at maintenance level with high magnesium basal calculogenic ration containing 1.194 per cent calcium, 0.578 per cent phosphorus, 1.202 per cent magnesium (ration A) alone, fortified with ammonium chloride at the rate of one per cent in the ration (ration B) or with supplemented horse gram extract at the rate of one litre per animal per day (ration C) respectively. Grass and concentrate were fed at 1:4 ratio and drinking water provided ad libltuw throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency were not significantly altered by the dietary treatments, but goats fed on supplemental ammonium chloride (group II) had a trend towards better weight gain, feed and protein efficiency. No significant difference observed among the three groups with regard to TEC, TLC, haemoglobin, and plasma protein. Elevated dietary magnesium in the diet (ration A) caused significant decrease in serum ii calcium (P<0.01), significant increase in serum phosphorus and magnesium (P<0.01). There were increased excretion of urine calcium (P<0.05), significant increase in urine phosphorus and magnesium (P<0.01) in group I, when compared to groups II and III. Supplemental ammonium chloride and horse gram extract caused significant rise in serum calcium, significant reduction in serum phosphorus and magnesium and significant reduction in urine calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, whereas horse gram extract was less effective than ammonium chloride in this regard. Both the dietary treatments had no significant influence on urinary nitrogen excretion and digestibility of dietary calcium, phosphorus magnesium and nitrogen. Supplemental ammonium chloride caused significant increase in per cent retention of calcium (P<0.01), and phosphorus (P<0.05) but supplemental horse gram extract had only a tendency to increase per cent retention of calcium and phosphorus. Both the dietary treatment had no influence on nitrogen retention and supported nitrogen retention during the progress of experiment. Magnesium retention has increased drastically due to high dietary supplementation of magnesium in all the three groups and neither supplemental ammonium chloride nor horse gram extract had any significant influence on per cent retention of magnesium. Clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis were not observed in any of the goats maintained on three experimental groups. Goats in group I iii exhibited severe crystalluria, had numerous visible sand like rudimentary calculi in the kidney and had severe gross and histopathological changes. Goats fed with supplemental ammonium chloride showed reduction in urine pH, increased urine volume had not found to have any calculus material in the kidney and had mild gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder. Goats fed on supplemental horse gram extract showed reduction in intensity of crystalluria, had few calculi materials in the kidney with gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder comparable to group I. On chemical analysis, the calculi were found to contain magnesium, phosphate and ammonia. The present investigation conclude that supplementation of ammonium chloride prevented the calculi formation possibly due to increased excretion of chloride ions in the urine. Supplemental horse gram extract had not prevented calculi formation when fed along with high magnesium calculogenic ration in goats whereas, had a tendency to prevent the incidence of urinary calculi perhaps due to its diuretic effect.ThesisItem Open Access ECG AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN INDUCED RUMEN ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1998) SHIHABUDHEEN, P. K.; Usha Narayana Pillai; SHIHABUDHEEN, P. K.An experiment was carried out with twelve adult goats of either sex to study the clinical manifestations of ruminal acidosis, changes in the rumen liquor, haematology, serum biochemistry, changes in the urine, electrocardiogram variations and postmortem lesions. The goats were maintained under identical management and feeding conditions at University Goat Farm, Mannuthy and were selected at random. One group of six animals served as healthy controls and the other group was subjected to rumen fistulation by standard -surgical procedures. Acidosis was induced by intraruminal administration of crushed rice at the rate of 80 g/kg. Clinical signs were recorded, samples of rumen liquor, blood and urine were collected and electrocardiogram was recorded at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of experiment. Clinical signs noticed were anorexia, increased pulse and respiratory rate, depression, cessation of ruminal contractions, oliguria, diarrhoea, sunken eyes, thick nasal discharge and grinding of teeth. Rumen liquor was creamy coloured, watery with sour odour and the pH was 4.16 ± 0.05 and without any protozoa. There was no sedimentation activity and HBRT was prolonged. TVFA initially increased and then reduced. There was nonsignificant increase in haemoglobin, haemotocrit and cell:fluid ratio with significant increase in ESR, leukocytosis with significant neutrophilia and lymphopenia were also present. A significant increase in the serum glucose, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium lactate, pyruvate and lactaterpyruvate ratio were observed after induction. Significant reduction in calcium level also noted. Urine pH reduced and there was protein, RBC cast, leukocytes, renal epithelial cells and tripple phosphate crystals in the urine. ECG showed increase in heart rate, reduction in P' amplitude, P duration, QT interval and PR interval. T amplitude increased nonsignificantly with a significant increase in duration. Sinus tachycardia, ST elevation and ST depression were also observed. Post mortem lesions included sloughing of rumen mucosa, abomasal ulcers, severe enteritis, focal necrosis of liver, cholestasis, congestion of lungs and kidney, dilatation of heart and oedema of brain.
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