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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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End date: 1995 × Start date: 1995 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PATHOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PIGS
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1995) K. S PRASANNA; T. SREEKUMARAN
    An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in piglets, using thiourea with the objective of studying the sequence of clinico pathological changes and its influence on the animal health and growth. Tweleve Large White Yorkshire male piglets of 2-3 months age were selected for the study. The animals were divided into control group of six animals and experimental group of SIX animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea daily for a period of three months at the dose level of 50 mg per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum chloesterol and serum thyroxine values were estimated at periodic intervals. The piglets were subjected to detailed autopsy after sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out. During the course of experiment all the experimental animals recorded stunted growth and appreciable reduction in feed intake and alopecia of neck and shoulder regions. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein level in thiourea fed group. A significant reduction in serum thyroxine level was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of experiinental animals. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and dilatation of right ventricles were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles: Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lining epitheluim was also observed. Predominant histological changes in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the basophil cells and degranulation of the acxdophil cells. Adrenal glands showed diffuse hyperplasia of zonafasiculata and accessory cortical nodule formation. Skin revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and keratini sation of harifollicles. In all the hypothyroid animals testis showed varying degree of tubular degeneration. A random survey study was conducted to assess the thyroid status of pigs from different parts of Kerala using serum thyroxine as the marker. This concluded that most of the animals had the normal range of serum thyroxine levels.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MIMOSINE IN GOATS
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1995) P. PRABAHARAN; P. A. DEVASIA
    An investigation was carried out to find out the extent of in vitro microbial degradation of pure mimosine (Tl) and that of immature leaves (T2), mature leaves {T3), tender stems (T4) and seeds (T5) of leucocephala using strained rumen liquor obtained from three rumen fistulated Saanen-Malabari crossbred goats maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. The proximate chemical composition and mimosine content of different edible parts of leucaena during the months of May, June and July were determined. While immature leaves and seeds had higher crude protein content,seeds had higher crude fat, tender stems had higher crude fibre and mature leaves had higher ash content compared to other edible parts of subabul. The average mimosine concentrations of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 12.11±0.05, 4.89±0.02, 3.90±0.04 and 10.70±0.08 per cent respectively during May; 11.66±0.06, 5.23±0.03, 3.62±0.03 and 10.44±0.05 per cent respectively during June and 9.96±0.05, 4.92±0.03, 3.73±0.02 and 9.51±0.04 per cent respectively during July on a dry matter basis. The average mimosine concentrations of strained goat rumen liquor incubated with 37.50 mg/100 ml of added mimosine in pure form or as immature leaves, mature leaves, tender stems and seeds showed significant reduction at every 12 hr intervals from 0 to 48 hr of incubation, the final average concentrations being 23.98 ±0.37, 23.14±0.37, 22.20±0.28, 23.12±0.52, 23.35±0.37 mg/100 ml of SRL. The percentages of in vitro degradation in respect of Tl, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased significantly at every 12 hr intervals of incubation from 0 to 48 hr, even though the degradation was incomplete with all treatments, the average percentage degradation at 48 hr of incubation being 31.69±1.02, 34.49±1.18, 37.12±0.99, 34.54±1.50 and 33.41+1.03 respectively. The overall average rate of disappearance of mimosine in |ig.ml~^.h~^ in respect of Tl, T2, T3, T4 and T5 for the entire period of 48 hr of incubation were 2.33, 2.54, 2.74, 2.54 and 2.44 respectively with highest rates during 0 to 12 hr, lower rates during 24 to 36 hr and least rates during 36 to 48 hr. The production of ammonia and VFA coincided with the active degradation of mimosine, there being faster degradation upto 12 hr of incubation with highest concentrations of ammonia and VFA at 12 hr of incubation. The overall results indicated that the rumen microorganisms of crossbred goats degrade mimosine to DPH, ammonia and VFA and that mimosine does not inhibit the microbial activity, even though the possible role of leucaena endogenous enzymes in the partial degradation of mimosine recorded in the present study cannot be ruled out.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BYPASS PROTEIN ON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITION OF MILK IN CROSSBRED COWS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) V.H. KALBANDE; C.T. Thomas
    Experiments were carried out to evaluate common feeds and fodders based on their rumen degradability rates and to assess the effect of varying bypass protein levels in concentrate mixtures on rumen fermentatio profile and yield and composition of milk in Jersey crossbred cows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SEASONAL FERTILITY OF BILLY GOATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) C. IBRAHEEM KUTTY; V Sudarsanan
    Biweekly data on body weight, scrota! circumference, testicular length and diameter and weekly data on semen parameters as volume, colour, pH, consistency, density, sperm concentration, mass activity, initial motility, sperm abnormality, vitality, metabolism and resistance to hyperosmotic medium of seven billy goats were observed for a period of one year. The data was grouped into four pertaining to four seasons aixived at on the basis of a simultaneously kept daily record of maximum-minimum temperature, humidity and day length. It was statistically analysed to find out that the differences between seasons were significant to be attributed to the environmental variables. Mean body weight, scrota! circumference and testicular length and diameter were 43.62±1.11 kg, 25.08 +0.12 cm, 8.57+0.07 cm and 5.32+0.03 cm respectively. There was no significant difference between the seasons except in testicular diameter and they were foimd to maintain an inverse relationship with day length and humidity. Mean volume, pH, initial motility, sperm concentration, total number of sperm per ejaculate, live sperm per cent, abnonnal spenn per cent, MBR time and R value were 0.75=0.04 ml, 6.25+0.02, 73.51 ±0.98 per cent, 3600±144 millions/ml, 2660.6 + 133.96 millions, 83.44+0.76, 4.33=0.43, 277.1 ±14.27 seconds and 84.75 ±12.39 ml respectively. There was no significant difference between seasons in these parameters except pH, initial motility, live sperm per cent and R value. They were found to have a significant difference between seasons and were found to maintain either direct or indirect relationship with humidity and day length. Semen on extension with milk antibiotic extender and on storage under relfigeration was found to fast deteriorate rendering it unusable in 24 h. Semen on the day of collection and extension, was used for artificial insemination and result of insemination was found to be independent of the significant or nonsignificant seasonal differences of semen parameters. But, during the period of smdy, there were two peaks in conception and two peaks in birth corresponding to it. The pattern appeared to be an adjustment of reproduction by the female to the varying food availability and climate with little involvement of the male.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE POLYMORPHISM IN CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) JACOB ABRAHAM; B. NANDAKUMARAN
    The present investigation was undertaken to identify the the biochemical polymorphism at serum alkaline phospha- tase (SAP) loci and to study the heterogenity of SAP variation in crossbred cattle. It was also envisaged to analyse the association of SAP variation and traits of economic importance such as milk production and composition of milk. One hundred and ten animals belonging to two different crosses of local nondescript cattle viz. Crossbred Holstein Friesian (57) and Crossbred Brown Swiss (53) were typed for SAP variance by standardising Horizontal Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). Two genotypes FS and SS were determined. The highest frequency of FS genotype was in Holstein Friesian crossbred than in Brown Swiss crossbred. The genotype FF was absent in both the crossbreds. The highest frequency of SS genotype was in Brown Swiss crossbred than in Holstein Friesian crossbreds. Two alleles namely pF and pS with two phenotypes FS and SS were identified as SAP locus. pT allele had the frequency of 0.20 and pS allele had the frequency of 0.80 in the pooled crossbreds. Both the Holstein Friesian crossbreds and Brown Swiss crossbred are in genetic equilibrium at the SAP loci. No association could be established between milk yield (305 days) and serum alkaline phosphatase level. A non significant negative correlation existed between milk fat percentage and SAP level whereas a significant positive correlation existed between milk SNF percentage and SAP level. The correlation between SAP level and milk total solids were found to be negative and non significant in Brown Swiss 1 I i / crossbreds whereas a non significant positive correlation existed between the SAP level and milk total solids in Holstein Friesian crossbreds. Animals belonging to the FS genotype are better milk producers compared to the SS genotype. For higher fat percentages, the performance of SS genotype was compara- tively better. The performance of SS genotype Ls better for producing milk with more than 8.5 percentage of SNF. FS genotype performed better for producing milk having higher percentage of total solids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    OPTIMUM ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER RABBITS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) p. GANGA DEVI; C.S. JAMES
    A detailed investigation involving two series of growth studies spread over a period of 24 weeks in Soviet Chinchilla and Cross Bred rabbits was carried out to establish the optimum energy and protein requirements for growth and to ascertain the optimum age for economic slaughter. One hundred and eight weanling Soviet Chinchilla and 108 weanling cross bred (SC X NZW) rabbits formed the experimental subjects. Rabbits of each breed were divided into nine identical groups and maintained factorially on three levels of crude protein (CP) viz., 12, 16 and 20 per cent and digestible energy viz., 2000, 2500 and 3000 kcal/kg for over a period of 168 days involving metabolism and slaughter studies during 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment and production traits along with associated characters were studied and the salient results are presented. Rabbits maintained on different energy protein combinations showed significant difference in growth rate (P <0.01). Both dietary energy and crude protein were found to influence the average daily gain. The highest rate of gain was achieved in animals maintained on ration containing comparatively higher DE and CP while lowest rate of gain was noticed in animals maintained on low energy, low protein diet. On further scrutiny of the data, an appreciably better and identical gro\A4h response was observed in animals maintained on ration containing 3000 kcal DE/kg with 16 per cent CP and ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg with 20 per cent CP in both pure bred and cross bred rabbits. It is also noticed that for maximum growth rate a ration containing 2500 kcal. DE/kg need be sufficient as further increase in DE have not evinced any better response on ADG, which supports the view that for optimum biological response, a ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg is sufficient for both pure bred and cross bred rabbits. As between the periods it was observed that the animals attained maximum 11 ADG during the first 56 days of experiment and there after ADG gradually declines irrespective of the level of CP or DE in the ration. Both dietary energy and crude protein significantly influenced (P <0.01) the feed conversion efficiency of animals. Highest efficiency of feed conversion was noticed in rabbits maintained on Ration D containing 2500 kcal DE/kg and 20 per cent CP the values being 9.27 in SC and 8.85 in CB rabbits and further increase in DE from 2500 kcal/kg to the extent of 3000 kcal/kg did not contribute better feed efficiency. Data on feed efficiency further revealed that maximum efficiency was observed during the first eight weeks after weaning and there after there is a linear reduction in feed efficiency as the age advances, in all the nine dietary treatments. With regard to cost of production the maximum biological and economical efficiency could be observed in animals maintained on ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg with 20 per cent CP and when the cost of production was evaluated in between the periods viz., 0 to 56 days, 56 to 112 days and 112 to 168 days, the cost efficiency is seen maximum during 0 to 56 days of experiment. Dry matter intake on percentage of body weight was found decreasing on increasing the dietary energy level. Haematological values were with in the normal range and were not significantly influenced by the dietary energy and protein levels. Digestibility of nutrients and percentage retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments with an increasing trend on increasing the dietary energy and protein level. From the metabolism studies carried out during 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment, the percentage retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were found reduced on advancing the age of animals. Slaughter studies conducted at 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment reveaJed that dressing percentage is directly proportional to the pre-slaughter weight of the Ill animals, ligher dressing percentage is recorded in animals having higher body weight and vice-vrsa. Carcass yield were higher at 16th and 24th week of experiment than that at eiglh week of experiment. Rerding the chemical composition of meat, the moisture and crude protein content otiry matter basis decreased on advancement of age, without any significant influence dietary treatments, while the fat content progressively increased with increase ige and dietary energy content. Total ash content (dry basis) decreased with increiin age and dietary DE levels. An increase in liver protein percentage was observed i increase in dietary protein level. As the dietary energy level increased, liver fat cent showed an increasing trend. Iodine number of the abdominal fat was not foundifluenced by the dietary energy-protein levels and age of the animal. Saponifican value also was not influenced by the dietary CP and age of the animal. Abnce of appreciable quantities of abdominal fat during the 8th week indicates 6t for the production of lean meat, animals can be slaughtered during 8th week aften/eaning. Evaiation of the data on slaughter studies indicate that broiler rabbits when slaughtere( during 8 to 16 weeks after weaning yielded maximum profit, the profit accrued isseen inversely proportional to the increase in age of the animals with maximum pofit obtained from slaughter during 8th week after weaning. Frori a critical evaluation of the data gathered during the present investigation it can be reaonably concluded that broiler rabbits require a dietary level of 20 per cent crude protei and 2500 kcal DE/kg feed for evincing optimum growth and slaughtering rabbits durig 8th week after weaning is ideal for maximum profit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF FEED ENZYMES ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SATYAMOOBTHY, B.; Maggie Menachery, . D.; SATYAMOOBTHY, B.
    The influence of feed enzymes, viz., cellulase or protease supplemented at levels of 0.06 or 0.02 per cent respectively, on nutrient availability and on production performance was evaluated in a standard and a less dense layer ration using one hundred IWN strain of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets of 20 weeks of age for an experimental period of 20 weeks. A standard layer ration was formulated as per BIS, 1993. with 18 per cent crude protein and 2600 kcal of ME per kg of feed and a less dense layer ration with 16 per cent crude protein and 2500 kcal of ME per kg of feed. A few feed ingredients such as jowar, deoiled rice bran, wheat bran and undecorticated sunflower cake were included in both rations. A numerical improvement was noticed in percentage hen-housed and hen-day egg production in enzyme treated groups, however, the increase in egg number was not statistically significant. Egg weight and egg quality characteristics such as yolk and albumen indexes, Haugh unit scores and shell thickness were not afifected by enzyme treatment. A positive influence of the enzymes on feed intake by birds was observed in as much as the feed intake with less dense ration supplemented with enzymes was not different statistically from those with the control ration. There was positive enzyme effect on feed per egg in treatment groups on standard layer ration with both enzymes and in less dense ration with protease. Feed efficiency for egg production (egg number) was significantly higher in birds fed standard layer ration with cellulase and protease than those on other treatments (P<0.05). There was improvement in digestibility of crude protein and utilisation of energy, even though the differences noted were not significant statistically. The enzyme treatment of rations reduced moisture content of excreta. The microbial load on the surface of eggs was comparatively low in enzyme treated groups. The intestinal viscosity was reduced with enzyme addition in feed mixtures. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that but for the prohibitive enzyme cost, the feed enzymes were nutritionally beneficial. Based on the present investigation it is concluded that there is tremendous scope for enzymes in feed industry, especially at the present context of feed shortages and the emphasis for the utilisation of alternative feed resources in poultry rations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FISH MEAL ON GROWTH AND FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY IN CROSSBRED CALVES
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SUBRAMANIAN, R.; Ramachandran, P.; SUBRAMANIAN, R.
    An investigation spread over a period of 126 days was carried out to assess the effect of fish meal in concentrate mixtures of calves for growth. Eighteen crossbred calves of 5-7 months of age and about 70 kg mean initial body weight, divided into three identical groups formed the experimental subjects. The calves in groups I, II and III were maintained on concentrate mixtures containing 0 (diet A) , 5 (diet B) and 10 (diet C) per cent respectively of fish meal along with grass hay fed ^ libitum as the sole roughage. Data on body weight and body measurements, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility of nutrients, haematological values and economics of feeding of the calves were the criteria employed for the evaluation. The intake of DM, CP, DCP and TDN (g/kg metabolic body weight) were not significantly different among the animals in three groups. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein and ether extract were significantly higher in animals of group I than in those of groups II and III. The average daily gain in body weight were 487, 500 and 554 g respectively for the animals in groups I, II and III respectively and the increase in growth response was linearly and positively correlated to the level of fish meal in the diet. Although, body measurements did not reveal any significant difference among the groups, the slightly higher values obtained in group III indicated that calves fed diet Ccontaining 10 per cent fish meal had higher skeletal and muscle growth than those fed diets A and B. Highest feed and protein conversion efficiency were shown by calves of group III fed fish meal at 10 per cent level in the diet followed by those in group II and I. Diet C containing 10 per cent fish meal in the concentrate mixture was proved to be most cost effective. Though the haematological parameters did not reveal any significant difference among the groups, the slightly higher value for plasma protein obtained for animals in group III indicated the relatively better nutritional status of animals maintained on diet C over the animals on diet A and B. An overall critical assessment of the results clearly indicated that fish meal can be included in calf ration at 10 per cent level in partial replacement of vegetable protein supplements like groundnut oil cake, with beneficial results in terms of biological and economic efficiency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN HOMESTEAD DAIRY PRODUCTION UNITS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SUDHEER, S.; Rajagopalan, T.G.; SUDHEER, S.
    The present study was carried out with a view of estimating objectively the existing practices of management, components of inputs and cost of milk production in the rural unorganised and organised areas. The study was carried out in Kalady panchayat of Ernakulam district. The required data was collected from the households by direct observation and personal interview using a pre-tested schedule. Cattle, buffalo and goats were the livestock species mainly reared by farmers. Most of the dairymen had a single cow unit. A reduction in herd strength was noticed in all the holdings during the last five years. Majority of farmers raised their own replacement stock. Regarding purchase of animals farmers generally preferred adult cows than heifers or calves. Farmers considered attributes like milk production appearance and confirmation, colour, temperament and age of animals, price and also his financial position before purchasing animals. Majority of households had pucca cattle sheds and the remaining had kutcha sheds. Lean to type houses were more in number than independent houses as it was easier to construct and incurred low construction cost. Most of the sheds had feeding mangers. The standing space provided for cows in the 11 sheds were more than the space recommended and the width of manger was less than the space recommended by both KAU and I CAR, The types of feed fed to livestock are compounded feed, concentrate cakes, roughages and crop by-products and residues. The feed stuffs were mainly purchased from private shops, markets or co-operative societies. None of the farmers purchased green fodder, they mainly depended on fodder collected from field bunds and other agricultural lands. The study revealed the allocation of feed stuff, it was higher for animals in milk followed by pregnant and dry cows and heifers. It was observed that dairymen of both organised and unorganised sectors fed DCP and TDN in excess of NRC recommendations. More attention was bestowed on the feeding of female calves than male calves as majority of farmers were interested in raising replacements. In the study area AI was the predominant practise in breeding. The study revealed that a large proportion of dairymen were not aware of heat signs and the right time for inseminating their animals. The longer calving interval was due to poor heat detection, conception failure and deliberate skipping of heat by farmers. Ill The households reported the incidence of infertility, reproductive problems, mastitis and minor ailments like anorexia, parasitism, diarrhoea, pyrexia and foot diseases. The study revealed that dairymen had poor knowledge about the need for vaccinations and deworming of their livestock. So also a good number of farmers were not even aware of cattle insurance schemes The average daily milk consumption was more in organised sector than unorganised sector. The quantity of milk retained for home consumption was less in both sectors When compared to the quantity of milk sold. There were three principal outlets for the sale of milk vis., milk societies, vendors and local consumers. Farmers due to the reason that they are getting the highest price from local sales preferred to sell milk to local consumers. There was very little use of hired labour in the study area. m all dairy activities family labour was engaged. Outdoor activities were mostly done by husbands and indoor activities were mostly done by wives. Another notable feature in household labour utilisation was the low level participation of children. cost was the major expenditure in the of milch cows followed by labour charges, deprecration, interest on fixed capital and medicines and IV miscellaneous cost. The cost of production of 1 litre of milk was highest in the marginal holdings and lowest in the medium holdings. The result of the study showed that cost of milk production decreased with the increase in size of land holding. One rupee investment in milk production generated the highest return of Rs.1.28 in medium holdings followed by Rs.1.27 in small and Rs.1.23 in marginal holdings. The cost of production nf liLii. of milk was lower in the organised sector as compared to the unorganised sector. One rupee investment in milk production generated Rs.1.18 in organised sector and Rs.1.26 in unorganised sector. Old age, immediate requirement for cash, poor production, disease, lack of family labour and bad temperament were the reasons for the disposal of animals. Out of the cows disposed majority belonged to marginal holdings. The most important constraints in dairying felt by the respondents were high cost of feed and fodder, low price of milk, inadequate knowledge about scientific feeding, lack of finance or subsidy and lack of family labour.