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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF COCONUT OIL AND SUNFLOWER OIL ON PLASMA AND LIVER LIPID PROFILE AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1997) MINI. K. P.; P.T. PhilominaThe role of dietary factors in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis has been associated wich elevated serum cholesterol levels, both in man and animals. Coconut oil has been a dietary component for Keralites from time immemmorial . There are several reports implicating coconut oil (a saturated fat) as one of the major factors involved in the production of increased blood cholesterol level leading to the increased incidence of cardio vascular disease (CVD) in human beings and animals. No systematic investigation has been carried out so far to study how increasing unsaturation of the oil affects lipid metabolism in warding off atherosclerosis. In addition to the chain length of fatty acids their relative position in the triglyceride molecule appears to affect their potency for atherogenicity. Gingelley oil is commonly used as one of the energy source in poultry feed and sunflower oil is also gaining popularity now a days, since many reports indicated that feeding of unsaturated fat decreased the cholesterol content in the oodv Hence it was thought worthwhile to study the influence cT these three oils on the levels of total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and phospholipid in plasma and liver, the concentration of HDL-cholesterol and (VLDL+LDL)-cholesteroJ m plasma, weight of the liver and the level of total lipid and total cholesterol in egg yolk. The production performance under these dietary oils was also assessed in Japanese qua;' Is by recording the egg production, egg weight and egg mass, feed consumption, body weight and feed efficiency. A total number of 72 (36 males and 36 females), four-week old Japanese quails of the same strain (egg type) and hatch were procured from the Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy and divided into three main groups (12 males and 12 females in each main group viz. GI, Gil, GUI) and then subdivided to 12 males and 12 females as M-I, M-II and M-III (males) and F-I, F-II and F-III (females) . The birds were provided grower ration upto sixth week of age and then adult ration, from the sixth to the 10th week of age in males and 16th week of age in females. The standard ration was incorporated with the different dietary oils at 2 per cent level viz. GI (MI and F-I) with gingelley oil, GII (Mil and F-II) with coconut oil and GUI (Mill and F-III) with sunflower oil. Feed consumption, egg production and egg weight were recorded daily and body weight recorded weekly. The eggs from the three groups (F-I, F-II and F-III) were collected on the last day of 14th, 15th and 16th week of age, weighed and stored at 4°C for biochemical analyses. The male birds were sacrificed at the 10th week of age and females at the 16th week of age. The weight of the liver noted and plasma and liver stored at -20°C for analyses. Total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol (VLDL+LDL)-cholesterol and phospholipid in plasma of male and female Japanese quails were not significantly different among the groups, since the normal level (2%) of oils used in the present study was not able to exert any significant influence on the lipid metabolism in quails. The total lipid content in the liver in male quails was not significantly different among the groups. In the female quails the total lipid content in liver of gingelley oil fed group (F-I) was significantly higher than that of coconut oil fed (F-II) and sunflower oil fed (F-III) groups. Lower triglyceride lipase activity in coconut oil and sunflower oil fed groups, which causes decreased break down of triglyceride in adipose tissue and lower transportation of fatty acids to liver may be the reason for the lower total lipid content in liver in these two groups. Irrespective of sex the triglyceride and total cholesterol content in liver were not significantly different among the groups. The liver phospholipid content in male quails of gingelley oil fed group (MI) was significantly higher than that of sunflower oil fed group (Mill) . Sunflower ocj (unsaturated fatty acids) causes enhanced faecal excretion of free fatty acids. The total lipid, triglyceride, (VLDL+LDL)-cholesterol and phospholipid in plasma were significantly higher in adult female quails compared to males in all the groups. In the laying bird lipids are synthesised in the liver and transported to the ovary in the form of lipoproteins . This is the reason for higher total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid in plasma of laying hen (VLDL + LDL)- cholesterol content was also higher in the female quails since they are the transport form of cholesterol from liver to the ovary. The total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were higher in male quails compared to females, since the cholesterol is not eliminated through the egg yolk and are mainly found along with the HDL fraction in males unlike females. The total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol content in liver of female quails were significantly higher than that of male quails. There was higher lipid synthesis in the liver of female quails under the influence of oestrogen. There was no significant difference in the liver phospholipid content between male and female quails. No significant difference in the weight of the liver among the groups in both male and female Japanese quails could be noticed. However, weight of the liver in females was ® fi^sntly higher than the males in each group. There was no significant difference in the total lipid and total cholesterol content in egg yolk among the groups, at the 14th, 15th and 16th week of age. This was because the total lipid and total cholesterol content in the egg yolk has to be maintained at a constant level in order to create a favourable environment for the development of the embryo. Female quails attained sexual maturity earlier at the end f fifth week (38 to 41 days of age). Egg production started the 38th day in groups F-II and F-III while it was on the 41st day in group F-I. The egg production was lower in gingelley oil fed group (F-I) than coconut oil fed group (F-II) may be due to lower mineral absorption in gingelley oil fed group. The egg weight was higher in sunflower oil fed group (F-III) than coconut oil fed group (F-II) since sunflower oil in the diet causes higher protein retention. The egg mass was not significantly different among the groups. However, the egg weight and egg mass significantly increased with age. There was no significant difference in feed intake among the groups in both male and female Japanese quails as tiie caloric value of the feeds were the same. Female quails had higher feed intake than males due to their higher growth rat:e. The body weight of the male quails was not significantly among the groups. The body weight in gingelley oil fed group was the lowest among the female quails during most part of the experimental period, since there is lower mineralisation of bones in that group. The body weight of female quails in the three groups was significantly higher than that of males. Feed efficiency was not different among the groups in male Japanese quails. Among the female Japanese quails coconut oil (F-II) and sunflower oil (F-III) fed groups had better feed efficiency than gingelley oil fed group (F-I), lower rate of absorption of minerals in gingelley oil fed group (F-I) may the reason for the lowest feed efficiency anu body weight. In order to arrive at a conclusion as to which of the particular oil is ideal for health and for better production performance in Japanese quails, higher levels of oils are to be incorporated and a more detailed study is required.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING ONION {Allium cepa var aggregatum G. Don; AND GARLIC (Allium sativum Linn/ ON LIPID PROFILE IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1997) V. GIRISH KUMAR; K P. SurendranathanPoultry products are comparatively rich in cholesterol. WHO report indicates incidence of coronary heart disease and high dietary cholesterol level to be positively correlated. In such a situation, decreasing the cholesterol content in poultry products would be appropriate. Onion and garlic are ascribed with therapeutic effects such as hypocholesterolemia, hypolipidemia and immunosuppressant action in mammals, while no convincing reports are available on the effect of supplementation of these agents in reducing cholesterol level in egg and poultry meat. Hence, this study reports on the hypolipidemic effects and/or other effects of dietary onion and garlic on the lipid profile in the tissues of Japanese quails. Further, information on the physiological norms of tissues is essential for understanding any pathological entity. Although in recent years, the Japanese quail has gained increasing popularity as a biological model for various investigations, published reports on the lipid profile in the tissues of this species are very few. Essentially, all the previous studies on this aspect are based on observations in only a particular tissue or a particular lipid component or sex and age. Hence, the present investigation is also aimed at establishing a more or less complete picture of lipid profile in liver, plasma and muscle in both sexes at three different physiological stages of growth via., three-week old (immature), six-week old (onset of sexual maturity) and in nine-week old (mature) birds. Likewise, the lipid profile that are analysed in the liver will also be established in the egg yolk. The results revealed an increase in the liver and plasma total lipid content (Table fi) due to onion and garlic. Although a trend of decrease in the cholesterol level in the liver and muscle was obseived the results were statistically nonsignificant (Table m), indicating the hypocholesterolemic effect of onion and garlic to be of questionable biological The plasma free cholesterol level (Table IV) was found to be decreased due to onion and garfic, while no effect of the same was observed with regard to plasma esterified cholesterol (Table IV). The effect of onion and garlic on the cholesterol content in different lipoproteins (Table IV) indicated that these alliums are causing recirculation of plasma cholesterol between different lipoproteins and/or tissues in such a way that the plasma LX)L-C is not increased. There was an increase in the triglyceride content in the liver and plasma due to dietaiy alliums (fable V). The phospholipid level in the plasma was found to be increased with a decrease in the plasma free fatty acid (Table XH) level due to dietaiy alliums. The variations in the plasma esterified fatty acid content (Table XH) due to alliums are in accordance with the variations in the plasma content of esterified f orm of Upids. The iodine value of liver lipid increased due to alliums in both sexes, while these alliums were found to have no influence the saponification and acid value of the liver lipid. In all the above instances where onion and garlic were found to have significant effect, dietaiy garlic was found to have either a similar or significantly more alliaceous effect than dietary onion. No significant variations in the lipid profile of the muscle and yolk were observed due to dietaiy- supplementation of onion and garlic. I he influence of onion and garlic on the feed consumption by birds was found to vary with duration of feeding. In the first week of feeding alliums to both sexes and in flie second week in the male birds, no change in the feed consumption was observed, lliereafter in both the sexes the feed consumption increased due to dietaiy onion and garlic. Dietaiy onion and gariic caused a nonsignificant increase in the body weight. Feed efficiency in both the sexes and egg production in the females were unaltered due to dietaiy supplementation of onion and garlic. The levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total phospholipid and phosphohpid fractions in liver, plasma and muscle were found to differ significantly due to effect of age within a sex and due to effect of sex within an age group. Similarly the level of plasma free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, free fatt>' acid and esterified fatty acid differed significantly due to age within a sex and due to sex within an age group. Iodine value and saponification value of lipid in liver were influenced due to age and sex, while the same was not observed in the muscle. The acid value of the lipid in the liver and muscle was unaltered due to age or sex. The feed consumption and body weight increased with age in both sexes and it was more in the females. The feed efficiency was unaltered due to age or sex. The egg production was also not influenced by age.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING ONION {Allium cepa var aggregatum G. Don; AND GARLIC (Allium sativum Linn/ ON LIPID PROFILE IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1997) V. GIRISH KUMAR; K. P. SurendranathanPoultry products are comparatively rich in cholesterol. WHO report indicates incidence of coronary heart disease and high dietary cholesterol level to be positively correlated. In such a situation, decreasing the cholesterol content in poultry products would be appropriate. Onion and garlic are ascribed with therapeutic effects such as hypocholesterolemia, hypolipidemia and immunosuppressant action in mammals, while no convincing reports are available on the effect of supplementation of these agents in reducing cholesterol level in egg and poultry meat. Hence, this study reports on the hypolipidemic effects and/or other effects of dietary onion and garlic on the lipid profile in the tissues of Japanese quails. Further, information on the physiological norms of tissues is essential for understanding any pathological entity. Although in recent years, the Japanese quail has gained increasing popularity as a biological model for various investigations, published reports on the lipid profile in the tissues of this species are very few. Essentially, all the previous studies on this aspect are based on observations in only a particular tissue or a particular lipid component or sex and age. Hence, the present investigation is also aimed at establishing a more or less complete picture of lipid profile in liver, plasma and muscle in both sexes at three different physiological stages of growth via., three-week old (immature), six-week old (onset of sexual maturity) and in nine-week old (mature) birds. Likewise, the lipid profile that are analysed in the liver will also be established in the egg yolk. The results revealed an increase in the liver and plasma total lipid content (Table fi) due to onion and garlic. Although a trend of decrease in the cholesterol level in the liver and muscle was obseived the results were statistically nonsignificant (Table m), indicating the hypocholesterolemic effect of onion and garlic to be of questionable biological The plasma free cholesterol level (Table IV) was found to be decreased due to onion and garfic, while no effect of the same was observed with regard to plasma esterified cholesterol (Table IV). The effect of onion and garlic on the cholesterol content in different lipoproteins (Table IV) indicated that these alliums are causing recirculation of plasma cholesterol between different lipoproteins and/or tissues in such a way that the plasma LX)L-C is not increased. There was an increase in the triglyceride content in the liver and plasma due to dietaiy alliums (fable V). The phospholipid level in the plasma was found to be increased with a decrease in the plasma free fatty acid (Table XH) level due to dietaiy alliums. The variations in the plasma esterified fatty acid content (Table XH) due to alliums are in accordance with the variations in the plasma content of esterified f orm of Upids. The iodine value of liver lipid increased due to alliums in both sexes, while these alliums were found to have no influence the saponification and acid value of the liver lipid. was on In all the above instances where onion and garlic were found to have significant effect, dietaiy garlic was found to have either a similar or significantly more alliaceous effect than dietary onion. No significant variations in the lipid profile of the muscle and yolk were observed due to dietaiy- supplementation of onion and garlic. I he influence of onion and garlic on the feed consumption by birds was found to vary with duration of feeding. In the first week of feeding alliums to both sexes and in flie second week in the male birds, no change in the feed consumption was observed, lliereafter in both the sexes the feed consumption increased due to dietaiy onion and garlic. Dietaiy onion and gariic caused a nonsignificant increase in the body weight. Feed efficiency in both the sexes and egg production in the females were unaltered due to dietaiy supplementation of onion and garlic. I 1 1 I- ■ ^ ^ Ill The levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total phospholipid and phosphohpid fractions in liver, plasma and muscle were found to differ significantly due to effect of age within a sex and due to effect of sex within an age group. Similarly the level of plasma free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, free fatt>' acid and esterified fatty acid differed significantly due to age within a sex and due to sex within an age group. Iodine value and saponification value of lipid in liver were influenced due to age and sex, while the same was not observed in the muscle. The acid value of the lipid in the liver and muscle was unaltered due to age or sex. The feed consumption and body weight increased with age in both sexes and it was more in the females. The feed efficiency was unaltered due to age or sex. The egg production was also not influenced by age.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROTEIN AND IODINE ON TAPIOCA TOXICITY(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1994) ABDUL LATEEF; Ramakrishna Pillai, M GA three phase experiment was carried out to assess the level of cyanogenic glycoside (CNG) content in seven varieties of tapioca, its removal by various processing methods and its effect on metabolism in rats and kids. The role of dietary protein and iodine in modifying the deleterious effects of cyanide was investigated. Histopathological studies on the liver, pancreas and heart were also carried out in rats. The first phase of the study revealed that CNG content in terms of cyanide varied from 40.86 + 2.79 to 186.31 + 5.30 ng/g of fresh tuber v/ith the lowest concentration in 'fl-4' and higher concentrations in 'H-165' and ' Karkidakkan' . Processings like boiling and sun drying lowered the CNG content by about 50 per cent of the original. In the second phase 60 male albino Wistar rats, divided into six groups were given the following diet. Group I - Protein = 15%; Tapioca = Nil; Iodine = Nil Group II - Protein = 15%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = Nil Group III - Protein = 7.5%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = Nil Group IV - Protein = 7.5%; Tapioca v/ithout HCN = 30%; Iodine = Nil Group V - Protein = 15%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = 0.17 mg/kg Group VI - Protein = 22.5%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = 0.17 mg/kg 11 Performance of rats was evaluated by recording grov/th rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency for a period of 12 weeks. Dry matter digestibility v/as also determined over a period of 24 h. At the end of 10th, 11th and 12th week of the study the rats were sacrificed and endocrinological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of blood/serum and tissues v/ere made. Performance of rats was poor on tapioca-based diet not supplemented v/ith iodine (Groups II and III). Rats fed on protein deficient diet in the presence of cyanide containing tapioca were the most affected (Group III) . Hov/ever, there \7as no significant variation in the performance in Groups V and VI compared to Group I when tapioca-based diet were supplemented v/ith iodine. The digestibility of dry matter in six groups of rats was almost inversely related to the quantity of feed consumed. There was significant increase in DNA and decrease in protein content of thyroid thereby increasing the DNA: protein ratio, follov/ed by extremely lov/ levels of thyroxine and hyperplasia of the thyroid in Group III. In Group II also there occurred a significant reduction in the levels of thyroxine and a resultant hypertrophy of the thyroid. Higher levels of dietary protein and iodine supplementation v/ere found to play a decisive role in Ill counteracting the inhibitory effects of cyanide and thiocyanate of tapioca origin especially on thyroid functions. The DHA: protein ratio per unit weight of pancreatic tissue v/as increased in groups fed on low levels of dietary protein (Groups III and IV). Insulin levels in different groups of rats were found to be primarily related to the levels of blood glucose. There v/as no significant difference in insulin-to-glucose ratio between the groups. The synthesis and release of insulin from the pancreas was not affected by cyanide present in the diet of tapioca fed groups. Rats showed no definite pattern of response in their blood glucose levels to cyanide contained in the diet of tapioca fed groups. There was elevation in the levels of serum total protein, cholesterol and lipid concentrations in rats fed tapioca v/ithout supplementation of iodine (Groups II and III). This may be the result of the development of hypothyroidism. However, the increase in serum total protein and lipid in Group II v;as not significant. The results indicated that the above parameters could be used as reliable biochemical indicators of thyroid activity. A significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration IV in rats of Groups II and III compared to Groups I and IV reflected the deleterious effects of cyanogens on thyroid functions as v/ell as the importance of availability of dietary protein for haemoglobin synthesis. The hepatic cells in Group II appeared slightly swollen with occasional cells showing vacuolar changes. Pancreas showed slight oedema and occasional mild degenerative changes of exocrine cells. Also there was slight interstitial oedema in the myocardium. Intensity of pathological changes in the liver, pancreas and heart v^ere more severe in rats fed on protein deficient, tapioca diet (Group III) compared to that of Group IV in the diet of v;hich tapioca was made cyanide free. The hepatic cells in Group III shov/ed marked diffused vacuolar changes with condensed or vesicular nuclei and occasional cell necrosis. Many pancreatic exocrine cells shov/ed vacuolar and degenerative changes. Interstitial oedema v/as prominent. Inspite of these pancreatic exocrine changes, it is important to note that the islets remained almost intact in all the groups studied. Myocardium showed interstitial oedema v/ith swollen sarcoplasm and fragmented sarcolerama. At the same time only moderate vacuolar changes in the liver, distention of interlobular space and interstitial oedema in myocardium were observed in Group IV. Since the diet of Groups V and VI were supplemented v/ith iodine, no significant cytological alterations could be seen in their organs. V In the third phase of the study thirty 2^5-3 months old Alpine-Malabari kids of both sexes were divided into 3 groups. They were given the following diet. Groups I Protein = 15%; Tapioca = Nil; Iodine = Nil Groups II Protein = 15%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = 2 mg/kg Groups III Protein = 25%; Tapioca = 30%; Iodine = 2 mg/kg The study included evaluation of the performance of kids and determination of certain endocrinological and biochemical parameters in their blood at fortnightly intervals for 3 months. There was no significant effect on the performance (body weight gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency) of kids fed on tapioca-based diet supplemented with iodine, compared to Group I. However, the significant difference in body weight gain between tapioca fed groups (Groups II and III) was probably due to the difference in the relative availability of protein in their diet. The results of the study in kids indicated that there \/as no significant influence of cyanogenic principles present in tapioca on the thyroxin and insulin levels v/hen iodine was supplemented in the diet. Similarly the blood glucose, serum total protein, cholesterol, lipid and haemoglobin levels v/ere also not influenced throughout the study.