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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2011 - 20185
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE SKIN AND FEATHERS OF BROILER AND LAYER DUCKS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) ALPHINE JOSEPH; K.M. Lucy
    Comparative studies on the skin and feathers of broiler Vigova Super-M ducks of six to eight weeks of age and spent Kuttanad ducks above 40 weeks of age were conducted using 24 birds comprising of six males and females in each group. Histomorphology of skin and morphological, physical, chemical, spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic peculiarities and radiolucency of feathers were compared. Skin samples of all the four groups of birds were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal neck, alar, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, pelvic, dorsal wing, ventral wing and lateral thigh regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histoarchitectural and histochemical studies. Total skin thickness was more in Kuttanad ducks than broiler ducks. Skin was thicker on the ventral surface of the body and was slightly thicker in male birds. Maximum thickness was recorded in ventral abdominal region. Epidermis was very thin and formed of two layers, stratum germinativum and stratum corneum. Dermis comprised three layers viz., stratum superficiale, stratum profundum (containing stratum compactum and stratum laxum) and lamina elastica. Stratum laxum was the thickest layer of skin in all groups and all regions under study. Feathers were implanted in the skin in feather follicles and always lay in the epidermis and dermis. Feather had an outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis of the feather was found adjacent to the epidermis of the follicle with an outer layer of sheath cells called feather sheath. Several layers of intermediate cells and inner cylindrical cell layer surrounded the dermal pulp. Attached to the feather follicle were the smooth muscles known as arrectores plumorum muscles which ran in different directions. Herbst corpuscles were exclusivelyfound adjacent to the feather follicles in close association with these muscles. The subcutis was characterized by numerous blood vessels andadipose tissue. The moisture content was found to be more in the skin of broilers than layer group and fat percentage was more in layer skin than broiler skin. Hydroxyproline and collagen contents were more in the skin of layer ducks than in broiler ducks. Wing feathers showed a shaft, which was divided into upper rachis and lower calamus. To the rachis was attached the barbs, and the barbules were in turn attached to the barbs. Average length of barbs in broiler and Kuttanad ducks in the right side of right wing feather was 2.32±0.10 cm and 1.83±0.07 cm, respectively and duck feather rachis and barbs are found to be suitable for spinning into thread, can be used for weaving clothing, preparing slab or mat after mixing with other synthetic materials.The average diameter of barbs was 0.06±0.004 mm which falls under spinnable diameter range which is suitable for textile application. The diameter and spacing of barbs played major role in the water repellence property of feathers. Aspect ratio of barbs of duck feathers was in the desired range to be used in textile manufacturing. The percentage contribution of total feathers to the body weight was maximum in female broiler duck (5.47±0.26%). Rachis and barb fractions contributed equally to the weight of a single feather. The fineness of barbs showed almost similar valuesamong the groups.The relative density of whole feather fractions in ducks was 0.65±0.01g/cm3 . The moisture regaining capacity of barb fraction of broiler and Kuttanad ducks was the highest followed by whole feather fraction and was minimum for the rachis. SEM studies showed hollow cells on cross section of barbs measuring maximum diameter of 13.11µm in broiler ducks and 19.23µm in Kuttanad ducks and spacing between two adjacent barbules was maximum in Kuttanad ducks. Proximate analysis of feather of both groups showed similar composition. Elemental analysis showed equal amount of sulphur in broiler and Kuttanad duck feather barbs. Amino acid analysis revealed higher percentage of hydrophobic amino acids when compared to hydrophilic amino acids and a high content of serine in both the groups. FTIR-ATR studies indicated the presence of amide and carboxylic groups confirming the proteinaceous nature of material. X-ray diffractogram showed semicrystalline nature of the feather. Wing feathers of female birds showed more radio-opacity than males. Mechanical and thermal tests revealed high tensile strength and high heat stability for duck barbs. All these results implied the possibility of duck feather as a valuable raw material in the textile, nonwoven and composite manufacture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE SKIN AND FEATHERS OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) S. V. BHARATHI; Indu V. Raj
    The present study was undertaken to compare the histomorphology of skin, physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties and radiolucency of wing feathers in broiler and layer chicken. Skin samples and wing feathers were collected from commercial broiler chicken of six to eight weeks of age and from culled White Leghorn birds above 64 weeks of age, slaughtered at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. Samples were collected from a total of 24 birds comprising of six male and female birds from the broiler and layer groups. From each bird, 12 wing feathers were collected. The skin thickness, weight and per cent contribution of skin to the total body weight and the average number of feather follicles in unit area of skin, showed a significant difference between broiler and culled White Leghorn chicken and was more in the latter in all the regions but no significant difference was noted between the sexes. In histological sections the skin consisted of an outer thin epidermis and inner thick dermis. The epidermis presented two major layers viz., stratum germinativum and stratum corneum. The dermis consisted of three distinct layers from superficial to deep viz., stratum superficiale, stratum profundum and lamia elastica. The stratum profundum consisted of a superficial stratum compactum and a deep stratum laxum which was the thickest among all the layers of skin. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of glycogen, neutral mucopolysaccharides and abundant amount of cutaneous lipids. Layer birds possessed higher collagen content in the skin than broilers. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), of broiler and layer feather barbs showed honeycomb shaped hollow cells, a unique cross-section not seen in other natural fibres. The physical properties of feather like length, diameter, aspect ratio of the rachis and barbs, feather weight and density, and mean fineness of feather fractions was more in White Leghorn birds. Moisture content and moisture regain values were similar in both groups and varied between eight to eleven per cent. Relative radio-opacity at the base of the feather was found to be slightly increased in layer birds. The proximate analysis, amino acid composition, FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy- Attenuated Total Reflectance), X-ray diffraction studies, tensile strength and thermal stability were similar in both the groups. The results of the present study confirmed that both broiler and White Leghorn chicken feathers could be beneficiated as good source of protein and energy and were suitable for use as a raw material in textile sizing bioplastics, biomedical materials, enzyme production, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industry.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRE-HATCH DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT IN TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) HELNA MARIA WILSON; S. Maya
    Pre-hatch developmental pattern of lower digestive tract in Beltsville White turkey was studied to investigate the morphogenesis and histogenesis and to derive its relationship with age and body weight. Materials for the study were collected from 60 embryos on third, fourth, sixth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, eighteenth, twenty-first, twenty-fourth and twenty-seventh day of incubation, and compared with those from six, day-old poults. Observations on morphology, histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy, morphometry and micrometry were carried out and data were analysed statistically to find out the relationship. In the present study, all the divisions of the primitive gut viz., foregut, midgut and hindgut were apparent during the fourth day of incubation. The regional differentiation of the primitive gut into different segments of lower digestive tract viz. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, colo-rectum and coprodeum, occurred by sixth day of incubation. The parameters of the segments of the lower digestive tract became grossly measurable by 15th day of incubation. The intestines were completely retracted into the body cavity by 27th day of incubation. There was significant increase in the weight and length of lower digestive tract and that of its segments as the age advanced. The histological examination of the segments revealed well developed tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa and an inconstant tunica submucosa. The longitudinal folds of the tunica mucosa indicating future villi were obvious by 15th day of incubation in the present study, which differentiated further with advancement of age. All layers of the small and large intestines increased in thickness as age advanced and became similar to the adult structure by 21st day of incubation. The intestinal epithelium presented three types of cells, viz. chief cells, goblet cells and argentaffin cells and the epithelium of the villi formed crypts of Lieberkuhn by 24th day of incubation. The study revealed that the growth of the segments of the lower digestive tract was highly correlated with increase in body weight and age of the embryo during the prehatch period, confirming the early maturing nature of the digestive system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPH NODES IN KUTTANAD DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) ARUNIMA. S. S.; N. Ashok
    Postnatal development of lymph nodes was studied in Kuttanad ducks using 104 birds from day-old to 24 weeks of age. The material was collected from eight birds in each group at fortnightly interval. Two pairs of elongated, spindle shaped lymph nodes, namely the cervico-thoracic, and the lumbar lymph nodes were present. Size and weight of the lymph nodes increased with age. The relative weight of both the pairs of lymph nodes increased up to 18 weeks of age and thereafter it slightly decreased until the end of study. There was a progressive increase in the body weight upto 16 weeks of age, before the beginning of egg laying and the maximum mean was attained at 20 weeks week. The weight of the lymph nodes was highly correlated with the body weight during postnatal period (p ≤ 0.05). The weight of the lymph nodes increased sharply up to four weeks of age followed by a gradual increase upto 18 weeks and thereafter it decreased till 24 weeks. There was a significant positive correlation between the age and the length and breadth of cervical (r=0.83, r=0.83) and the lumbar (r=0.87, r=0.87) pairs of lymph nodes (p ≤ 0.05). On the day of hatch, the lumbar nodes were less differentiated compared to the cervical lymph nodes. Both the nodes were enclosed by a thin connective tissue capsule comprising of collagen and a very few elastic fibers. It was comparatively thinner in lumbar lymph nodes than the cervical ones. Towards the cranial part of the nodes, the capsule was slightly thicker. The delicate connective tissue capsule presented two distinct compartments that presented a little amount of lipids and lymphoid tissue. A clear demarcation between the cortex and the medulla as seen in mammals was absent in the lymph nodes of ducks. However, the compact central part had a little resemblance to the cortex and the spongy peripheral part, to the medulla. The primary and secondary follicles were chiefly concentrated in the dense compact area. The cavity system of the lymph nodes mainly consisted of a central or axial sinus, numerous intermediary and marginal sinuses. The endothelium lined intermediate sinuses acted as channels connecting marginal sinus to the central sinus. Parenchyma consisted of highly coiled lymphoreticular cords. These cords originated from the capsule and penetrated deep into the parenchyma. They frequently anastamosed with one another and with the surface of lymphatic nodules. In between the lymphoreticular cords, small channel like lymphatic sinuses were present. Trabeculae and hilus were absent. The lymph vessels and blood vessels entered the lymph nodes from different sites and penetrated the capsule. The round or ellipsoidal lymphatic nodules were distributed throughout the parenchyma with a higher frequency towards the central part of the node. The nodules were fewer in lumbar lymph nodes compared to the cervical ones. However, the number of these nodules increased from day-old to 24 weeks of age, in both pairs of lymph nodes. From fourth week onwards, secondary nodules with germinal centers appeared with a nodular capsule, clearly demarcating them from the surrounding parenchyma. The cellular populations of lymph nodes included lymphocytes, erythrocytes, reticular cells, macrophages, plasma cells and a few mast cells. Plasma cells were noticed in the lymphatic nodule, lymphatic cord and the germinal centers of both the lymph nodes. In day-old ducklings, plasma cells were very few however, their number increased with the advancement of age. The lymphocytes exhibited a weak reaction for PAS from the day of hatch onwards reaching a maximum at 24 weeks of age. Glycogen was not detected in the lymph nodes of day old ducklings. Capsule as well as the lymphoreticular cords was positive for neutral mucopolysacrides. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were weak in the cells of the lymphoreticular cords and lymphatic nodules of both lymph nodes from the day of hatch itself. As age advanced, the alkaline phosphatase activity gradually increased reaching a peak activity in the lymph nodules, lymphoreticular cords and capillary endothelium by 24 week of age. The activity was strong in the germinal centers of both pairs of lymph nodes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ALFA-FETOPROTEIN GENE ON LIVER OF EMBRYONIC AND DAY-OLD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2017) PONNADA SRIDEVI; Sreeranjini., A.R
    Current research was aimed to comprehend the hepatogenesis in Beltsville Small White turkey embryos during different pre-hatch periods and in day-old poult, using various morphological, histological and histochemical techniques along with temporal analysis of Alpha-feto protein expression in liver. Six embryos each on 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th, 21st, 24th and 27th day of incubation and six day-old poults collected from the University Poultry and Duck Farm, Mannuthy were utilized for morphological, histological and histochemical studies. For expression studies six embryos each on 9th and 15th day of incubation and six day-old poults were used. Liver was noticed grossly on ninth day of pre-hatch period but primordium could be appreciated histologically by day third of pre-hatch life. Lobation of liver could be observed from ninth day with two distinct lobes. Adult topography and lobation of liver was attained by 18th day of pre-hatch period. During pre-hatch development, colour of liver varied from ginger colour to red but it became yellowish by the day of hatch. On sixth day of incubation liver parenchyma showed a few branching hepatic cords and several acini with wide sinusoidal spaces in between. Central vein, portal vein and portal triad were first recognized on 9th, 12th and 18th day of pre-hatch period, respectively. By 12th day of development a thin layer of Glisson’s capsule appeared and by 15th day it became thicker. From 21st day onwards most of the hepatocytes were arranged as cords of two cells thickness. As age advanced, number of hepatic cords increased and was arranged compactly with narrow sinusoidal spaces separating them. Histochemical studies showed the presence of glycogen granules in hepatocytes during pre-hatch and post-hatch periods whereas phosphatases could be observed only in day-old poult. Liver parenchyma showed initiation of haemopoiesis by sixth day, reached peak by 15th day and got reduced by the day of hatch. Present study revealed that liver of turkey attained histological characteristics similar to that of adult birds by 21st day of pre-hatch development. Analysis of temporal expression of AFP transcript revealed a decreasing trend towards the end of the incubation period suggesting that the biological role of AFP was most during pre-hatch period for hepatogenesis.