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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOUR(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-02) AJA TAJ NAZER; Dr. B. Bibin BechaA retrospective study was conducted for a three-year period at the University Veterinary Hospitals and the overall occurrence of CTVT were recorded as 0.15 percent among total cases, 0.88 per cent among total reproductive cases, 21.42 per cent among total tumour cases and 4.74 per cent among dogs with vaginal bleeding. Highest occurrence was found in Labrador Retrievers (41.30%), intact female dogs (92.22%), dogs aged 2-5 years (73.91%), pluriparous dogs (40.85%) and during south-west monsoon season (33.70%). Thirty-one CTVT confirmed dogs were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The group I (n=13) dogs were treated with vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/Kg bodyweight intravenously at weekly intervals till tumour regression. The group II (n=9) dogs were treated with ivermectin @ 200μg/Kg subcutaneously, followed by vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/Kg bodyweight intravenously after 24 h and repeated at weekly intervals till tumour regression. The group III (n=9) dogs were treated with vincristine @ 0.0125mg/Kg body weight intravenously, followed by cyclophosphamide @ 5mg/Kg orally for 10 days. Vital parameters during different days of treatment were within normal limits. The body weight of CTVT affected dogs ranged from 7.0–40.5 Kg with an average body weight of 22.79 ± 1.73 Kg. Body Condition Scores BCS) were 4–5 in all dogs on all days of observation. Majority of tumours were located in the vulva (51.61%), followed by vagina (19.35%) and vestibulo-vaginal junction (16.13%), and appeared as cauliflower like friable mass that bled easily. The size of the tumour ranged from 0.9–8.5 cm with an average size of 3.90 ± 0.35 cm. A significant decrease in Canine Karnofsky Score was observed in three groups by day 21, which increased gradually. On TNM staging, majority of dogs scored T3N0M0 (54.84%), followed by T2N0M0 (32.26%) and T1N0M0 (6.45%). Two cases of metastasis (6.45%), were also reported (T3N0M1 and T4N0M1). The haemato-biochemical parameters like TEC, Hb, VPRC, TP, BUN, creatinine, albumin, globulin and ALT were within normal range. A significant difference was observed in differential leucocyte count, thrombocyte count and mean corpuscular volume (p<0.05). Significant difference were observed in AST, ALP and bilirubin values (p<0.05). On cytomorphological classification, majority of tumours were plasmacytoid (74.19%), followed by lymphocytoid (22.58%) and mixed type (3.23%). The combined malignancy scores were found to decrease after successive treatments from marked (+++) malignancy sore to absent (0) by day 21 in groups I and II and day 28 in group III. The immunocytochemical scoring with vimentin showed strong immunoreactivity on day of presentation in all dogs, and it was scored absent in group I by day 21, in group II by day 14 and in group III by day 28. The duration of treatment in vincristine, vincristine-ivermectin combination and vincristine-cyclophosphamide combination were 23.10 ± 1.49, 22.00 ± 1.00 and 30.00 ± 2.00 days, respectively. Duration of treatment and side-effects were found to be less in vincristine-ivermectin combination therapy. No recurrence of tumour was observed in three treatment groups. Considering the response to treatment, duration of treatment and intensity of side effects, combination therapy of vincristine with ivermectin gave better response in CTVT treatment. Cytology, mitotic index, apoptotic index and immunocytochemistry signalling with vimentin could be used to predict the proliferation and regression of tumour mass and thus response to therapyThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON POST-PARTUM UTERINE INVOLUTION AND OVARIAN CYCLICITY IN MALABARI GOATS(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 30-11-17) Neethu, M; Leeba, ChackoThe study was conducted at the Goat Farm under ILFC, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode with the objective to study the uterine involution in post-partum Malabari does by ultrasonography and to correlate it with the ovarian rebound using ultrasonography and serum progesterone estimation. Twelve post-partum Malabari does having parity between two to five, were examined from day three to 40 post-partum. Ultrasonography was done to study the changes in the uterus and ovaries during post-partum and the serum progesterone level was estimated for correlating the status of CL assessed by ultrasonography. The post-partum behavioural oestrum was also studied. The uterine lumen was noticed as hypoechoic due to the presence of fluid and tissue debris in day three post-partum. By day nine post-partum, the uterine fluid appeared as anechoic without any tissue debris. The fluid could be appreciable up to day 12 post-partum. The mean uterine horn diameter was found to be decreasing logarithmically from day three to day 40 post-partum. The involution was considered to have occurred between day 25 and 30 post-partum with a mean uterine horn diameter of 1.31 ± 0.062 cm on day 25 post-partum. No significant difference was observed in the mean uterine caruncular diameter between day six and nine post-partum. The caruncles were inappreciable after day nine post-partum on ultrasonography. Resumption of ovarian activity was noticed during the period of study in 33.33 per cent animals by detecting the presence of CL using trans-rectal ultrasonography and in 58.33 per cent animals by assaying serum progesterone profile, with a concentration > 1 ng/ml, considered as indicative of onset of cyclicity. The relationship between uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity was found to be non-significant (p0.01), on statistical analysis, when estimated using ultrasonography and serum progesterone profiling. The mean day for the onset of post-partum behavioural oestrus was 62.67 ± 5.249 days. The duration of oestrum observed in the first post-partum behavioural oestrum was with a mean of 34.00 ± 2.594 h with a mean intensity score of 13.58 ± 0.892.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF TWO OESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS IN GOATS FOR AUGMENTING REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 31-05-11) Panicker Sneha Surendra; Ramachandran, KWith the objective of studying the effect of the synchronization protocols (Ovsynch and Progestagen-TRIU-C®) on the reproductive performance of the Malabari cross-bred goats, a study was conducted in the Instructional Livestock Farm of College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Pookot. A total of 24 healthy goats that had kidded at least once were selected randomly and classified into three groups of Group I, Group II and Group III. The Group I animals were subjected to Ovsynch treatment and the Group II animals to the Progestagen-TRIU-C® regimen. All the animals in group I and II were inseminated 72 hours after the prostaglandin injection and reinseminated 24 after the first insemination. The Group III animals were kept as control animals. These animals were inseminated on detected oestrus. Blood was collected from animals in both the group I and II on day S (pre treatment) and days 0, 5, 7, 17 and 22 post insemination for the estimation of serum progesterone level. The animals were also subjected to ultrasound examination from day 17 post insemination at a regular interval of two days for a period of two weeks. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Out of the eight animals in Group I (Ovsynch) six animals (75 per cent) responded to the treatment. In Group II Progestagen-TRIU-C®) all the animals responded giving an oestrus response of 100 per cent. In the Group III (Control), the oestrus response was only 25 per cent. The mean time taken for the onset of oestrus in Group II (26.00 ± 1.81) was shorter than the time taken in Group I (49.92 ± 1.94 hours). The mean duration of oestrus in Group I (35.05 ± 4.79 hours) and Group II (32.75 ± 4.46 hours) did not vary significantly. The mean oestrus intensity of Group I and Group II animals were 13.74 ± 1.57 and 14.37±1.46 respectively. The mean oestrus intensity of animals did not vary with the different the treatment protocols. However, mean oestrus intensity of the animals that conceived (17.87 ± 1.46) was higher than those that failed to conceive (10.24 ± 1.57). The conception rate in group I (Ovsynch) and group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C®) was 50 per cent each. The conception rates did not differ with the synchronization protocols used in this study. In group III (control), the conception rate was of 12.5 per cent. The conception rate of the synchronized group of goats (Group I and II) was found to be higher than that of the control group. The progesterone profile of goats on day 0 in both the protocols did not vary but the progesterone levels of goats that had conceived (1.78 ± 0.86 ng/ml) was much lower than those that failed to conceive (6.14 ± 0.86 ng/ml). The progesterone level of the pregnant group of animals was also higher on day 17 and 22 post insemination than that of the non pregnant group. The earliest detection of pregnancy was made by day 17 post insemination by the progesterone assay. The ultrasonographic studies using Real time B-mode ultrasound revealed the earliest detection of conceptus (early embryonic sac) on day 18 post insemination with the average diameter of the gestational sac recorded as 9.8 mm. The heart beat of the developing embryo was first recorded on day 24 post insemination. On day 30 all animals were again subjected to ultrasound scanning to detect any loss of conceptus. The goats with an embryo and a flickering heartbeat were confirmed pregnant. The Crown Rump Length (CRL) of the embryo recorded was 33.6 mm on day 44 and the foetal Biparietal diameter (BPD) recorded on day 44 was 15.8mm. From the present study, the synchronization protocol with Progestagen-TRIU-C® gave better oestrus response with lesser time taken for the onset of oestrus as compared to the Ovsynch protocol in goats. Both the synchronization protocols resulted in higher conception rates than that of control group. The animals with a minimum level of serum progesterone on the day of insemination (day 0) had a better probability for conception than those with a greater level of serum progesterone. The pregnancy was detected as early as day 17 of post insemination by the serum progesterone analysis. The pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonographic appearance of the embryonic vesicle on day 18, the embryo on day 22 and embryonic heartbeat on day 24.
