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University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
The University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad was established on October 1, 1986.
The University has 5 Colleges, 27 Research Stations, 6 Agriculture Extension Education Centers, 6 Krishi Vigyan Kendras and ATIC. The University has its jurisdiction over 7 districts namely Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, and Uttar Kannada in northern Karnataka. Greater diversity exists in soil types, climate, topography cropping and farming situations. The jurisdiction includes dry-farming to heavy rainfall and irrigated area. Important crops of the region include sorghum, cotton, rice, pulses, chilli, sugarcane, groundnut, sunflower, wheat, safflower etc. The region is also known for many horticultural crops.
Considerable progress has been registered in the field of education, research and extension from this University.
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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, SCREENING AND SELECTION OF AN EFFICIENT AM FUNGUS FOR ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-11) NAGARAJ S. B.; Dr. M. N. SREENIVASAAshwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) has tremendous medicinal values. The ashwagandha berries and leaves are locally applied to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles and ulcers. The main active constituents are alkaloids and steroidal lactones. These include tropine and cuscohygrine. In Ayurveda, Withania is widely claimed to have potent aphrodisiac, sedative, rejuvenative and life prolonging properties. The present study emphasized the isolation, characterization, screening and selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from ashwagandha growing areas of Karnataka. The efficient AM fungal isolates were tested at different phosphorus levels, Mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal inoculation effect on ashwagandha was also worked out. Further, an attempt was made to produce manoxinic culture of AM fungus in artificial media. Additionally, the growth promoting ability of efficient AM fungal isolate was evaluated in pot as well as in field condition. The results of this study clearly brought out AM-G-9a to be an efficient isolate of AM fungus for ashwagandha as it might have a better adoptability to the local conditions. The inoculation of this isolate resulted better plant nutrition, alkaloid content, growth and yield of ashwagandha in both pot and field condition. The shelf life of soil based inoculum was 3 months at room temperature while it was 5 months under refrigerated condition.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE PRACTICES ON PRODUCTIVITY AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE-CHICKPEA SEQUENCE CROPPING(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-07) MANJITH KUMAR B. R.; Dr. S. S. ANGADIInvestigation to study the effect of conservation agriculture practices on productivity and resource use efficiency in maize- chickpea sequence cropping was conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Conventional tillage recorded highest maize grain (59.1 q/ha) and stover (8.1 t/ha) yields. Mulching practice of maize stover @ 4t per ha recorded highest maize grain and stover yields. Application of atrazine @ 1.25 kg a.i. per ha followed by 2,4-D sodium salt @ 2.00 kg a.i. /ha recorded highest grain (59.8 q/ha) and stover yields (7.9 t/ha) and was on par with application of atrazine @ 1.25 kg a.i. /ha. Minimum tillage with mulching @ 4 t per ha and application of atrazine followed by 2, 4-D was on par with conventional and zero tillage practices with respect to growth, yield and yield components, water use efficiency, protein yield, availability of major nutrients, uptake, gross returns ( 62901/ha), net returns ( 37165/ha) and B-C ratio (2.44). Energy use efficiency (EUE) was highest in minimum tillage (5.56) and was on par with zero tillage practice. Minimum tillage with no mulching and application of atrazine recorded highest EUE (8.73) in maize. In sequence crop of chickpea, conventional tillage recorded higher grain (14.2 q/ha) and haulm (2.2 t/ha) yields over minimum and zero tillage practices. Mulching practice recorded highest growth, yield and yield components. Application of pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg a.i. /ha recorded highest grain (14.3 q/ha) and haulm (2.2 t/ha) yields. Minimum tillage with mulching @ 4 t per ha and application of pendimethalin was on par with zero and conventional tillage practices with respect to growth, yield, protein content and protein yield, availability of major nutrients, uptake, gross returns ( 48266/ha) and net returns ( 32875/ha). Zero tillage with no mulching and unweeded check recorded higher EUE (13.21) in chickpea and was on par with zero tillage with no mulching and application of alachlor @ 1.25 kg a.i. /ha. The results indicated that minimum tillage with mulching and application of atrazine @ 1.25 kg a.i. /ha followed by 2,4-D sodium salt @ 2.00 kg a.i. /ha in maize was performed better with respect to yield, quality, soil properties, EUE and economics. Whereas in chickpea, minimum/zero tillage with mulching and application of pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha was better with respect to yield, soil properties, EUE and economics.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF LONG-TERM IRRIGATION WITH BIO-METHANATED SPENTWASH ON PROPERTIES OF A VERTISOL AND PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE CROP(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) S. M. KAMBLE; Dr. Manjunatha HebbaraA field experiment was conducted at Ugar-Khurd, Athani taluk, Belagavi, Karnataka to study the effect of different periods of spentwash application (5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and > 20 years) on soil properties and performance of sugarcane crop in a Vertisol of Northern Dry Zone (Zone-III) of Karnataka. The results revealed that application of spentwash for 5 to 10 years was superior with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of sugarcane like millable cane height, diameter of cane, number of internodes, internodal length, number of millable canes, single cane weight, dry matter content, yield brix per cent, pol per cent and purity per cent. The crop could not be established in the plot which received spentwash for >20 years. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was higher in the treatment that was irrigated with spentwash for 5 to 10 years which decreased with increased periods of spentwash application. The sodium uptake by sugarcane increased due to continuous application of spentwash and recorded the highest uptake under 15 to 20 years of spentwash application. Long-term application significantly reduced the soil bulk density, erosion index, dispersion index and increased maximum water holding capacity, aggregate stability and infiltration rate. The EC and ESP values increased with increased periods of spentwash application recording the highest values under >20 years of spentwash application. The salinity value increased beyond the threshold for sugarcane crop. The available nutrient status, CEC, base saturation, ESP and CaCO3 content in soil was higher in the plots irrigated with spentwash for >20 years. The higher soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population was found in the treatment that received spentwash for 10 to 15 years, which decreased at > 20 years of spentwash application.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES FOR TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN SELECTED CROSSES IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) NAVEEN KUMAR V; DR. SANJEEV K. DESHPANDEThe present study was carried out to understand the genetics of turcicum leaf blight resistance in selected crosses in maize involving resistance and susceptible parents during kharif 2013. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of all four crosses were evaluated and data on disease incidence was recorded. Generation mean analysis using six parameter model clearly indicated that there is predominance of additive gene action in the inheritance of turcicum leaf blight resistance in three crosses viz, BM36 x BM59, BM59 x BM258 and BM36 x BM1. Among interaction effects, additive x additive type of interaction predominantly controlled the disease resistance trait in crosses BM36 x BM59, BM59 x BM258 and BM36 x BM1 while in cross BM8 x RNBL4611 dominance gene action was found to be significantly affecting the trait. Considering the different resistance x susceptible cross combinations with respect to yield and yield parameters, dominance gene action was found to play a major role. Among the different cross combinations, the cross BM59 x BM258 was found to be significantly superior with respect to yield and yield parameters viz, cob legth, number of kernel rows per cob, hundred seed weight, cob weight and grain yield per plant. Further with respect to disease resistance the inbred lines BM8, BM59 and BM258 were found to be resistant to turcicum leaf blight. The cross combinations BM59 x BM258 and BM8 x RNBL4611 are found to be important in accumulation of favorable genes for disease resistance. So these crosses can be further utilised in resistance breeding against turcicum leaf blight in maize. Correlation and path analysis studies indicated that cob length, number of kernel rows per cob, 100-grain weight and cob weight had strong association and direct effects on yield.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON CROP RESIDUES MANAGEMENT FOR LIVESTOCK BY FARMERS(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-09) AKSHATA KALLAPPA KERUR; DR. NAGARATNA BIRADARStudy was carried out during 2013-14 in Dharwad district of Karnataka. Twelve villages were selected randomly and 120 farmers formed the sample of the study. The data was collected by personal interview method using structured interview schedule. Objectives were-to study the availability and utilization pattern of crop residues for feeding livestock by the farmers; to analyze the economic value of crop residues as livestock feed; to find out the problem faced by the farmers in management of crop residues for livestock and to know the technological requirement of farmers for efficient use of crop residues for livestock. The annual mean availability of sorghum stover was 1.65t, 3.69t and 5.41t, maize stover was 1.08 t, 1.22 t and 2.08 t, paddy straw was 1.16 t, 2.10 t and 3.14 t and legume hay was 1.0 t, 1.12 t, and 2.06 t to small, medium and large farmers, respectively. F value indicated highly significant difference in availability of all types of crop residues among different categories of farmers. Almost equal percent of farmers belonged to poorly managed (30.84%), moderately managed (31.66%) and well managed (37.50%) categories of crop residue management. The F value indicated highly significant difference in the selling price of all types of crop residues studied. Problems expressed by the farmers during crop residue management were labour problem (100%), more distance from field to storage yard (86.7%) and selective consumption of feed by animals (78.3%). Machine to bale crop residue for easy transportation was rated as very much required technology by 9 out of 10 scientists. Improved crop residues storage structure which requires less space and prevents rodents’ infestation was considered as very much required technology by 8 scientists.ThesisItem Open Access A Socio-Economic Probe into Impacts of Drought on Livelihoods of Farmers in Bijapur District, Karnataka(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-10) LOKESH S.; R. S. PODDARA study on “Socio-economic probe into impacts of drought on livelihoods of farmers in Bijapur district, Karnataka” was conducted. Both primary (for the year 2012-13) and secondary data were used for the study. Total sample size of the study was 120 farmer-respondents. Results revealed that rainfall of Karnataka varied between 770.10 mm in 1990 (-25 %) and 1457.30 mm in 2005 (+42 %) and it followed a positive trend (781.72+16.90) from 1985 to 2012. A probe into losses due to drought in the district revealed that there was about 65 per cent loss in crop value. Drought also caused loss of animals through distress sales (61 %) and about 30 per cent decrease in milk yield. Food consumption expenditure of farm households decreased by 20 per cent across different farming categories and 24 percent decrease in general family expenditure in drought year over normal years expenditure. On an average, there was about 23 per cent loss in employment of households due to drought as compared to a normal year. In coping strategies crop diversification was the most important coping approach and utilizing income savings was the most important strategy among the off-farm strategies adopted by the respondents. Crop failure, fodder shortage to the livestock, drinking water and reduced food consumption expenditure were some of the difficulties encountered by farmers. Important policy recommendations are completing the ongoing irrigation projects, traditional water harvesting structures of the district should be rejuvenated and put for the effective use, implementation of effective watershed development programmes, afforestation, and drought proofing programmes like MGNREGA, DPAP and crop insurance should be implemented in an effective manner. Revision of crop compensation norms of the Government is required and it is necessary to create more awareness pertaining to contingent crop planning and insitu moisture conservation techniques recommended by SAU’s.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY OF Bt COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) MANJUNATHA S. B.; Dr.D. P. BIRADARTwo field experiments entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels and K:N ratio on the productivity of Bt cotton” and “ Response of Bt cotton hybrids to nutrient levels applied based on target yields” were conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The first experiment consisted nitrogen levels of 120, 150 and 180 kg ha-1 as factor I and K:N ratios of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 as factor II which were laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept having three replications. The second experiment consisted of Bt BG-II cotton Hybrids namely MRC-7351, Mallika, Brahma and Chiranjeevi as main plots and nutrients applied for target seed cotton yields of 2.5 t/ha (120: 55:125 NPK kg ha-1), 3.0 t/ha (145:70:150 NPK kg ha-1), 3.5 t/ha (170:85:175 NPK kg ha-1), 4.0 t/ha (195:100:200 NPK kg ha-1) and RDF (120:60:60 NPK kg ha-1) as sub plots. The treatments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. Mean of two years data indicated that, application of 180 kg N ha-1 with K:N ratio of 0.75 (180 kg N : 135 kg K ha-1) recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (3347 kg ha-1), total dry matter production (298.7 g plant-1), higher gross returns (` 1,50,632 ha-1), net returns (` 1,01,258 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.05) as compared to other treatment combinations. However, it was on par with the application of 150 kg N ha-1 with K:N ratio of 1.0 (150 kg N : 150 kg K ha-1). Among the different Bt cotton hybrids, Mallika Bt recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (3392 kg ha-1), total dry matter production (299.9 g plant-1), higher gross returns (` 1,52,640 ha-1), net returns (` 1,01,612 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.93) as compared to other hybrids. However, it was on par with Brahma Bt. Application of nutrients as per the target yield of 4.0 t ha-1 (195:100:200 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (3.94 t ha-1), gross returns (` 1,77,305 ha-1), net returns (` 1,21,022 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.15) over other nutrient levels as per target yields. Mallika and Brahma Bt cotton hybrids with application of nutrients for the target yield of 4.0 t ha-1 (195:100:200 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher and comparable seed cotton yield (4220 and 4085 kg ha-1), net returns (` 1,32,598 and ` 1,27,035 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.31 and 3.23) as compared to other treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INCIDENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF BRINJAL PESTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-10) ANIL AMRESH SAJJAN; Dr. C. M. RAFEEField experiments were conducted at MARS, Dharwad during kharif 2013-14, to monitor brinjal pests and their natural enemies, mass trapping of moths with water traps and management of shoot and fruit borer with insecticides. The survey in Belagavi and Dharwad districts at vegetative and reproductive stages indicated highest shoot infestation (18.9 %) in vegetative and reproductive stage (10.5 %) in Belagavi. Likewise highest fruit infestation (18.8 %) also more in Belagavi compared to Dharwad district (16.4 %). The sucking pests and natural enemies were more in Belagavi district compared to Dharwad at both the stages. Incidence of BSFB on shoots was highest (34.30 %) during September third week and maximum damage on fruits was during October second week (35.10 %). The incidence of leafhopper was highest at October third week (23.30/ 3 leaves), white fly during first week of November (12.10/ 3 leaves), aphids during first week of November (10.60 / 3 leaves) and mite during third week of November (14.50 / 4 cm2). These sucking pests showed highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature. The highest activity of coccinellids was observed in first week of November (1.80 /plant), spider during last week of October (1.30 /plant) and chrysopid during October last week (1.30 /plant). The peak moth catch was recorded at September last week (10.7 moths /trap), shoots infestation highest damage was observed during September 4th week (31.6 %) and highest larval population was observed during October last week (4.20 larvae /plant). Among the insecticides evaluated for the management of BSFB cyantranilprole 10% OD @ 0.3 ml/l, rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 0.15 ml, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l registered significantly lowest shoot and fruit damage with higher yield of 198.20, 197.15 and 194.65 q/ha, respectively. Among the insecticides flubendiamide recorded higher B:C ratio (1:5.42).ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF SELECTED TREE PLANTATIONS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-06) JEETENDRAPRAKASH; Dr. MANJUNATHA HEBBARAA study was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka to characterize soils and soil organic matter fractions under teak (Tectona grandis), sisso (Dalbergia sissoo), catechu (Acacia catechu), bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) tree plantations. Irrespective of tree species, soils under tree plantations registered lower pH and higher electrical conductivity values over control (cultivated land). The pH of surface soils (0-30 cm) remained lower than subsoil (30-60 cm). The lowering of pH was to a greater extent under bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) compared to all other plantations. Soil organic carbon and total N were more under tree plantations than control. The C:N ratio did not vary much among tree species and cultivated land. Tree species registered higher available status for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to cultivated land. Among different tree plantations, soils under the canopy of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) followed by Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) registered significantly higher organic carbon content and available status of N, P2O5 and K2O. Soils under Dendrocalamus strictus registered higher DTPA extractable iron and manganese contents whereas higher copper and zinc contents were recorded in soils under Eucalyptus tereticornis. Cultivated land recorded lower heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) contents compared to tree plantations. Among different tree plantations Dendrocalamus strictus recorded higher CEC, humic acid and fulvic acid contents. The humic and fulvic acids extracted from Dendrocalamus strictus plantation recorded the highest total acidity and E4/E6 ratio. Irrespective of tree species, humic acid had higher iron content followed by zinc, copper and manganese. Higher copper and manganese contents were recorded in humic acid compared to fulvic acid. The chromium concentration was the highest in leaf litter of all plantations as compared to other heavy metals. The leaf litter of Dalbergia sissoo had higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents over other trees.